The discovery and utilization of favorable genes in Oryza longistaminata.

Asian cultivated rice has been domesticated from ancestors of the wild rice species Oryza rufipogon. During this process, important changes have occurred in many agronomic traits, such as plant height, grain shattering, and panicle shape, and the yield has also greatly increased. However, many favored traits (e.g., stress resistance) have been lost. The genome of O. longistaminata is of the same AA type as O. sativa, harboring many genes conferring resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses, and it is considered as a potential gene pool for genetic improvement of O. sativa. In this review, we summarize the basic research on O. longistaminata, including its resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses, its rhizome traits, and other traits that are of potential application value, such as bacterial blight resistance, drought resistance, heat tolerance, self-incompatibility, nitrogen efficiency, and high yield. Furthermore, we present the current applied research progress on perennial rice breeding based on the rhizome trait of O. longistaminata. Lastly, the possibility of de novo domestication of O. longistaminata is discussed. We expect this article to provide information to enhance the basic research of O. longistaminata and accelerate the genetic improvement of cultivated rice.

Arthroscopic Anatomical Double-Bundle Medial Patellofemoral Complex Reconstruction Improves Clinical Outcomes in Treating Recurrent Patellar Dislocation Despite Trochlear Dysplasia, Elevated Tibial Tubercle-Trochlear Groove Distance, and Patellar Alta.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the clinical outcomes of arthroscopically assisted double-bundle medial patellofemoral complex reconstruction (MPFC-R). METHODS: A retrospective review was carried out among adult patients who experienced at least 2 patellar dislocations and underwent primary arthroscopically assisted MPFC-R between January 2014 and November 2019. Dejour classification, tibial tubercle-trochlear groove (TT-TG) distance, and patellar height (with Insall-Salvati index) were measured. Pre- and postoperative patellar tilt were compared. Information on outcome scores, ability to return to sports, postoperative recurrent dislocations, and complications was recorded. RESULTS: A total of 42 MPFC-Rs in 39 patients were included. Mean age at surgery was 22.2 ± 7.6 years; 69.2% of patients were female. Mean follow-up was 47.3 ± 20.2 months. Seventy-four percent of cases had Dejour B (19.0%), C (33.3%), and D (21.4%) trochlear dysplasia; mean TT-TG distance was 19.6 ± 3.5 mm, and mean Insall-Salvati index was 1.21 ± 0.17. Mean patellar tilt decreased from 27.6 ± 11.6° to 9.4 ± 6.5° (P < .001). All patients had statistically significant (P < .001) improvement in mean International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) (44.9 ± 18.2 to 87.5 ± 6.9), Lysholm (61.4 ± 16.6 to 94.1 ± 6.4), Kujala (56.0 ± 16.8 to 92.9 ± 5.3), and Tegner score (2.7 ± 1.3 to 4.6 ± 1.4). The majority of patients (96.9%) returned to sports, with 90.3% returning to the same or greater level of activity. No postoperative dislocations or subluxations were reported. CONCLUSIONS: Arthroscopically assisted double-bundle MPFC-R is a promising procedure to treat recurrent patellar instability at 2- to 7-year mid-term follow-up, despite the presence of trochlear dysplasia, elevated TT-TG distance and patellar alta. The improvement of IKDC score exceeded the minimal clinically important difference in 95.2% patients, and 66.7% surpassed the patient acceptable symptomatic state based on postoperative IKDC score with no redislocations being reported at latest follow-up. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, case series, retrospective.