A transmembrane polymorphism in FcgammaRIIb (FCGR2B) is associated with the production of anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide autoantibodies in Taiwanese RA.

The aim of the current study was to determine whether the FcgammaRIIb 187-Ile/Thr polymorphism is a predisposition factor for subtypes of RA defined by disease severity and production of autoantibodies against cyclic citrullinated peptides (anti-CCPs) in Taiwanese RA patients. Genotype distributions and allele frequencies of FcgammaRIIb 187-Ile/Thr were compared between 562 normal healthy controls and 640 RA patients as stratified by clinical parameters and autoantibodies. Significant enrichment of 187-Ile allele was observed in RA patients positive for anti-CCP antibodies as compared with the anti-CCP negative RA patients (P=0.001, OR 1.652 (95% CI 1.210-2.257)) or as compared with the normal controls (P=0.005, OR 1.348 (95% CI 1.092-1.664)). In addition, 187-Ile allele was found to be enriched in RA patients positive for rheumatoid factor (RF) compared to the RF negative RA patients (P=0.024, OR 1.562 (95% CI 1.059-2.303)). Furthermore, the homozygotes were enriched in destructive male RA patients (P=0.035; OR 2.038 (95% CI 1.046-3.973)) and the 187-Ile allele was associated with early-onset of RA in Taiwanese patients (P=0.045, OR 1.548 (95% CI 1.007-2.379)). Thus, FcgammaRIIb SNP 187-Ile/Thr may influence the RA phenotypes in Taiwanese RA.

Association between the insertion/deletion polymorphism of the angiotensin I-converting enzyme gene and risk for psoriasis in a Chinese population in Taiwan.

BACKGROUND: Genetic factors play an important role in susceptibility for psoriasis. The angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) is expressed by keratinocytes. Administration of ACE inhibitors may induce or exacerbate psoriasis in clinical practice. Thus, ACE gene variants may contribute to the genetic background of psoriasis. OBJECTIVES: To assess the role of the ACE insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism in psoriasis among ethnically Chinese Taiwanese subjects. METHODS: In total, 312 patients with psoriasis and 615 control subjects were analysed for the ACE I/D polymorphism by polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: A marginally significant difference (P=0 x 035) was found in the distribution of ACE I/D genotype frequencies between patients with psoriasis and controls. The frequency of the II genotype in patients with psoriasis was significantly higher than that in the control group (55 x 1% vs. 46 x 7%, respectively, P=0 x 015). Although the I allele frequency in patients with psoriasis (72 x 4%) was higher than that in the control group (68 x 2%), the difference was not significantly different (P=0 x 062). After adjusting for age and gender, carriers of the II genotype were 1 x 45 (95% confidence interval 1 x 09-1 x 92) times more likely than noncarriers to have psoriasis (P=0 x 010). CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that the presence of the I allele may confer susceptibility to development of psoriasis among ethnically Chinese Taiwanese individuals.

Importance of hyperhomocysteinemia as a risk factor for venous thromboembolism in a Taiwanese population. A case-control study.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the current status of hyperhomocysteinemia, which is a known risk for venous thrombosis (DVT), in Taiwan. SUBJECTS: 101 unselected patients with a minimum of one episode of deep leg DVT, either initial inpatients or current compliant outpatients in a teaching hospital. METHODS: Various thrombophilic risks, gene polymorphism and clinical predisposition were evaluated. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Patients presented higher fast total plasma homocysteine (hcy) levels than age- and sex-matched controls did (14.1 vs. 9.94 microM). Based on the 95th percentile of control values, hyperhomocysteinemia had a four- to nine-fold risk for DVT, irrespective of clinical predisposition, as well as other thrombophilic risks surveyed. Polymorphism of a metabolizing enzyme, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), was not associated with DVT, although homozygous thermolabile mutation tended to have higher plasma hcy levels. Factor V Leiden was absent in analysis of 80 patients. In complete evaluation (hcy, antithrombin (AT), protein S (PS), protein C (PC), lupus anticoagulant (LA), anticardiolipin antibody) of a subset of 83 patients hyperhomocysteinemia was the most prevalent risk (33.7%), with PC or PS deficiencies following (22.9%). Thus, hyperhomocysteinemia is a prominent risk for DVT in Taiwan.

Low prevalence of coronary arterial disease in Chinese adults with mitral stenosis.

BACKGROUND: We attempted to evaluate the prevalence of coronary artery disease in Chinese adults with severe rheumatic mitral stenosis. METHODS: We prospectively performed coronary angiography in 119 consecutive Chinese patients older than 40 years old (mitral valve area less than 1.5 cm2) who were about to undergo balloon mitral commissurotomy for significant rheumatic mitral stenosis. The exclusion criteria were the presence of left atrial cavitary thrombi or mitral regurgitation greater than grade 3. RESULTS: There were 32 men (26%) and 87 women (74%) with a mean age of 55 +/- 9.7 years (ranging from 40 to 78). Ninety-two patients (77%) were in atrial fibrillation. The prevalence of risk factors for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease were hypertension (22%), diabetes mellitus (4%), hypercholesterolemia > or = 240 mg/dL (5%), hypertriglyceridemia > or = 150 mg/dL (13%), and cigarette use (7%). Coronary artery disease on angiography was defined as stenosis of more than 50% of the luminal diameter. We found that only 2 patients (1.7%) had coronary artery disease. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of coronary artery disease was much lower than in previous reports, some of which, however, had already pointed out the relatively low prevalence of coronary artery disease in rheumatic mitral disease. The definite mechanisms require further study.

The C677T mutation of the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene is not associated with the risk of coronary artery disease or venous thrombosis among Chinese in Taiwan.

OBJECTIVES: We sought to investigate the association between the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene C677T mutation and the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD), myocardial infarction (MI) and venous thrombosis (VT) in a Chinese population in Taiwan. METHODS: The subjects included 218 CAD patients, 107 VT patients, and their age- and sex-matched controls. DNA was extracted from the blood and genotypes were determined by polymerase chain reaction, restriction mapping with HinfI and gel electrophoresis. RESULTS: The distribution of MTHFR genotypes was similar in the CAD cases and controls; the genotype TT was present in 6.0% of CAD patients, as compared to 6.9% of CAD control subjects (p = 0.165; odds ratio = 0. 86; 95% confidence interval = 0.40-1.85). The frequency of the T allele was also similar in CAD cases and controls (25.5% vs. 24.8%; p = 0.788). There was no significant association between TT homozygosity and the risk of MI. The genotype distributions and the frequency of the T allele were also similar in VT cases and controls. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that there is no association between the C677T mutation of the human MTHFR gene and the risk of CAD or VT among Chinese in Taiwan.

Lack of association between the Glu298Asp variant of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene and the risk of coronary artery disease among Taiwanese.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) plays a key role in atherosclerosis, because its product, nitric oxide, possesses antiatherogenic properties. Recent reports of molecular genetic analysis have suggested that genetic polymorphisms of the eNOS gene may be associated with coronary artery disease (CAD) or myocardial infarction (MI). However, some studies have reported discrepant results. The aims of this study were to assess whether any association exists between the Glu298Asp variant of the eNOS gene and the risk of CAD and/or MI among Taiwanese. METHODS: The subjects included 218 CAD patients and the same number of age- and sex-matched control subjects from Taiwan. Subjects' DNA was extracted from their blood and genotypes were determined by polymerase chain reaction and restriction mapping using the restriction enzyme MboI. The alleleic and genotypic frequencies were analyzed. RESULTS: The frequencies of the eNOS genotypes were similar for CAD patients (GG:GT:TT = 81.7%:17.4%:0.9%) and controls (81.2%:17.4%:1.4%; p = 0.904). No evidence of difference was found in the frequency of the T allele between CAD patients (9.6%) and controls (10.1%; p = 0.822), or between MI patients (7.5%) and controls (p = 0.322). Subjects with the GT or TT genotype did not demonstrate an increased risk of CAD compared with those with a GG genotype (p = 0.89; OR = 0.98; 95% confidence interval, CI, 0.76-1.27) in multivariate logistic regression, or when different subgroups of age, sex, or risk factors were analyzed. CONCLUSIONS: In the present case-control study, we found no evidence of an association between the Glu298Asp variant of the eNOS gene and CAD/MI among Taiwanese.

The Gln-Arg 191 polymorphism of the human paraoxonase gene is not associated with the risk of coronary artery disease among Chinese in Taiwan.

Paraoxonase (PON1) is a high density lipoprotein-associated enzyme capable of hydrolyzing lipid peroxides, and thus, might protect lipoproteins from oxidation. A common polymorphism due to an amino acid substitution (Gln-Arg) at codon 191 is considered to be a major determinant of variation in serum PON1 activity. Recent studies have suggested that the PON1-191 polymorphism is an independent risk factor for coronary atherosclerosis in patients with or without diabetes mellitus. The association of PON1-191 polymorphism genotypes and coronary artery disease (CAD) among Chinese subjects in Taiwan was examined. The genotype of 218 angiographically documented CAD patients and the same number of age- and sex-matched control subjects was determined. Genotypes AA, AB and BB were present in 25 (11%), 102 (47%) and 91 (42%) of control subjects, respectively, and in 30 (14%), 96 (44%) and 92 (42%) of CAD patients, respectively (chi2 = 0.57, P = 0.75 between groups). The frequency of the A allele was 0.36 for the control group and 0.35 for CAD patients (P = 0.94). No significant differences in the PON1-191 genotype frequencies could be found between groups when multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed, or different subgroups of age, sex or risk factors were analyzed. Among control subjects, there was also no significant difference between genotypes of the PON1-191 polymorphism and various clinical and lipid variables. In conclusion, our data suggest that there is no association between the Gln-Arg 191 polymorphism of the human PON1 gene and CAD among Chinese subjects in Taiwan.

Transcatheter closure of atrial septal defect guided by on-line transesophageal echocardiography.

Transcatheter occlusion of secundum atrial septal defect has been tried since 1976. Some investigators have incorporated on-line transesophageal echocardiography so as to better monitor the procedure. Most, however, have used endotracheal intubation and general anesthesia. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of adjunct guidance using on-line transesophageal echocardiography without intubation and general anesthesia in adolescent or adult patients undergoing transcatheter occlusion of secundum atrial septal defects. Ten consecutive cases (age 15-68 years) of secundum atrial septal defects with a pulmonary to systemic flow ratio of > 1.5 and a balloon-stretched diameter of < or = 25 mm were enrolled in the study. The Sideris' buttoned devices were used. The procedure was guided by on-line transesophageal echocardiography and fluoroscopy. Endotracheal intubation and general anesthesia were not employed. The diameters of the atrial septal defects ranged from 6 to 19 mm as determined by transesophageal echocardiography, from 7 to 20 mm as determined by atrial angiography and from 11 to 25 mm as determined by balloon sizing. The Sideris' buttoned devices were successfully deployed in all the patients. On-line transesophageal echocardiography greatly facilitated balloon sizing, device development and immediate assessment. One device unbuttoned 24 hours after the procedure and was retrieved smoothly. The remaining 9 patients were followed-up for 12 months. Two patients had no shunt, 3 had a trivial (average diameter by transesophageal echocardiography = 1-3 mm) and 4 had a small (average diameter = 4-6 mm) residual shunt at the latest follow-up. The cardiothoracic ratios decreased from 0.52 +/- 0.06 to 0.48 +/- 0.06 (p = 0.0131). There was no mortality, stroke or device fracture during the follow-up period. Thus, transcatheter occlusion of secundum atrial septal defect under adjunct guidance using on-line transesophageal echocardiography without endotracheal intubation and general anesthesia is promising for selected patients.

On-line multiplane transesophageal echocardiography for balloon mitral commissurotomy.

This study describes in detail the technique and results of on-line multiplane transesophageal echocardiographic guidance of balloon mitral commissurotomy in 150 consecutive patients with symptomatic mitral stenosis. The mitral valve area improved significantly and there were no in-hospital deaths, strokes, or emergency valve operations.

Transluminal coronary angioplasty and stenting in a patient with single coronary artery and acute myocardial infarction.

An isolated single coronary artery is a rare congenital anomaly with an incidence of 0.03% to 0.4% and can present additional hazards such as myocardial ischemia, infarction, or sudden death in individuals with atherosclerotic changes in this artery. Herein, we report an acute anterior and inferior wall infarction in a 61-year-old male patient with the right coronary artery arising as a branch of the left coronary artery. Selected coronary angiography showed a 90% stenosis in the left anterior descending artery proximal to the origin of the right coronary artery. The patient underwent successful percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty and stenting without compromising the flow to the anomalous right coronary artery. There has been no previous reports of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty and coronary stenting in a patient with this anomaly.

Exercise testing after myocardial infarction: relative values of the low level predischarge and the postdischarge exercise test.

This study was undertaken to compare the relative values of the low level predischarge exercise test and the postdischarge (6 weeks) symptom-limited test in 518 consecutive patients admitted with an acute myocardial infarction. Of the patients who did not develop significant ST segment depression or angina during the predischarge test, the symptom-limited test also remained negative in 91.5 and 91.9% of the patients, respectively. Similar results were obtained with ST segment elevation and the systolic blood pressure response during the two exercise tests with only 2.1 and 11.4% changing from normal to abnormal, respectively. Discriminant function analysis was done to predict the occurrence of coronary events (unstable angina, reinfarction, cardiac failure, cardiac death) with use of the data from the exercise tests together with other clinical and investigational data. The jackknife method correctly classified 71.9 and 71.4% of the patients with the data from the predischarge exercise test and symptom-limited test, respectively. Combining the data from the two tests improved the overall predictive accuracy to only 75.0%. It is concluded that the routine performance of a symptom-limited test 6 to 8 weeks after infarction does not reveal any significant additional information in those patients who have undergone a predischarge low level exercise test. Thus the 6 to 8 week test should be restricted to selected patients after myocardial infarction.

Chemical effects of smoke processing on frankfurter quality and palatability characteristics.

Frankfurters were made by standard commercial practices except for the smoke treatment which involved four different methods: solid smoke-aerosol, liquid smoke-aerosol, liquid smoke-external dip and liquid smoke-internal mix. For control purposes, frankfurters were prepared without any smoke treatment. All frankfurters were packaged and stored at 5°C with samples removed for analyses weekly for three weeks. All smoke-processing treatments resulted in products assessed as overall acceptable with the experienced sensory panel unable to detect differences among the various methods of manufacture except for the franks made by mixing liquid smoke in the emulsion. However, the flavour scores of those products subjected to external smoke-processing treatments were higher and more acceptable than the other two treatments. Frankfurters manufactured using aerosol smoke treatments were rated by sensory panellists as the most tender. However, shear force measurements indicated that those franks processed with external liquid smoke treatments were somewhat less tender. Liquid smoke-processing techniques favoured the development of a more desirable cured colour. The most stable colour was attributed to the liquid smoke-processing system in which the smoke materials were mixed in the emulsion. All palatability properties (sensory and colour) were highly correlated with the smokiness of the product. Generally, storage time had little effect on frankfurter palatability characteristics.