The impacts of casual environmental regulation on carbon intensity in China: Dual mediating pathways of energy low-carbon reconstitution and industrial structure upgrading.

In the new era of global net zero, how to reduce carbon intensity became a hot topic, while few attentions had been paid to the impacts of casual environmental regulation, especially in the emerging economy such as China. In this regard, this study uses the panel data of 30 provinces in China from 2003 to 2019 to study the impacts of causal environmental regulation on the carbon intensity, with the adoption of multiple econometric models. The empirical results show that causal environmental regulation has a significant inhibitory effect on carbon intensity, while at current stage, causal environmental regulation cannot inhibit carbon intensity through the mediating of green innovation and renewable energy production. Fortunately, energy low-carbon reconstitution and industrial structure upgrading are proved to effectively act as the intermediary channels. In addition, the spatial spillover effects and the spatial heterogeneity are supported in the empirical analysis. In a summary, this study starts with the case of China to provide a realistic reference case for the international community, enriches the theory, policy and practice related to environmental regulation, and provides a realistic reference example for emerging economics in a developing country.

How does national development zone policy affect carbon emissions in China? New evidence from a quasi-natural experiment.

The expansion of China's development zones has made great contributions to economic development, as well as provided practical guidance for other developing countries to implement development zone policies. However, in the context of global advocacy of low carbon, literature about how the development zone policy affect carbon emissions is poor, especially in China at the urban level. Therefore, this study takes China's development zone policy as a quasi-natural experiment, using the panel data of 285 cities in China from 2003 to 2020, and adopting the DID model to analyze its impact on carbon emissions. After a series of robustness tests including placebo test, dynamic test (all independent variables are lagged by one period), endogeneity test, and parallel trend test, the results are basically robust. The findings show that the development zone policy indeed significantly reduces carbon emissions. In addition, we find that cities with higher resource endowments, cities in the eastern and central regions, and other larger cities across the country have better carbon emissions reduction effects. To a certain extent, the research in this paper fills the gap of theoretical research on carbon emissions in terms of the development zone policy, and provides some practical basis for future research in the field of carbon emissions.

Campaign-style governance of air pollution in China? A comprehensive analysis of the central environmental protection inspection.

Central environmental protection inspection (CEPI) is a major institutional innovation in China's environmental governance, but its effectiveness in improving air quality is still unclear. However, the effectiveness of CEPI is of great significance and can be regarded as an important reference for deepening the reform of environmental governance system in China. This article takes the CEPI as a quasi-natural experiment and uses the regression discontinuity design (RDD) and the difference-in-differences (DID) methods to examine the effectiveness of this policy. The study found that the first round of CEPI reduced the air pollution of cities in the inspected provinces in a short time. Moreover, this positive policy effect persisted in the aftermath of the inspection, but this long-term effect is mainly reflected in PM10 and SO2. Heterogeneity analysis showed that CEPI was only effective in reducing air pollutants of industry-oriented cities, cities in Central and Eastern China, and cities with large or small population size. The moderating effect analysis indicated that a healthy relationship (close and clean) between the local governments and businesses was conducive to reducing air pollution. The research confirmed the presence of "selective" reduction of air pollutants in the long run caused by CEPI, thereby providing new inspiration for the improvement of campaign-style environmental governance and the follow-up CEPI work.

[Heavy Metal Content and Resistance Gene Abundance and Related Properties in the Surface Soil around Qinghai Lake].

Soil heavy metal pollution and the prevalence of resistance genes have been a global concern, and thus many studies have reported the content of heavy metals and resistance genes in soils; however, the contents of heavy metals and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the soil in highland areas is still unclear. In this study, the environmental residues and distribution of heavy metals and resistance genes in the soil in Qinghai were analyzed, and the relationship between the concentration of heavy metals and antibiotic resistance genes in the soil was explored. Among the soil samples, the content of heavy metal zinc was the highest ï¼»mean: (50.27±19.88) mg·kg-1ï¼½, followed by the content of heavy metal cadmium ï¼»mean: (30.27±9.45) mg·kg-1ï¼½, and the content of heavy metal mercury was the lowest ï¼»mean: (0.027±0.019) mg·kg-1ï¼½. The subtypes of heavy metal resistance genes in soils were mainly czcA, merA, and merP, whose main function was to be responsible for developing mercury resistance. The relative abundance of ß-lactamase resistance genes (0.1505) was the highest in soil, accounting for 47.54% of the total abundance of ARGs; tetracycline resistance genes accounted for 16.93% of the total abundance of ARGs, FCA accounted for approximately 14.56%, and MLSB accounted for approximately 8.77%. The diversity and relative abundance of movable genetic elements (MGEs) were low, and only the [STBX]tnpA01[STBZ] gene was detected; intl[STBX]1[STBZ] and intl[STBX]2[STBZ] were not detected. Correlation studies showed that Cu content (r=-0.533, P=0.006) and Hg (r=0.692, P=0.006) in soil were significantly negatively correlated with altitude, whereas other heavy metals were not significantly correlated with altitude. In addition, heavy metal content was significantly correlated with soil type (P<0.05). There was a significant positive correlation between heavy metal mercury content in soils and czcA (r=0.692, P=0.006), merA (r=0.816, P=0.007), and merP (r=0.594, P=0.02). The results of this study elucidated the occurrence and distribution of heavy metals and ARGs in the Tibetan Plateau region and found that the content of heavy metals in the soil was significantly related to resistance genes.

Evaluated serum perfluoroalkyl acids and their relationships with the incidence of rheumatoid arthritis in the general population in Hangzhou, China.

Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) are widely present in human blood, and have many toxic effects on humans. However, effects of PFAA exposure on the risk of rheumatic immune diseases are limited. In the present study, occurrence of 7 PFAAs, including perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoate (PFNA), perfluorodecanoate (PFDA), perfluoroundecanoate (PFUnA), perfluorododecanoate (PFDoA), and perfluorotrdecanoate (PFTrA), were measured in serum samples from 156 healthy people (controls) and 156 rheumatoid arthritis (RA) cases living in Hangzhou, China. We also investigated the relationships among cumulative PFAA levels in serum, some immune markers, and the incidence of RA. The results showed that PFOA (6.1 and 11.8 ng/mL) had the highest mean serum concentrations, followed by PFOS (3.2 and 3.4 ng/mL) and PFDA (0.86 and 2.6 ng/mL), in both controls and RA cases. Cumulative exposure to PFOA in the study population were positively correlated with the levels of rheumatoid factors (rs = 0.69, p < 0.01) and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody (rs = 0.56, p < 0.05). Moreover, significant associations of PFOA concentrations with odds ratios (OR) of RA (OR = 1.998, confidence interval (CI): 1.623, 2.361, p = 0.01) were found by adjusting for various covariates. The crude and adjusted OR for RA was respective 1.385 (95% CI: 1.270, 1.510, p = 0.04) and 1.381 (95% CI: 0.972, 1.658, p = 0.06) for a unit increase in serum PFOS levels, but the adjusted results were not significant. Overall, this case-control study found that human serum PFOA concentrations were positively correlated with RF and ACPA levels.

Bacterial community response to chronic heavy metal contamination in marine sediments of the East China Sea.

Marine sediments act as a sink for various heavy metals, which may have profound impact on sedimentary microbiota. However, our knowledge about the collaborative response of bacterial community to chronic heavy metal contamination remains little. In this study, concentrations of seven heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb, and Zn) in sediments collected from the East China Sea were analyzed and Illumina Miseq 16 S rRNA sequencing was applied to characterize the structure of bacterial community. Microbiota inhabiting sediments in the East China Sea polluted with heavy metals showed different community composition from relatively pristine sites. The response of bacterial community to heavy metal stress was further interrogated with weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA). WGCNA revealed ten bacterial modules exhibiting distinct co-occurrence patterns and among them, five modules were related to heavy metal pollution. Three of them were positively correlated with an increase in at least one heavy metal concentration, hubs (more influential bacterial taxa) of which were previously reported to be involved in the geochemical cycling of heavy metals or possess tolerance to heavy metals, while another two modules showed opposite patterns. Our research suggested that ecological functional transition might have occurred in East China Sea sediments by shifts of community composition with sensitive modules majorly involved in the meaningful global biogeochemical cycling of carbon, sulfur, and nitrogen replaced by more tolerant groups of bacteria due to long-term exposure to low-concentration heavy metals. Hubs may serve as indicators of perturbations of benthic bacterial community caused by heavy metal pollution and support monitoring remediation of polluted sites in marine environments.

Per-/polyfluoroalkyl substance concentrations in human serum and their associations with immune markers of rheumatoid arthritis.

Per-/polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are ubiquitous in the environment and have been proved to be immunotoxic to humans. However, it remains unclear whether exposure to PFASs affects the risk of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In this study, nine PFASs were determined in human serum collected from 280 health populations and 294 RA patients in a cohort enrolled between 2018 and 2020 in Hangzhou, China, and were examined their correlations with immune marker levels. Perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), and 6:2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (6:2 Cl-PFESA) were the predominant PFASs in human serum, with median (mean) concentrations of 5.4 (7.6), 2.8 (3.5), and 1.9 (2.5) ng/mL, respectively. Serum PFOA and 6:2 Cl-PFESA concentrations were positively correlated with anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody (ACPA) (ßPFOA = 0.59, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.37, 0.81; ß6:2 Cl-PFESA = 0.48, 95% CI: 0.29, 0.66), immunoglobulin G (ßPFOA = 0.25, 95% CI: 0.21, 0.29; ß6:2 Cl-PFESA = 0.16, 95% CI: 0.12, 0.19) as well as rheumatoid factors (RF) (ßPFOA = 0.57, 95% CI: 0.34, 0.80; ß6:2 Cl-PFESA = 0.54, 95% CI: 0.36, 0.72). The correlations between serum PFOS levels and RF (ß = 0.52, 95% CI: 0.28, 0.77), ACPA (ß = 0.48, 95% CI: 0.23, 0.73), as well as immunoglobulin M (ß = -0.24, 95% CI: 0.64, 0.15) respectively were statistically stronger. We also found PFOA concentrations in serum were associated with the level of C-reactive protein (ß = 0.52, 95% CI: 0.40, 0.65). To our knowledge, this is the first study reporting significant associations between several PFASs and change of specific immune marker levels, suggesting that PFAS exposure may increase the risk of RA in adults.

The influences of perfluoroalkyl substances on the rheumatoid arthritis clinic.

BACKGROUND: The effect of environmental factors on genetically susceptible individuals is a basic link in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a class of synthetic organic fluorine chemicals, which have been mass-produced and widely used in the past 60 years, and also have been shown to be one of the major pollutants affecting human health. The impact of fluoride on the development of Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is unclear. This study explored the relationship between common fluoride and clinical manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis. RESULTS: A cohort of 155 patients with RA and 145 health controls in Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine were investigated. Serum concentrations of all fluoride detected were higher in RA patients than in healthy controls. There were 43 male patients and 112 female patients in the RA cohort. Some of perfluoroalkyl substances (perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), perfluorononanoate (PFNA), perfluorotrdecanoate (PFTrA), perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS)) were correlated negatively with the Body Mass Index (BMI); some of them (PFOA, PFNA, PFTrA, PFOS, 8:2 Chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (8:2Cl-PFESA)) were correlated positively with the Disease Activity Score 28 (DAS28); two (PFOA, PFOS) of them were correlated positively with the white blood cell count, and one (Perfluoroundecanoate (PFUnA)) of them was correlated negatively with the hemoglobin; two (Perfluorodecanoate (PFDA), PFUnA) of them were correlated negatively with the presence of interstitial lung disease. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances may promote the disease activity of rheumatoid arthritis and the visceral lesions.