RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Tracking longitudinal measurements of growth and decline in lung function in patients with persistent childhood asthma may reveal links between asthma and subsequent chronic airflow obstruction. METHODS: We classified children with asthma according to four characteristic patterns of lung-function growth and decline on the basis of graphs showing forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), representing spirometric measurements performed from childhood into adulthood. Risk factors associated with abnormal patterns were also examined. To define normal values, we used FEV1 values from participants in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey who did not have asthma. RESULTS: Of the 684 study participants, 170 (25%) had a normal pattern of lung-function growth without early decline, and 514 (75%) had abnormal patterns: 176 (26%) had reduced growth and an early decline, 160 (23%) had reduced growth only, and 178 (26%) had normal growth and an early decline. Lower baseline values for FEV1, smaller bronchodilator response, airway hyperresponsiveness at baseline, and male sex were associated with reduced growth (P<0.001 for all comparisons). At the last spirometric measurement (mean [±SD] age, 26.0±1.8 years), 73 participants (11%) met Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease spirometric criteria for lung-function impairment that was consistent with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD); these participants were more likely to have a reduced pattern of growth than a normal pattern (18% vs. 3%, P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Childhood impairment of lung function and male sex were the most significant predictors of abnormal longitudinal patterns of lung-function growth and decline. Children with persistent asthma and reduced growth of lung function are at increased risk for fixed airflow obstruction and possibly COPD in early adulthood. (Funded by the Parker B. Francis Foundation and others; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00000575.).
Assuntos
Anti-Inflamatórios/uso terapêutico , Asma/fisiopatologia , Pulmão/fisiologia , Administração por Inalação , Adolescente , Asma/tratamento farmacológico , Broncodilatadores/uso terapêutico , Budesonida/uso terapêutico , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Volume Expiratório Forçado , Humanos , Estimativa de Kaplan-Meier , Estudos Longitudinais , Pulmão/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Masculino , Nedocromil/uso terapêutico , Fatores de Risco , Fatores Sexuais , Espirometria , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Objetivo: Caracterizar los nuevos episodios de VIF durante el 2008 en la Comuna de Quinchao, provincia de Chiloé. Metodología: Estudio descriptivo-retrospectivo, en el cuál se analizaron las denuncias por VIF en Carabineros y en Tribunal Mixto durante el 2008. Se utilizó información de Carabineros, y de los archivos de causas procesadas y sentencias dictadas en dicho Tribunal. Resultados: De 231 acusaciones presentadas al Tribunal de Familia, 90 correspondieron a delitos por VIF. De este número, 36 no finalizaron el proceso judicial. Treinta y ocho casos presentaron VIF psicológica, agregándose física en 16 de ellos. Destaca que 43 de las 54 acusaciones presentaron consumo de alcohol concomitante. En relación al género, la mayoría de los agresores son hombres y la mayoría de las relaciones victima-victimario son de pareja (38/54).Conclusiones: Los resultados no son comparables a los nacionales por la metodología empleada. Sin embargo pudieran entrever rasgos de la idiosincrasia local, como son patrones de violencia masculina perpetuados, en parte, por el aislamiento geográfico.
Objective: To characterize the new episodes of IFV in 2008 in the Commune of Quinchao of the Province of Chiloé. Methodology: This is a retrospective descriptive study; charges of intrafamilial violence brought to the police and to the relevant judicial court during 2008 were analyzed. We utilized official information from the local police station and from the court files on cases and verdicts. Results: Of all the 231 accusations presented to the Family Court, 90 (90/231) concerned to intra familiar violence crimes. From this number, 36 of them didnt finish the judicial process. Thirty eight presented psychological violence and 16 also had physical violence. Notably, in 43 of the se 54 cases accusations were alcohol consumption involved. Relating to the gender, most of the aggressors were men and most of the relationships between the victim and the aggressor were a couple (38/54). Conclusions: the results are similar to the national ones, but show some noveltys: the population study idiosyncrasy presents patterns of masculine violence perpetuated, in part, by the geographic isolation of the area.
Assuntos
Humanos , Violência Doméstica , Maus-Tratos Conjugais , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias , ChileRESUMO
The Ets transcription factor PU.1, encoded by the gene Sfpi1, functions in a concentration-dependent manner to promote myeloid and B-cell development and has been implicated in myeloid and lymphoid leukemias. To determine the consequences of reducing PU.1 concentration during hematopoiesis, we analyzed mice with two distinct hypomorphic alleles of Sfpi1 that produce PU.1 at approximately 20% (BN) or approximately 2% (Blac) of wild-type levels. Myeloid development was impaired in these mice, but less severely than in Sfpi1 null mice. To identify the downstream target genes that respond to changes in PU.1 concentration, we analyzed ex vivo interleukin-3 dependent myeloid cell lines established from Sfpi1(BN/BN), Sfpi1(Blac/Blac) and Sfpi1(-/-) fetal liver cells. Unexpectedly, many T-cell and natural killer cell genes were expressed in Sfpi1(-/-) cells and repressed in a dose-dependent manner in Sfpi1(Blac/Blac) and Sfpi1(BN/BN) cells. This pattern of dose-dependent T/NK-cell gene repression also occurred in ex vivo interleukin-7 dependent progenitor B cell lines. These results suggest that PU.1 functions in a concentration-dependent manner to repress T-cell and natural killer cell fates while promoting myeloid and B-cell fates.
Assuntos
Células Matadoras Naturais/fisiologia , Células Mieloides/fisiologia , Células Precursoras de Linfócitos B/fisiologia , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas/fisiologia , Proteínas Repressoras/fisiologia , Linfócitos T/fisiologia , Transativadores/fisiologia , Animais , Sítios de Ligação , Diferenciação Celular , Biologia Computacional , Feminino , Citometria de Fluxo , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Immunoblotting , Integrases/metabolismo , Interleucina-3/farmacologia , Interleucina-7/farmacologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Knockout , Análise de Sequência com Séries de Oligonucleotídeos , Células Precursoras de Linfócitos B/citologia , RNA Mensageiro/genética , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase Reversa , Transgenes/fisiologiaRESUMO
The changing treatment and outcome for children with chronic renal failure (CRF) requiring renal replacement therapy (RRT) was assessed in children referred to the only paediatric unit in the North West Region of England between 1968 and 1988. There were 108 children. Referrals in consecutive 5-year time periods increased from 9 to 41 over the 20 years with the overall incidence of new referrals less than 15 years old reaching 8.5 per million childhood population in 1983-87, whilst the proportion of children under 5-years increased from 0% to 22%. The survival rate was better in those commencing RRT in the later years: 5-year survival 56% for the 1968-72 cohort vs 88% for 1978-82. The increasing number of referrals particularly among young children, coupled with improved survival rates have considerable implications when determining the provision of care for children with ESRD.
Assuntos
Falência Renal Crônica/terapia , Transplante de Rim/tendências , Terapia de Substituição Renal/tendências , Adolescente , Estatura , Criança , Estudos de Coortes , Inglaterra/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Incidência , Falência Renal Crônica/epidemiologia , Transplante de Rim/estatística & dados numéricos , Masculino , Encaminhamento e Consulta/estatística & dados numéricos , Terapia de Substituição Renal/estatística & dados numéricos , Taxa de Sobrevida , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Sterile mid stream specimens of urine (MSSU) were obtained from 84 children in a hospital outpatient department. All 84 children collected urine at home by one of two Dipslide methods and by collection into boric acid within 24 hours of the hospital collected MSSU. The samples collected at home were posted to the hospital. Thirty six of the Dipslides (43%) and nine of the boric acid samples (10%) were not sterile but none had a pure growth of a single organism of greater than 10(5) organisms/ml. In addition, 17 of the Dipslides (20%) were returned with one or both media detached and therefore could not be relied upon to exclude urinary tract infection. In a second part to the study, 95 urines which showed a significant growth in primary culture were also cultured after storage in boric acid. Inhibition was noted in nine samples after storage in boric acid, seven of which were in underfilled bottles. Transport of specimens in boric acid produced less contamination than Dipslides but may inhibit growth in a small number of specimens. Technical failures with Dipslides were disappointingly high.
Assuntos
Ácidos Bóricos , Manejo de Espécimes/métodos , Urina/microbiologia , Adolescente , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Assistência Domiciliar , Humanos , Masculino , Infecções Urinárias/diagnósticoRESUMO
A new catheter for peritoneal dialysis in neonates and infants was used on 28 occasions in 17 patients. Advantages over other catheters included easy safe introduction over a guide wire, absence of early leakage of dialysate, and the ability to change the catheter without creating a second abdominal wound.
Assuntos
Cateterismo/instrumentação , Diálise Peritoneal/instrumentação , Cateterismo/efeitos adversos , Cateterismo/métodos , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-NascidoRESUMO
63 patients with steroid-sensitive, biopsy-proven minimal-change nephrotic syndrome were followed for between 10 and 21 years. 2 died. All the survivors had normal renal function and blood pressure, and only 2 had a single attack. Frequent relapse was more common with young age of onset and in boys. The frequency of relapse fell rapidly over the first 4 years after diagnosis and then plateaued. Relapses continued into adult life. No definite endpoint to the disease could be defined although there was a linear relation between length of remission and risk of subsequent relapse.
Assuntos
Síndrome Nefrótica/fisiopatologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Ciclofosfamida/administração & dosagem , Ciclofosfamida/uso terapêutico , Esquema de Medicação , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Síndrome Nefrótica/tratamento farmacológico , Prednisolona/administração & dosagem , Prednisolona/uso terapêutico , Prognóstico , Recidiva , Indução de Remissão , Fatores SexuaisRESUMO
Children who had presented with transient neonatal tyrosinaemia (TNT) were compared with a group of unaffected controls at 7-9 years of age. A comprehensive psychometric assessment revealed significant differences between the groups in adaptive behaviour, psycholinguistic abilities, and speed of learning. In nearly all components of the tests used, higher levels of TNT were associated with lower levels of performance. This study demonstrates that TNT, a condition commonly regarded as benign in the short term, has long-term effects which may be detrimental to the child in school.
Assuntos
Erros Inatos do Metabolismo dos Aminoácidos/psicologia , Tirosina/sangue , Adaptação Psicológica , Erros Inatos do Metabolismo dos Aminoácidos/sangue , Criança , Cognição , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Desenvolvimento da Linguagem , Aprendizagem , MasculinoRESUMO
41 families with classic Alport's syndrome (hereditary nephritis with sensorineural deafness) were studied. All their pedigrees were compatible with X-linked inheritance. DNA probes were used to investigate genetic linkage in these families. Linkage to probe S21 (DXS17) was confirmed (LOD score = 4.72 at 0 = 0.06), localising the gene for Alport's syndrome to the middle of Xq; thus the disorder is X-chromosomal in nature.
Assuntos
Nefrite Hereditária/genética , Adulto , Mapeamento Cromossômico , Feminino , Ligação Genética , Humanos , Masculino , Nefrite Hereditária/complicações , Nefrite Hereditária/patologia , Fatores Sexuais , Cromossomo XAssuntos
Nefrose Lipoide/tratamento farmacológico , Esteroides/uso terapêutico , Adulto , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Lactente , MasculinoRESUMO
A long term follow up study of 100 children referred with recurrent haematuria for at least one year to two regional paediatric nephrology units is described. The mean duration of follow up was 8.2 years. An adequate renal biopsy was obtained in 96 and eight cases of Alport's syndrome and 10 of IgA nephropathy were diagnosed (20% and 26% respectively of the biopsies examined by electron microscopy and immunofluorescence). Five patients developed end stage renal failure and six hypertension requiring treatment, with the occurrence of these complications increasing progressively with increasing duration of follow up (1% at five years compared with 12% at 10 years). Adverse prognostic features were persistence of microscopic haematuria, proteinuria at presentation, and appreciable changes on renal biopsy. Eighty four patients had first degree relatives tested for haematuria; 30% of these families had another affected member. With long term follow up recurrent haematuria is associated with considerable morbidity and potential mortality.
Assuntos
Hematúria/diagnóstico , Adolescente , Biópsia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Seguimentos , Hematúria/complicações , Humanos , Hipertensão Renal/etiologia , Lactente , Rim/patologia , Falência Renal Crônica/etiologia , Masculino , Prognóstico , Proteinúria/complicações , Recidiva , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Two hundred and twenty nine final year medical students were assessed in paediatrics using an objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) and a traditional viva voce examination, and the results were compared with other assessments of the students made during and at the end of the undergraduate course. Results of the OSCE correlated positively with other forms of assessment and more strongly than the viva voce examination. There was little correlation between the OSCE and viva results. Eighty per cent of students felt the OSCE to be a fairer system than other examinations and all external examiners commented favourably on it. An OSCE is an acceptable alternative to traditional means of examination in paediatrics and may be superior in certain aspects.
Assuntos
Educação de Graduação em Medicina , Avaliação Educacional/métodos , Pediatria/educação , InglaterraRESUMO
Cyclophosphamide is widely used to induce a remission of minimal-change nephropathy, but concerns have been raised about whether its effects on cellular immunity persist after treatment is discontinued. We studied functional and numerical measures of cellular immunity in children who had minimal-change nephropathy with frequent steroid-responsive relapses and were receiving cyclophosphamide (2.5 mg per kilogram of body weight per day for eight weeks). Sequential studies during such treatment showed that cyclophosphamide caused lymphopenia, particularly among T helper cells, resulting in a significant fall in the immunoregulatory (helper/suppressor) cell ratio. This change persisted 1 to 3 months after cyclophosphamide was discontinued, but measures of immune function reverted to normal after 6 to 12 months. Children with minimal-change nephropathy in long-term remission had no difference in T-cell subpopulations, lymphocyte responses to mitogens, or suppressor-cell function that could be attributed to the disease itself or to the previous use of cyclophosphamide.
Assuntos
Ciclofosfamida/efeitos adversos , Glomerulonefrite/imunologia , Linfócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Criança , Concanavalina A/farmacologia , Ciclofosfamida/administração & dosagem , Glomerulonefrite/tratamento farmacológico , Humanos , Ativação Linfocitária , Fito-Hemaglutininas/farmacologia , Linfócitos T Auxiliares-Indutores/imunologia , Linfócitos T Reguladores/imunologiaRESUMO
Diminished taste acuity (hypogeusia) and zinc deficiency have been reported in children on maintenance haemodialysis and with varying degrees of chronic renal failure. We have studied the effect of 6 weeks' zinc supplementation in 20 children with chronic renal impairment using a double-blind crossover trial. Although we achieved significant increases in serum zinc levels no significant improvement in taste acuity could be demonstrated. These studies provide no support for the belief that routine zine supplements are necessary in children with chronic renal failure.
Assuntos
Distúrbios do Paladar/tratamento farmacológico , Zinco/uso terapêutico , Adolescente , Criança , Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto , Cobre/sangue , Método Duplo-Cego , Feminino , Humanos , Falência Renal Crônica/complicações , Masculino , Distúrbios do Paladar/etiologia , Limiar Gustativo , Zinco/sangueAssuntos
Anticoagulantes/administração & dosagem , Glomerulonefrite/tratamento farmacológico , Imunossupressores/administração & dosagem , Adolescente , Azatioprina/administração & dosagem , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Creatinina , Ciclofosfamida/administração & dosagem , Dipiridamol/administração & dosagem , Quimioterapia Combinada , Feminino , Taxa de Filtração Glomerular/efeitos dos fármacos , Heparina/administração & dosagem , Humanos , Masculino , Prednisolona/administração & dosagem , Varfarina/administração & dosagemRESUMO
An objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) was introduced at the end of the fourth year undergraduate paediatric training. We have compared the results obtained with those of our traditional method of assessment. We feel that the OSCE is a valid and reliable assessment; it provided good feedback and was well received by the students.