Ultrasound imaging of the anorectal malformation during the neonatal period: a comprehensive review.

Anorectal malformation (ARM) is classified as low, intermediate, or high; accurate diagnosis of the type during the early neonatal period is important to determine the appropriate initial surgical approach. This review assesses the role of ultrasound examination in the classification of ARM during the neonatal period, with a focus on landmarks on the sonogram, the approach used for sonography, and the optimal examination timing. The following three factors on the sonogram are used for the classification: location of the fistula, the distance between the distal rectal pouch and the anal dimple (perineum) (P-P distance), and the relationship between the puborectalis muscle and the distal rectal pouch. Three approaches can be used to evaluate ARM by ultrasonography, namely, suprapubic, perineal, and infracoccygeal approaches. Each approach has its own advantages and disadvantages. Optimal timing of the ultrasound examination is also important with respect to each factor to classify ARM. We have described the pitfalls of ultrasound in diagnosis of cases, namely ARM with Down syndrome (which tends to be without fistula), ARM with low birth weight, ARM with unusual location of fistula, ARM with opened fistula (where the P-P distance is unreliable), and cloacal malformation (variation of the high-type ARM).

Sonography for an Imperforate Anus: Approach, Timing of the Examination, and Evaluation of the Type of Imperforate Anus and Associated Anomalies.

This systematic review outlines the role of sonography in an imperforate anus. The diagnostic performance for type of imperforate anus is superior on the day after birth than that on the day of birth by using the pouch-perineum distance. Three approaches can be used (suprapubic, infracoccygeal, and perineal). The pouch-perineum distance, fistula location, and relationship between the puborectalis muscle and distal rectal pouch are useful for classifying the type of imperforate anus. However, the pouch-perineum distance measured has an overlap between the low and high/intermediate types of imperforate anus. Sonography can be useful for some of the associated anomalies and helpful for surgeons in some cases.