The use of a 3D-printed prosthesis in a Great Hornbill (Buceros bicornis) with squamous cell carcinoma of the casque.

The advent of new technologies in medical imaging and 3D printing in recent years has made customization of surgical tools and implants more accessible, revolutionizing many surgical fields. In many human diseases, these implants have led to superior surgical outcomes and greatly improved patients' quality of life. Thus, it is of great interest to apply these technologies to the treatment of animal diseases. In this study, we report the use of computed tomography (CT) and 3D printing for the treatment of a Great Hornbill at Jurong Bird Park that was diagnosed with squamous cell carcinoma of the casque. A 3D printed prosthesis that perfectly fitted the subject was implanted to replace its resected casque. The subject exhibited natural eating behaviour with no post-operative complications. Using this case as an example, the positive outcomes suggest a great potential in applying these technologies to the treatment of other wildlife diseases.

A 3D α-Fe2O3 nanoflake urchin-like structure for electromagnetic wave absorption.

An α-Fe(2)O(3) nanoflake urchin-like structure is formed via the thermal oxidation of micrometre-sized iron spheres in air at temperatures of 300-400 °C. The material consists of α-Fe(2)O(3) nanoflakes grown perpendicularly to the sphere surface, a layer of a mixture of α-Fe(2)O(3) and Fe(3)O(4) as the oxidation shell, and an iron core. The ranges of the tip diameters of the nanoflakes are 20-30 nm (300 °C), 30-50 nm (350 °C), and 60-100 nm (400 °C). A composite consisting of the α-Fe(2)O(3) nanoflake urchin-like structure and an epoxy resin exhibits an excellent electromagnetic (EM) wave absorption ability. A small tip diameter (20-30 nm) and a high density (3 × 10(13) nanoflakes m(-2)) lead to a good network structure and good EM wave absorption. A minimum reflection loss (RL) of -33.8 dB (99.93% of EM wave absorption) at 7.8 GHz can be achieved using a 70 wt% urchin-like material as the filler in the resin matrix. In addition, a composite containing 60 wt% unchin-like material exhibits dual-frequency EM wave absorption. The peaks of the minimum RL values are located at 9.7 GHz (-26.2 dB) and 25.2 GHz (-21.0 dB). The unique morphology of the α-Fe(2)O(3) nanoflake urchin-like material is believed to be a key factor in the enhancement of the EM wave absorption.

Formation of three-dimensional urchin-like α-Fe2O3 structure and its field-emission application.

A three-dimensional urchin-like α-Fe(2)O(3) microstructure is formed via a simple, template-free, and one-step thermal oxidation of Fe spheres in an air atmosphere at temperatures in the range of 300-450 °C. The urchin-like α-Fe(2)O(3) microstructure consists of crystalline α-Fe(2)O(3) nanoflakes grown perpendicularly on the surface of the sphere, a shell layer of α-Fe(2)O(3)/Fe(3)O(4), and an Fe core. During the oxidation process, the nanoflakes germinate and grow from cracks in the oxidation layer on the surface. The length of the nanoflakes increases with oxidation time. The tip diameters of the nanoflakes are in ranges of 10-20 nm at 300 °C, 20-30 nm at 350 °C, and 40-60 nm at 400 °C; the length can reach up to a few micrometers. The field-emission characteristics of the samples are experimentally studied and simulated. The results show that the urchin-like emitter has a low turn-on field of 2.8 V/µm, high field-enhancement factor of 4313, excellent emission uniformity of over 4 cm(2), and good emission stability during a 24 h test.

Synthesis of carbon nanofibres from a liquid solution containing both catalyst and polyethylene glycol.

Carbon nanofibres (CNFs) exhibiting bamboo-like, hollow fibril morphology were prepared from a mixture of polyethylene glycol (PEG) and iron-based compounds such as Fe(2)(SO(4))(3)·nH(2)O, Fe(NO(3))·9H(2)O or FeO(OH) by a thermal process. These materials were well mixed in distilled water prior to thermal treatment in an air/nitrogen atmosphere. With increasing temperature, the mixture underwent solvent removal, dehydrogenation, thermal decomposition, carbonization and catalytic graphitization to form CNFs. Results show that CNFs can be formed with different PEG/catalyst ratios (100/1-1000/1 by weight) at 750 °C. The catalyst effect is discussed for the formation of bamboo-like CNFs. The diameter of the CNFs was about 30-50 nm while the length was a few micrometres.