Polypoid arteriovenous malformation of the ureter mimicking a fibroepithelial polyp, a case report.

BACKGROUND: Arteriovenous malformations (AVM) of the urinary tract are extremely rare. To the best of our knowledge, only three case of AVM of the ureter have been described in the literature so far. CASE PRESENTATION: We present an additional, fourth case of an AVM of the ureter, clinically presented as asymptomatic haematuria and an obstructive process in the left ureter. Ureteroscopic evaluation revealed a fibroepithelial polypoid-like lesion in the proximal ureter. After biopsy showed a benign lesion, the lesion was treated with the 2-µm continuous wave (cw) thulium laser. Histopathological examination revealed a polypoid laesion caused by a circumscribed arteriovenous malformation. Almost four years after operation the patient remains asymptomatic and free of recurrence. CONCLUSION: Arteriovenous malformations of the urinary tract are extremely rare. We presented a fourth case of a arteriovenous malformation of the ureter.

Hereditary persistence of alpha-fetoprotein (HPAF P): review of the literature.

Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) serum levels are raised in several clinical conditions, ranging from non-pathological conditions to malignancies. Hereditary persistence of alpha-fetoprotein (HPAFP) is a rare benign disorder with elevated AFP levels. HPAFP is described as a benign autosomal dominantly inherited condition which is not associated with any clinical disability or additional symptoms. In the past 28 years, only 19 families have been described; due to this unfamiliarity with HPAFP, elevated AFP levels are never attributed to HPAFP. However, undiagnosed HPAFP can result in inappropriate and unnecessary treatment decisions. Therefore, HPAFP should be taken into consideration in patients with unexplained elevated AFP levels, and especially in patients with urological disorders.