Regional characterisation of TRPV1 and TRPA1 signalling in the mouse colon mucosa.

Capsaicin and allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) activate transient receptor potential (TRP) vanilloid-1 (TRPV1) and TRP ankyrin-1 (TRPA1), respectively. TRPV1 and TRPA1 expression have been identified in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. GI mucosal functions remain largely undefined for TRPV1 and TRPA1 with side-dependence and regional differences in signalling unclear. Here we investigated TRPV1- and TRPA1-induced vectorial ion transport as changes in short-circuit current (ΔIsc), in defined segments of mouse colon mucosa (ascending, transverse and descending) under voltage-clamp conditions in Ussing chambers. Drugs were applied basolaterally (bl) or apically (ap). Capsaicin responses were biphasic, with primary secretory and secondary anti-secretory phases, observed with bl application only, which predominated in descending colon. AITC responses were monophasic and secretory, with ΔIsc dependent on colonic region (ascending vs. descending) and sidedness (bl vs. ap). Aprepitant (neurokinin-1 (NK1) antagonist, bl) and tetrodotoxin (Na+ channel blocker, bl) significantly inhibited capsaicin primary responses in descending colon, while GW627368 (EP4 receptor antagonist, bl) and piroxicam (cyclooxygenase inhibitor, bl) inhibited AITC responses in ascending and descending colonic mucosae. Antagonism of the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor had no effect on mucosal TRPV1 signalling, while tetrodotoxin and antagonists of the 5-hydroxytryptamine-3 and 4 receptors, CGRP receptor, and EP1/2/3 receptors had no effect on mucosal TRPA1 signalling. Our data demonstrates the regional-specificity and side-dependence of colonic TRPV1 and TRPA1 signalling, with involvement of submucosal neurons and mediation by epithelial NK1 receptor activation for TRPV1, and endogenous prostaglandins and EP4 receptor activation for TRPA1 mucosal responses.

Durvalumab Plus Olaparib in Previously Untreated, Platinum-Ineligible Patients With Metastatic Urothelial Carcinoma: A Multicenter, Randomized, Phase II Trial (BAYOU).

PURPOSE: Homologous recombination repair gene mutations (HRRm) are common in urothelial carcinoma (UC), rendering tumor cells sensitive to poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibition. We assessed efficacy and safety of durvalumab (anti-programmed cell death ligand-1) plus olaparib (PARP inhibitor) in patients with metastatic UC (mUC). METHODS: This randomized, multicenter, double-blind, phase II trial enrolled untreated, platinum-ineligible patients with mUC. Patients (N = 154) were randomly assigned 1:1 to receive durvalumab (1,500 mg intravenously once every 4 weeks) plus olaparib (300 mg orally, twice daily) or durvalumab plus placebo. The primary end point was progression-free survival (PFS) assessed by investigators per RECIST version 1.1. Secondary end points included overall survival in all patients and PFS in patients with HRRm. RESULTS: Overall, median PFS was 4.2 months (95% CI, 3.6 to 5.6) for durvalumab plus olaparib and 3.5 months (95% CI, 1.9 to 5.1) for durvalumab plus placebo (hazard ratio [HR], 0.94; 95% CI, 0.64 to 1.39; log-rank P value, .789). Median overall survival was 10.2 months (95% CI, 7.0 to 13.9) and 10.7 months (95% CI, 7.2 to 17.3), respectively (HR, 1.07; 95% CI, 0.72 to 1.61). In the 20% of patients with HRRm, median PFS was 5.6 months (95% CI, 1.9 to 8.1) and 1.8 months (95% CI, 1.7 to 2.2), respectively (HR, 0.18; 95% CI, 0.06 to 0.47). Treatment-related grade 3 or 4 adverse events occurred in 18% and 9% of patients, respectively. CONCLUSION: Adding olaparib to durvalumab did not improve survival outcomes in an unselected mUC population. Efficacy outcomes with durvalumab were similar to those reported for other anti-programmed cell death-1/programmed cell death ligand-1 agents. However, the results of secondary analyses suggest a potential role for PARP inhibition in patients with UC harboring HRRm.

Stress hormones promote EGFR inhibitor resistance in NSCLC: Implications for combinations with ß-blockers.

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) resistance mediated by T790M-independent mechanisms remains a major challenge in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We identified a targetable mechanism of EGFR inhibitor resistance whereby stress hormones activate ß2-adrenergic receptors (ß2-ARs) on NSCLC cells, which cooperatively signal with mutant EGFR, resulting in the inactivation of the tumor suppressor, liver kinase B1 (LKB1), and subsequently induce interleukin-6 (IL-6) expression. We show that stress and ß2-AR activation promote tumor growth and EGFR inhibitor resistance, which can be abrogated with ß-blockers or IL-6 inhibition. IL-6 was associated with a worse outcome in EGFR TKI-treated NSCLC patients, and ß-blocker use was associated with lower IL-6 concentrations and improved benefit from EGFR inhibitors. These findings provide evidence that chronic stress hormones promote EGFR TKI resistance via ß2-AR signaling by an LKB1/CREB (cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate response element-binding protein)/IL-6-dependent mechanism and suggest that combinations of ß-blockers with EGFR TKIs merit further investigation as a strategy to abrogate resistance.

The HGF/c-MET Pathway Is a Driver and Biomarker of VEGFR-inhibitor Resistance and Vascular Remodeling in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.

Purpose: Resistance to VEGFR inhibitors is a major obstacle in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We investigated the cellular mechanisms mediating resistance of NSCLCs to VEGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors.Experimental Design: We generated murine models of human NSCLC and performed targeted inhibition studies with the VEGFR TKIs cediranib and vandetanib. We used species-specific hybridization of microarrays to compare cancer (human) and stromal (mouse) cell transcriptomes of TKI-sensitive and -resistant tumors. We measured tumor microvascular density and vessel tortuosity to characterize the effects of therapy on the tumor vascular bed. Circulating cytokine and angiogenic factor levels in patients enrolled in VEGFR TKI trials were correlated with clinical outcomes.Results: Murine xenograft models of human lung adenocarcinoma were initially sensitive to VEGFR TKIs, but developed resistance to treatment. Species-specific microarray analysis identified increased expression of stromal-derived hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) as a candidate mediator of TKI resistance and its receptor, c-MET, was activated in cancer cells and tumor-associated stroma. A transient increase in hypoxia-regulated molecules in the initial response phase was followed by adaptive changes resulting in a more tortuous vasculature. Forced HGF expression in cancer cells reduced tumor sensitivity to VEGFR TKIs and produced tumors with tortuous blood vessels. Dual VEGFR/c-MET signaling inhibition delayed the onset of the resistant phenotype and prevented the vascular morphology alterations. In patients with cancer receiving VEGFR TKIs, high pretreatment HGF plasma levels correlated with poorer survival.Conclusions: HGF/c-MET pathway mediates VEGFR inhibitor resistance and vascular remodeling in NSCLC. Clin Cancer Res; 23(18); 5489-501. ©2017 AACR.