Environmental effects on the bioaccumulation of PAHs in marine zooplankton in Gaoping coastal waters, Taiwan: Concentration, distribution, profile, and sources.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are toxic and ubiquitous in the environment and pose great risks. Bioaccumulation by plankton is the outset for PAHs entering marine food web. The long-term driving environmental factors for bioaccumulation of PAHs in zooplankton have not been well investigated. In this study, high variation of PAH concentrations in zooplankton (5 to 5440 ng g-1 dry weight) was found, with the highest PAH levels near the transect Kaohsiung Harbor. Precipitation significantly enhances the PAH concentration in zooplankton and affects the PAH distribution in the water column, indicating PAH input from terrestrial runoff. The sources of PAHs in the coastal waters are a mixture of petroleum and combustion. Biomass dilution dominates bioaccumulation of PAHs in zooplankton, especially for the dominant species, copepods. This study provides the first information on PAH bioaccumulation in zooplankton to understand PAH transport in the plankton food web in subtropical coastal waters.

The impact of two oil spill events on the water quality along coastal area of Kenting National Park, southern Taiwan.

In 2009, the container ship Colombo Queen and the oil tanker W-O BUDMO grounded off Jialeshui and Houwan, respectively, in southern Taiwan. Water quality was monitored at each site to evaluate the environmental impact caused by the resulting oil spills. The results show that the PAHs, turbidity, and other nutrients increased shortly after oil spill, however levels of these parameters eventually returned to baseline levels. On the other hand, DO saturation, pH and chl. a decreased initially, reached maxima after 10days, and returned to the baseline levels after 14days. The chl. a concentration, pH and DO saturation fluctuated in a similar pattern at both sites during the oil spills, likely driven by algal blooms. In this study, we documented a full environmental recovery at coastal areas before, during and after the oil spills.

Relationship between magnitude of phytoplankton blooms and rainfall in a hyper-eutrophic lagoon: A continuous monitoring approach.

To evaluate the effect of rainfall intensity on phytoplankton blooms, a continuous monitoring system was deployed during 2015 in a hyper-eutrophic lagoon in Taiwan. Intensive rainfall occurs during the wet summer months, from May to September. Salinity in the lagoon was found to decrease with increasing intensity of rainfall. The magnitude of phytoplankton blooms also increased linearly with increasing rainfall intensity. The chlorophyll a concentration rose by an order of magnitude during the heaviest rainfall. Blooms may be fueled by nutrient enrichment caused by drainage or run-off water from surrounding areas that is channeled into the lagoon during rainfall events. During bloom periods, the rates of net primary production and ecosystem respiration were high. However, this ecosystem was autotrophic for most of the year. As extreme rainfall is predicted to increase, the results of this study imply that the frequency and magnitude of phytoplankton blooms may increase in the future.

Larval Fish Assemblages and Hydrographic Characteristics in the Coastal Waters of Southwestern Taiwan during Non- and Post-typhoon Summers.

Hung-Yen Hsieh, Wen-Tseng Lo, Hsiao-Hao Chen, and Pei-Jie Meng (2016) Although research on the larval fish assemblages in the Taiwan Strait has progressively developed in the last two decades, it is difficult to study typhoons' impacts on larval fish assemblages due to (1) the occurrence and path of a cyclone cannot be predicted accurately and (2) the severe weather condition makes shipboard measurements extremely difficult. Larval fish and zooplankton were sampled and hydrographic variables and chlorophyll a were measured in the waters of southwestern Taiwan during September 2009 (non-typhoon) and September 2012 (post-typhoon Tembin). Data from these collections were used to elucidate the effects of hydrographic dynamics after the typhoon event on species assemblage and abundance. The results showed that after the typhoon Tembin, the surface temperature and salinity decreased slightly, but the values of the measured chemical and biological parameters were much greater than those derived from the non-typhoon period due to enriched nutrients from entrainment of river runoff of the Kaoping River. Meanwhile, the abundance of larval fish also increased significantly, but the species composition became less diverse. Multivariate statistical analyses revealed two distinct larval fish assemblages that were closely correlated to sampling cruise. The dominant taxa of larval fish changed from Encrasicholina heteroloba, Nuchequula nuchalis, unidentified Sparidae, Equulites rivulatus, and Cyclothone spp. during the non-typhoon period to Engraulis japonicus, unidentified Engraulidae, Sillago sihama, Pennahia argentata, and E. rivulatus during the post-typhoon period. Canonical correspondence analysis revealed that, in the waters of southwestern Taiwan, the horizontal distribution of larval fish in late summer may be explained by the food availability. The magnitude of the enhancement of measured variables changed with sampling periods, suggesting the study area was at an unsteady status after the passage of the typhoon Tembin. The coastal ecosystem became more productive after the typhoon event.

Succession of Monsoons and Water Mass Influences on Euphausiid Assemblages in the Waters Around Taiwan, Western North Pacific Ocean.

Ren-Jye Hsieh, Hung-Yen Hsieh, and Wen-Tseng Lo (2016) This study took advantage of the zooplankton samples collected by the Fisheries Research Institute that implemented Taiwan Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigation, the first large scale hydrographic and plankton survey around Taiwan Island. The aim of the study was to elucidate the spatial and temporal distribution patterns of euphausiids and their correlations with the hydrographic features during the southwesterly (summer) and northeasterly (winter) monsoons in 2004. A total of 35 taxa of euphausiids belonging to 6 genera and 1 family were recognized from our studied samples. The five predominant species were Pseudeuphausia lalifrons, Stylocheiron sp., Stylocheiron suhmii, Euphausia pacifica and Stylocheiron carinatum, together comprising 54.6% of the total euphausiid catch. Abundance, species richness and species diversity of euphausiids were significantly higher in summer than in winter. Cluster analysis revealed two station groups during both seasons. Higher abundance and lower species richness generally were observed in waters west of Taiwan where the China Coastal Current prevails, and a reverse condition was found in the waters east of Taiwan where the Kuroshio Current dominates. The distribution patterns in abundance and species assemblages were closely correlated with the hydrographic conditions, and well linked with the abundance of zooplankton and chlorophyll a concentration. Euphausiid assemblage showed clear seasonal variations. The succession of water mass induced by monsoon apparently affects the distribution patterns of euphausiids in the study area.

Hydrographic processes driven by seasonal monsoon system affect siphonophore assemblages in tropical-subtropical waters (western North Pacific Ocean).

This work is a part of the Taiwan Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigation, the first large scale hydrographic and plankton survey around Taiwan (21-26°N, 119-123°E). The present study examined the influence of hydrodynamic and biological variables driven by monsoon system on the siphonophore assemblages through an annual cycle in 2004. Calycophorans, namely Chelophyes appendiculata, Diphyes chamissonis, Lensia subtiloides, Bassia bassensis, and Muggiaea atlantica, were the most dominant siphonophore species. Maximum abundance of these dominant species generally occurred during the warm period (May and August), while M. atlantica had a significantly peak abundance in February. Although no apparently temporal difference in siphonophore abundance was observed in the study, siphonophore assemblage was more diverse in August than in other sampling times. Result of a cluster analysis indicated that assemblage structure of siphonophores in the waters around Taiwan varied at temporal and spatial scales during the sampling period. The intrusions of the Kuroshio Branch Current and China Coastal Current to the study area play an important role on the transportation of siphonophores. Also, the distribution of siphonophore assemblage was closely related to the hydrographic characteristics, with temperature, chlorophyll a concentration, and zooplankton abundance being the major environmental factors affecting the spatio-temporal variability of siphonophores. This study contributes substantially to the new knowledge of the siphonophore assemblage in the tropical-temperate waters of Taiwan.