Ion Kinetics and Neutron Generation Associated with Electromagnetic Turbulence in Laboratory-Scale Counterstreaming Plasmas.

Electromagnetic turbulence and ion kinetics in counterstreaming plasmas hold great significance in laboratory astrophysics, such as turbulence field amplification and particle energization. Here, we quantitatively demonstrate for the first time how electromagnetic turbulence affects ion kinetics under achievable laboratory conditions (millimeter-scale interpenetrating plasmas with initial velocity of 2000 km/s, density of 4×10^{19} cm^{-3}, and temperature of 100 eV) utilizing a recently developed high-order implicit particle-in-cell code without scaling transformation. It is found that the electromagnetic turbulence is driven by ion two-stream and filamentation instabilities. For the magnetized scenarios where an applied magnetic field of tens of Tesla is perpendicular to plasma flows, the growth rates of instabilities increase with the strengthening of applied magnetic field, which therefore leads to a significant enhancement of turbulence fields. Under the competition between the stochastic acceleration due to electromagnetic turbulence and collisional thermalization, ion distribution function shows a distinct super-Gaussian shape, and the ion kinetics are manifested in neutron yields and spectra. Our results have well explained the recent unmagnetized experimental observations, and the findings of magnetized scenario can be verified by current astrophysical experiments.

[Artificial reconstituted pulmonary surfactant used for prevention and treatment of adult respiratory distress syndrome. II. Bioluminescence method for optimizing formulation].

Based on optimizing the formulations of artificial reconstituted pulmonary surfactant (APS) used for the prevention and treatment of adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) by a surface chemical method, a quartz lung animal model to obtain active alveolar macrophages (AMs) was established, using a bioluminescence technique to optimize APS's formulation according to the free-radical-scavenging abilities of APS. An optimal formulation was obtained, which showed good surface properties and free-radical-scavenging abilities. The APS preparation will be used in ARDS animal model test.

Pneumoconiosis: the changes of peripheral airways.

Ultrathin bronchofiberscope (Olympus BF-1.8T) was applied to the observation of the peripheral airways of total 87 cases, including 73 cases of quartz-exposed and asbestos-exposed workers with/without pneumoconiosis (exposure groups), and 14 cases of controls. The changes of peripheral airways in exposure group of non-smokers was found, mainly to be pigmentation, elevation, irregularity and lustlessness on the surface of the bronchiole walls, and predominantly stenosis and ectasis of the lumen. The detectable rate was higher in peripheral airways than in central airways. Some changes existed in early stage and some had a tendency of increasing detectable rate with category progressing. Some factors such as smoking could influence the results of analysis.

A study of magnetic field in the lung of workers in an asbestos factory.

Magnetic field at the chest in 93 male workers exposed to asbestos dust in an asbestos products factory in China was studied by local magnetization and flux-gate gradiometry. The average field intensity at 12 measurement points over the anterior chest wall was compared among workers with and without asbestosis and among workers of different working age. The field intensity in workers with asbestosis and those suspected to have asbestosis on the basis of X-ray findings was significantly higher than that in workers without asbestosis. It was also found that the field intensity increased with working age. It is suggested that dynamic measurement of magnetic field in the lung of workers exposed to dust containing ferrimagnetic particles would at least serve as a quantitative method for estimating lung dust loads and be valuable for pneumoconiosis prevention.