On traveling wave solutions with stability and phase plane analysis for the modified Benjamin-Bona-Mahony equation.

The modified Benjamin-Bona-Mahony (mBBM) model is utilized in the optical illusion field to describe the propagation of long waves in a nonlinear dispersive medium during a visual illusion (Khater 2021). This article investigates the mBBM equation through the utilization of the rational [Formula: see text]-expansion technique to derive new analytical wave solutions. The analytical solutions we have obtained comprise hyperbolic, trigonometric, and rational functions. Some of these exact solutions closely align with previously published results in specific cases, affirming the validity of our other solutions. To provide insights into diverse wave propagation characteristics, we have conducted an in-depth analysis of these solutions using 2D, 3D, and density plots. We also investigated the effects of various parameters on the characteristics of the obtained wave solutions of the model. Moreover, we employed the techniques of linear stability to perform stability analysis of the considered model. Additionally, we have explored the stability of the associated dynamical system through the application of phase plane theory. This study also demonstrates the efficacy and capabilities of the rational [Formula: see text]-expansion approach in analyzing and extracting soliton solutions from nonlinear partial differential equations.

Preterm delivery and its associated factors among mothers in Bangladesh: survey in Rajshahi district.

OBJECTIVES: Preterm delivery (PD) is a worldwide health burden particularly in low-income and middle-income countries such as Bangladesh. It is a key indicator of neonatal mortality and a risk of morbidity in later life. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of PD and its associated factors among mothers in Northern region of Bangladesh. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Multistage sampling technique was used to select samples covering all the population from 9 Upazilas in Rajshahi district with 233 community clinics. A total of 540 mothers and their under-5 children were enrolled for the study. Descriptive statistics, χ2 test and logistic regression model were used to analyse the data. RESULTS: Among all live births, the prevalence of PD was found to be 14.6%. Multiple binary logistic regression model suggested five factors of PD: (1) mothers who used contraceptive pill had lower chance of PD (p<0.05); (2) mothers with high fever during pregnancy period were more likely to have PD (p<0.05); (3) mothers who did not receive antenatal care service less than four times during pregnancy period had higher chance of PD (p<0.01); (4) mothers first married before 18 years who were more likely to have PD (p<0.01); (5) PD delivered mothers had more chance to get low birth weight children (p<0.05). In addition, unadjusted model demonstrated that mothers delivered first baby before their age<20 years were more risk to get PD (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Approximately one in seven infants was born preterm in our study area. Family planning method, number of antenatal care visit, mothers' age at marriage and high fever during pregnancy were the most important predictors of PD, these factors could be considered to reduce PD among Bangladeshi mothers. PD risk could be reduced by counselling and encouraging women to take antenatal care facilities from trained health providers.

Medicinal potential of Passiflora foetida L. plant extracts: biological and pharmacological activities.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate analgesic, antidiarrhoeal and cytotoxic activities of the ethanol extract of Passiflora foetida L. (Passifloraceae) by three experimental methods. METHODS: Analgesic activity of the ethanol extract of Passiflora foetida L. (EEPF) acetic acid-induced writhing inhibition in mice. The method of castor oil-induced diarrhoea in mice was utilized to evaluate antidiarrhoeal activity. The cytotoxic activity of EEPF was explored with a brine shrimp lethality bioassay. RESULTS: The extract showed 68.75% and 30.00% inhibition of writhe at the doses of 500 and 250 mg/kg body weight, respectively. The extract increased the mean latent period prior to diarrhoeal onset to about 1.55 h and 1.17 h, and decreased the mean number of stools to 4.4 and 5.6 at the doses of 500 and 250 mg/kg body weight. The extract also demonstrated cytotoxic activity in the brine shrimp lethality assay, and the median lethal concentration for brine shrimp nauplii was 80 µg/mL. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that the plant extract has analgesic and antidiarrhoeal activities, supporting its uses in traditional medicine. The results also demonstrate that the plant extract possesses cytotoxic activities.

Medicinal potential of Passiflora foetida L. plant extracts: biological and pharmacological activities / 中西医结合学报

To investigate analgesic, antidiarrhoeal and cytotoxic activities of the ethanol extract of Passiflora foetida L. (Passifloraceae) by three experimental methods.

Difference in preventive effects between the phosphodiesterase iv inhibitor rolipram and anti-arthritic drugs on antigen-induced arthritis in mice.

The efficacy of the phosphodiesterase (PDE) IV inhibitor rolipram on antigen-induced arthritis (AIA) in mice was evaluated in comparison with clinically used anti-arthritic drugs. To induce AIA, DBA/1 mice were immunized with ovalbumin (OVA) emulsified with CFA (day 0) followed by intra-articular injection of OVA on day 21. Rolipram and clinically used anti-arthritic drugs including indomethacin (IND), dexamethasone (DEX), methotrexate (MTX), auranofin (AUR), and D-penicillamine (D-PA) were orally administered daily from days 0 to 20. On day 22, anti-OVA IgG in serum, proliferative responses of spleen cells to the OVA, and anti-OVA IgG2a and interferon (IFN)-gamma as indicators of Th1 responses, as well as anti-OVA IgG1 and interleukin (IL)-10 as those of Th2 reactions, were measured. Treatment with rolipram was followed by inhibition of the early phase of AIA associated with downregulation of both OVA-specific splenocyte proliferation and decreases of IFN-gamma released from the spleen cells but no decreases of the amount of IL-10, or levels of anti-OVA IgG, IgG2a, and IgG1. All clinically used anti-arthritic drugs were more effective in suppressing the late phase of AIA compared with the early phase of joint inflammation. The suppression of AIA by clinically used anti-arthritic drugs was associated with down-regulation of not only Th1 but also Th2 responses. These results suggest that PDE IV inhibitors such as rolipram may exert their suppressive effects on AIA with relatively selective downregulation of antigen-specific Th1 responses compared with anti-arthritic drugs.

Effects of the phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor rolipram on Th1 and Th2 immune responses in mice.

The present study was designed to investigate the effect of the phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor rolipram on Th1 and Th2 immune responses in mice. Mice were immunized subcutaneously at the base of the tail with ovalbumin (OVA) emulsified with complete Freund's adjuvant (day 0) and were treated daily with oral administration of various doses of rolipram from days 0 to 20. On day 21, production of anti-OVA IgG and proliferative responses to the antigen were determined. Anti-OVA IgG2a and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), as indicators of Th1 responses, and anti-OVA IgG1 and interleukin-10 (IL-10), as indicators of Th2 responses, were also measured. The results showed that treatment with rolipram failed to affect the production of OVA-specific IgG but decreased the proliferation of spleen cells to the antigen. Its inhibitory effect on these immune responses was correlated with a marked decrease in IFN-gamma but not IL-10 production, although neither anti-OVA IgG2a nor IgG1 production was affected by rolipram. These results suggest that rolipram may preferentially inhibit Th1 responses more effectively than Th2 responses. Administration of rolipram resulted in suppression of antigen (OVA)-induced arthritis in mice. The suppression of joint inflammation by rolipram was associated with the inhibition of the OVA-specific proliferative responses of spleen cells and IFN-gamma secretion. These results indicate that rolipram may be effective in regulating Th1-mediated diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis.

Complete Freund's adjuvant suppresses the development and progression of pristane-induced arthritis in rats.

The present study produced the novel finding that treatment with a nonarthritogenic dose of Complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) before the onset of pristane-induced arthritis (PIA) could prevent the development of PIA. Surprisingly, treatment with nonarthritogenic and arthritogenic doses of CFA could almost cure the ongoing PIA. CFA treatment also suppressed pathological changes, such as inflammatory cell infiltration, pannus formation, bone destruction, and new bone formation. The lymph node cells of rats with PIA suppressed by CFA showed significantly increased mRNA expression of IFN-gamma but no significant changes in mRNA expression of IL-2, TNF-alpha, IL-4, and IL-5 compared with those of rats in the control groups. The possible mechanisms of the suppressive effect of CFA on the development and progression of PIA were discussed in terms of the anti-inflammatory roles of IFN-gamma, nitric oxide, and heat-shock protein-specific T cell responses. The present study found a new therapeutic implication for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.