Schizophrenia in the genetic era: a review from development history, clinical features and genomic research approaches to insights of susceptibility genes.

Schizophrenia is a devastating neuropsychiatric disorder affecting 1% of the world population and ranks as one of the disorders providing the most severe burden for society. Schizophrenia etiology remains obscure involving multi-risk factors, such as genetic, environmental, nutritional, and developmental factors. Complex interactions of genetic and environmental factors have been implicated in the etiology of schizophrenia. This review provides an overview of the historical origins, pathophysiological mechanisms, diagnosis, clinical symptoms and corresponding treatment of schizophrenia. In addition, as schizophrenia is a polygenic, genetic disorder caused by the combined action of multiple micro-effective genes, we further detail several approaches, such as candidate gene association study (CGAS) and genome-wide association study (GWAS), which are commonly used in schizophrenia genomics studies. A number of GWASs about schizophrenia have been performed with the hope to identify novel, consistent and influential risk genetic factors. Finally, some schizophrenia susceptibility genes have been identified and reported in recent years and their biological functions are also listed. This review may serve as a summary of past research on schizophrenia genomics and susceptibility genes (NRG1, DISC1, RELN, BDNF, MSI2), which may point the way to future schizophrenia genetics research. In addition, depending on the above discovery of susceptibility genes and their exact function, the development and application of antipsychotic drugs will be promoted in the future.

[Rauwolfia extract inhibits the proliferation of prostate cells in rats with benign prostatic hyperplasia].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of different concentrations of Rauwolfia extract (RE) on the proliferation of prostate cells in the rat model of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). METHODS: We randomly divided 48 male SD rats into six groups of an equal number, BPH model control, finasteride, low-concentration RE, medium-concentration RE, high-concentration RE and normal control, and established a BPH model in the former five groups by subcutaneous injection of testosterone propionate following castration. We treated the rats of the finasteride and RE groups intragastrically with finasteride solution at 5 mg/kg and RE at 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg respectively, and those of the model control and normal control groups with an equal dose of normal saline, all once a day for 28 consecutive days. Then, we killed all the animals, collected their prostate tissue, obtained the wet weight and volume of the prostate, the prostate index and the contents of serum T and dihydrotestosterone (DHT), observed the morphological changes of the prostate tissue by HE staining, counted the glands in the prostate tissue, measured the intraglandular area, and determined the expressions of PCNA and α-SMA by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: Compared with the rats of the normal control group, the BPH model controls showed significantly increased wet weight (ï¼»0.923 ± 0.15ï¼½ vs ï¼»1.455 ± 0.52ï¼½ g, P < 0.05), volume (ï¼»1.035 ± 0.29ï¼½ vs ï¼»1.687 ± 0.31ï¼½ ml, P < 0.05) and index of the prostate (ï¼»0.23 ± 0.04ï¼½% vs ï¼»0.37 ± 0.15ï¼½%, P < 0.05), dilation, hyperemia and edema of the prostatic stroma and vessels, and proliferation rate of the prostatic cells, but remarkably decreased number of glands (ï¼»20.35 ± 3.83ï¼½ vs ï¼»12.56 ± 2.58ï¼½, P < 0.05), epithelial thickness (ï¼»39.76 ± 5.20ï¼½ vs ï¼»19.52 ± 1.52ï¼½ µm, P < 0.05) and intraglandular area (ï¼»12.3 ± 1.21ï¼½ vs ï¼»5.96 ± 0.34ï¼½ ×103µm2, P < 0.05). In comparison with the BPH model controls, the animals treated with RE, especially in the high-concentration RE group, exhibited marked decreases in the weight (ï¼»1.455 ± 0.52ï¼½ vs ï¼»0.862 ± 0.31ï¼½ g, P < 0.05), volume ( ï¼»1.687 ± 0.31ï¼½ vs ï¼»0.952 ± 0.28ï¼½ ml, P < 0.05) and index of the prostate (ï¼»0.37 ± 0.15ï¼½% vs ï¼»0.22 ± 0.07ï¼½%, P < 0.05), dramatic improvement in the number of glands (ï¼»12.56 ± 2.58ï¼½ vs ï¼»18.36 ± 1.25ï¼½, P < 0.05), epithelial thickness (ï¼»39.76 ± 5.20ï¼½ vs ï¼»19.04 ± 3.89ï¼½ µm, P < 0.05) and intraglandular area (ï¼»5.96 ± 0.34ï¼½ vs ï¼»10.25 ± 0.98ï¼½ ×103µm2, P<0.05ï¼½, P < 0.05), remarkable down-regulation of the expressions of PCNA and α-SMA, and significant reduction of the contents of serum T (ï¼»19.147 ± 3.214ï¼½ vs ï¼»6.016 ± 1.978ï¼½ ng/ml, P < 0.05) and DHT (ï¼»9.052 ± 0.633ï¼½ vs ï¼»2.532 ± 0.386ï¼½ ng/ml, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Rauwolfia extract can inhibit the proliferation of prostate cells and relieve BPH symptoms in a concentration-dependent manner in rats with BPH.

Positive Association of TEAD1 With Schizophrenia in a Northeast Chinese Han Population.

OBJECTIVE: Schizophrenia is a complex and devastating psychiatric disorder with a strong genetic background. However, much uncertainty still exists about the role of genetic susceptibility in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. TEA domain transcription factor 1 (TEAD1) is a transcription factor associated with neurodevelopment and has modulating effects on various nervous system diseases. In the current study, we performed a case-control association study in a Northeast Chinese Han population to explore the characteristics of pathogenic TEAD1 polymorphisms and potential association with schizophrenia. METHODS: We recruited a total of 721 schizophrenia patients and 1,195 healthy controls in this study. The 9 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the gene region of TEAD1 were selected and genotyped. RESULTS: The genetic association analyses showed that five SNPs (rs12289262, rs6485989, rs4415740, rs7113256, and rs1866709) were significantly different between schizophrenia patients and healthy controls in allele or/and genotype frequencies. After Bonferroni correction, the association of three SNPs (rs4415740, rs7113256, and rs1866709) with schizophrenia were still evident. Haplotype analysis revealed that two strong linkage disequilibrium blocks (rs6485989-rs4415740-rs7113256 and rs16911710-rs12364619-rs1866709) were globally associated with schizophrenia. Four haplotypes (C-C-C and T-T-T, rs6485989-rs4415740-rs7113256; G-T-A and G-T-G, rs16911710-rs12364619-rs1866709) were significantly different between schizophrenia patients and healthy controls. CONCLUSION: The current findings indicated that the human TEAD1 gene has a genetic association with schizophrenia in the Chinese Han population and may act as a susceptibility gene for schizophrenia.

Antifungal Drugs and Drug-Induced Liver Injury: A Real-World Study Leveraging the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System Database.

Aims: We aimed to estimate the risk of drug-induced liver injury (DILI) from various antifungal treatments with azoles and echinocandins causing in real-world practice. Methods: We performed disproportionality and Bayesian analyses based on data from the first quarter in 2004 to the third quarter in 2021 in the Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System to characterize the signal differences of antifungal drugs-related DILI. We also compared the onset time and mortality differences of different antifungal agents. Results: A total of 2943 antifungal drugs-related DILI were identified. Affected patients tended to be aged >45 years (51.38%), with more males than females (49.03% vs. 38.09%). Antifungal drug-induced liver injury is most commonly reported with voriconazole (32.45%), fluconazole (19.37%), and itraconazole (14.51%). Almost all antifungal drugs were shown to be associated with DILI under disproportionality and Bayesian analyses. The intraclass analysis of correlation between different antifungal agents and DILI showed the following ranking: caspofungin (ROR = 6.12; 95%CI: 5.36-6.98) > anidulafungin (5.15; 3.69-7.18) > itraconazole (5.06; 4.58-5.60) > voriconazole (4.58; 4.29-4.90) > micafungin (4.53; 3.89-5.27) > posaconazole (3.99; 3.47-4.59) > fluconazole (3.19; 2.93-3.47) > ketoconazole (2.28; 1.96-2.64). The onset time of DILI was significantly different among different antifungal drugs (p < 0.0001), and anidulafungin result in the highest mortality rate (50.00%), while ketoconazole has the lowest mortality rate (9.60%). Conclusion: Based on the Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System database, antifungal drugs are significantly associated with DILI, and itraconazole and voriconazole had the greatest risk of liver injury. Due to indication bias, more clinical studies are needed to confirm the safety of echinocandins.

Stevens-Johnson Syndrome Following Vancomycin and Linezolid: A Real-World Analysis of Post-Marketing Surveillance Data.

Background: Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) has been reported as a serious adverse effect in patients treated with vancomycin or linezolid, and there is currently a lack of real-world studies comparing specific differences in adverse effects of SJS. Methods: According to the FDA's Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS), from January 2004 to July 2021, the data of suspected SJS after the use of vancomycin and linezolid were analyzed by imbalance and Bayesian analysis. The onset time, fatality rate and hospitalization rate of vancomycin-associated SJS and linezolid-associated SJS were also investigated. Results: 276 cases of vancomycin-related SJS reports and 63 cases of linezolid-related SJS reports were identified. These two drugs are more common in middle-aged patients (45-64 years) than other age groups, and less common in underage children (<18). Among them, linezolid-related SJS is more common in middle-aged and elderly patients (45-74 years old) than other groups. Except for unspecified data, in vancomycin-associated SJS cases, there are more men than women (49.28% vs 43.84%), while in linezolid-associated SJS cases, the proportion of men and women is almost equal (44.44%). From the point of view of the areas where adverse reactions were reported, about 1/2 of the reports on Vancomycin-related SJS came from North America, and 1/3 of the reports came from Europe. The median onset time of Linezolid-related SJS was 5 days (interquartile range [IQR] 2-7.75), which was significantly earlier than that of Vancomycin-related SJS (12 days, IQR 4-20) (Mann-Whitney test, p < 0.0001). There were no significant differences in mortality and hospitalization rates after vancomycin and linezolid caused SJS. Conclusion: The analysis of faers data provides a comprehensive overview of the adverse reactions of SJS caused by the use of vancomycin and linezolid, and can warn clinical workers to timely intervene and continuously monitor the patients at risk of SJS when using such drugs.

Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of remdesivir and its metabolites nucleotide monophosphate, nucleotide triphosphate, and nucleoside in mice.

Remdesivir (RDV) exerts anti-severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 activity following metabolic activation in the target tissues. However, the pharmacokinetics and tissue distributions of the parent drug and its active metabolites have been poorly characterized to date. Blood and tissue levels were evaluated in the current study. After intravenous administration of 20 mg/kg RDV in mice, the concentrations of the parent drug, nucleotide monophosphate (RMP) and triphosphate (RTP), as well as nucleoside (RN), in the blood, heart, liver, lung, kidney, testis, and small intestine were quantified. In blood, RDV was rapidly and completely metabolized and was barely detected at 0.5 h, similar to RTP, while its metabolites RMP and RN exhibited higher blood levels with increased residence times. The area under the concentration versus time curve up to the last measured point in time (AUC0-t) values of RMP and RN were 4558 and 136,572 h∙nM, respectively. The maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) values of RMP and RN were 2896 nM and 35,819 nM, respectively. Moreover, RDV presented an extensive distribution, and the lung, liver and kidney showed high levels of the parent drug and metabolites. The metabolic stabilities of RDV and RMP were also evaluated using lung, liver, and kidney microsomes. RDV showed higher clearances in the liver and kidney than in the lung, with intrinsic clearance (CLint) values of 1740, 1253, and 127 mL/(min∙g microsomal protein), respectively.

Epidemiology and mechanism of drug resistance of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in Beijing, China: A multicenter study.

Mycoplasma pneumoniae (M. pneumoniae) is one of the most common causes of community-acquired respiratory tract infections (RTIs). We aimed to investigate the prevalence of M. pneumoniae infection, antibiotic resistance and genetic diversity of M. pneumoniae isolates across multiple centers in Beijing, China. P1 protein was detected by Nested PCR to analyze the occurrence of M. pneumoniae in pediatric patients with RTI. M. pneumoniae isolates were cultured and analyzed by Nested-PCR to determine their genotypes. Broth microdilution method was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of antibiotics. Out of 822 children with RTI admitted to 11 hospitals in Beijing, 341 (41.48%) were positive for M. pneumoniae by Nested PCR and 236 (69.21%) samples had mutations in 23S rRNA domain V. The highest proportion of M. pneumoniae positive samples was observed in school-age children (118/190; 62.11%) and in pediatric patients with pneumonia (220/389; 56.56%). Out of 341 M. pneumoniae positive samples, 99 (12.04%) isolates were successfully cultured and the MIC values were determined for 65 M. pneumoniae strains. Out of these, 57 (87.69%) strains were resistant to macrolides, and all 65 strains were sensitive to tetracyclines or quinolones. M. pneumoniae P1 type I and P1 type II strains were found in 57/65 (87.69%) and 8/65 (12.31%) of cultured isolates, respectively. Overall, we demonstrated a high prevalence of M. pneumoniae infection and high macrolide resistance of M. pneumoniae strains in Beijing. School-age children were more susceptible to M. pneumoniae, particularly the children with pneumonia. Thus, establishment of a systematic surveillance program to fully understand the epidemiology of M. pneumoniae is critical for the standardized use of antibiotics in China.

Pretreatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics alters the pharmacokinetics of major constituents of Shaoyao-Gancao decoction in rats after oral administration.

The influence of broad-spectrum antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics and biotransformation of major constituents of Shaoyao-Gancao decoction (SGD) in rats was investigated. The pharmacokinetic behaviors of paeoniflorin (PF), albiflorin (AF), liquiritin (LT), isoliquiritin (ILT), liquiritin apioside (LA), isoliquiritin apioside (ILA), and glycyrrhizic acid (GL), seven major constituents of SGD, as well as glycyrrhetinic acid (GA), a major metabolite of GL, were analyzed. A 1-week pretreatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics (ampicillin, metronidazole, neomycin, 1 g L-1; and vancomycin, 0.5 g L-1) via drinking water reduced plasma exposure of the major constituents. The AUC0-24 h of PF and LT was significantly decreased by 28.7% and 33.8% (P < 0.05 and P < 0.005), respectively. Although the differences were not statistically significant, the AUC0-24 h of AF, ILT, LA, ILA, and GL was decreased by 31.4%, 50.9%, 16.9%, 44.1%, and 37.0%, respectively, compared with the control group. In addition, the plasma GA exposure in the antibiotic-pretreated group was significantly lower (P < 0.005) than the control group. The in vitro stability of the major constituents of SGD in the rat intestinal contents with or without broad-spectrum antibiotics was also investigated. The major constituents were comparatively stable in the rat duodenum contents, and the biotransformation of GL mainly occurred in the rat colon contents. In summary, broad-spectrum antibiotics suppressed the absorption of the major constituents of SGD and significantly inhibited the biotransformation of GL to GA by suppressing the colon microbiota. The results indicated a potential clinical drug-drug interaction (DDI) when SGD was administered with broad-spectrum antibiotics.

Macrophage Migration Inhibitor Promoted the Intrahepatic Bile Duct Injury in Rats with Severe Acute Pancreatitis.

BACKGROUND: Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is involved in many acute and chronic inflammatory diseases. However, its role in intrahepatic bile duct (IBD) cell damage associated with severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) remains unclear. AIMS: This study was aimed to identify the role of MIF and its underlying mechanisms in SAP complicated by IBD cell damage. METHODS: Forty-eight specific-pathogen-free male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups (N = 12): a sham operation group (SO group) and three SAP model groups (SAP-3h, SAP-6h, and SAP-12h). Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of MIF and P38 in IBD cells. MIF mRNA expression in IBD cells was observed using real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR). In addition, Western blotting was performed to detect the protein expression of P38, phosphorylated P38 (P-P38), nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB p65), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to analyze the levels of TNF-α, IL-1ß, and IL-6 in the IBD of rats. RESULTS: Compared with the SO group, the expression of MIF in the IBD was significantly upregulated both at mRNA and at protein levels in the SAP group. Besides, the protein expression levels of P38, P-P38, NF-κB, p65, TNF-α, IL-1ß, and IL-6 in the IBD in rats were also significantly increased in the SAP group and the levels increased gradually as acute pancreatitis progressed (all P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: MIF may promote the IBD injury and inflammatory reaction in SAP via activating the P38-MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways.

Population Pharmacokinetics of Vancomycin in Chinese ICU Neonates: Initial Dosage Recommendations.

The main goal of our study was to characterize the population pharmacokinetics of vancomycin in critically ill Chinese neonates to develop a pharmacokinetic model and investigate factors that have significant influences on the pharmacokinetics of vancomycin in this population. The study population consisted of 80 neonates in the neonatal intensive care unit (ICU) from which 165 trough and peak concentrations of vancomycin were obtained. Nonlinear mixed effect modeling was used to develop a population pharmacokinetic model for vancomycin. The stability and predictive ability of the final model were evaluated based on diagnostic plots, normalized prediction distribution errors and the bootstrap method. Serum creatinine (Scr) and body weight were significant covariates on the clearance of vancomycin. The average clearance was 0.309 L/h for a neonate with Scr of 23.3 µmol/L and body weight of 2.9 kg. No obvious ethnic differences in the clearance of vancomycin were found relative to the earlier studies of Caucasian neonates. Moreover, the established model indicated that in patients with a greater renal clearance status, especially Scr < 15 µmol/L, current guideline recommendations would likely not achieve therapeutic area under the concentration-time curve over 24 h/minimum inhibitory concentration (AUC24h/MIC) ≥ 400. The exceptions to this are British National Formulary (2016-2017), Blue Book (2016) and Neofax (2017). Recommended dose regimens for neonates with different Scr levels and postmenstrual ages were estimated based on Monte Carlo simulations and the established model. These findings will be valuable for developing individualized dosage regimens in the neonatal ICU setting.

Association between circulating inflammatory molecules and alcoholic liver disease in men.

The association between alcoholic liver disease (ALD) and the inflammatory response remains controversial. The aim of this study was to explore this association between ALD and inflammation. We enrolled 214 male participants, who were divided into three age-matched groups: ALD (n = 135), chronic alcohol ingestion without ALD (non-ALD; n = 42), and control (n = 37). The BMI was significantly higher in the ALD group than in the non-ALD and control groups (all P = 0.000). Further, the constituent ratio of the liver inflammatory level was significantly higher in the ALD group than in the non-ALD and control groups (P = 0.002 and P = 0.000, respectively). In addition, the median serum ALT, AST, and GGT levels were significantly higher in the ALD group than in the control group (P = 0.023, P = 0.008, and P = 0.000, respectively); these levels were also significantly higher in the ALD group than in the non-ALD group (P = 0.013, P = 0.010, and P = 0.000, respectively). The median serum CRP level was significantly higher in the ALD group than in the non-ALD and control groups (P = 0.006 and P = 0.000, respectively). Further, the median serum TNF-α level was significantly lower in the ALD group than in the non-ALD and control groups (P = 0.004 and P = 0.000, respectively). The median serum sOX40L and HSP70 levels were significantly lower in the ALD group than in the control group (P = 0.008 and P = 0.018, respectively). In addition, the ALT, AST, and GGT levels were positively correlated with the CRP level (r = 0.211, P = 0.002; r = 0.220, P = 0.001 and r = 0.295, P = 0.000, respectively), and the GGT level was negatively correlated with the TNF-α (r = -0.225, P = 0.001), sOX40L (r = -0.165, P = 0.016), and HSP70 levels (r = -0.178, P = 0.009). Further, the Cr level was negatively correlated with the IL-10 level (r = -0.166, P = 0.015). Logistic regression analysis verified that the BMI (OR  =  1.637, 95%CI: 1.374-1.951, P  =  0.000) and GGT level were significantly higher (OR  =  1.039, 95%CI: 1.020-1.059, P  =  0.000) and that the TNF-α (OR  =  0.998, 95%CI: 0.996-1.000, P  =  0.030) and HSP70 levels were significantly lower (OR  =  1.017, 95%CI: 1.003-1.031, P  =  0.029) in the ALD group than in the non-ALD group. Further, the moderate-to-severe ALD patients had a significantly higher serum CRP level (Or =   1.349, 95%CI: 1.066-1.702, P  =  0.013) and significantly lower HSP60 (OR  =  0.965, 95%CI: 0.938-0.993, P  =  0.014) and HSP70 levels (OR  =  0.978, 95%CI: 0.962-0.995, P  =  0.010) than the mild ALD patients. These results suggest that ALD patients may present with obesity, liver damage, and an imbalanced inflammatory immune response, mainly manifesting as decreased levels of immune inflammatory cytokines. In addition, they suggest that certain liver and kidney function parameters and ALD severity are either positively or negatively correlated with certain inflammatory cytokines. Hence, ALD patients may be at increased risks of obesity- and inflammation-related diseases. Accordingly, to control the inflammatory response, preventative measures for patients with this disease should include weight control and protection of liver and kidney function.

Influence of H. pylori CagA Coupled with Alcohol Consumption on Cytokine Profiles in Men.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Helicobacter pylori (H pylori) cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA) coupled with chronic alcohol ingestion on cytokine profiles.A total of 215 male subjects were divided into the following 4 groups: 130 alcohol H pylori CagA-negative consumers (CagA-) (group A), 50 alcohol H pylori CagA-positive consumers (CagA+) (group B), 24 nonalcohol H pylori CagA-negative consumers (group C), and 11 nonalcohol H pylori CagA-positive consumers (group D). The serum CagA, C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, E-selectin, adiponectin (ADP), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels were measured through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs).After adjusting for age and mean alcohol drinking history, a multivariable linear regression analysis revealed that the mean daily alcohol consumption, IL-6, TNF-α, and ADP levels were significantly increased with increases in the serum CagA concentrations (P = 0.008, P = 0.000, P = 0.000, and P = 0.006, respectively). The serum IL-6 and IL-10 levels of group A were significantly lower than those of group B (all P = 0.000). Furthermore, the serum IL-6 and IL-10 levels of groups A and C were significantly lower than those of group D (all P = 0.000), and the serum IL-6 and IL-10 levels of group C were significantly lower than those of group B (all P = 0.000). The serum ADP and E-selectin levels of groups B and D were significantly higher than those of group A (P = 0.000). The serum ADP levels of group B were significantly higher than those of group C (P = 0.000), and the serum ADP and E-selectin levels of group C were significantly lower than those of group D (P = 0.000 and P = 0.005, respectively). Finally, the serum TNF-α levels of groups B, C, and D were significantly higher than those of group A (all P = 0.000), and the serum TNF-α levels of group C were significantly higher than those of group D (P = 0.005).In conclusion, H pylori CagA may result in significantly higher levels of several inflammatory markers in both alcohol consumers and nonalcohol consumers. However, chronic alcohol ingestion coupled with H pylori CagA positivity does not result in significant changes in cytokine profiles.

[Comparison of bulbar conjunctival microcirculation in rabbits of five subtypes of blood stasis syndrome].

OBJECTIVE: To observe changes of bulbar conjunctival microcirculation in rabbits of five kinds subtypes of blood stasis syndrome (BSS), and to analyze their different properties. METHODS: Totally 60 Japanese big-ear rabbits were randomly divided into six groups, i.e., qi deficiency blood stasis group, qi stagnation blood stasis group, cold coagulation blood stasis group, heat toxin blood stasis group, external injury blood stasis group, and the normal control group, 10 in each group. Changes of rabbit bulbar conjunctiva microcirculation were observed before and after modeling. RESULTS: Compared with the normal control group, the total integral of bulbar conjunctiva microcirculation obviously increased in the 5 BSS groups (P < 0.05). There was no statistical difference among the 5 BSS groups (P > 0.05). But there was statistical difference in any concrete integral among the 5 BSS groups (P < 0.05). Thickening blood vessels and errhysis of vascular walls were dominant in the heat toxin blood stasis group. Ischemia, partial cystic dilatation, vascular engorgement and twist were dominant in the qi deficiency blood stasis group. Partial vascular buckling, aneurysmal changes, flow velocity slowed down were dominant in the qi stagnation blood stasis group. Vascular buckling, hyperemia, vascular engorgement, blood flow slowed down were dominant in the external injury blood stasis group. Vascular buckling, ischemia, dark color were dominant in the cold coagulation blood stasis group. CONCLUSION: Changes of bulbar conjunctival microcirculation were different in 5 kinds of BSS types, which could reflect their various features.

[Relationship of interleukin-1beta, tumor necrosis factors-beta and interleukin-10 gene polymorphisms with serum lipoprotein level in Chinese Han population in Guangdong Province].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association of IL-1beta+3953, TNFbeta+252 and IL-10-592 polymorphisms with serum lipoprotein levels in Chinese Han population in Guangdong Province. METHODS: A total of 428 individuals of Han nationality from Guangdong Province were enrolled in this study. The genotypes of IL-1beta+3953, TNFbeta+252 and IL-10-592 sites were detected using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). The serum concentrations of total cholesterol (TC), TG, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) were determined using an automatic biochemistry analyzer. RESULTS: The concentrations of TC and LDL in individuals of TNFbeta+252GA genotype was significantly higher than that in TNFbeta+252AA genotype (t=-2.406, P=0.017; t=-2.516, P=0.012). The concentration of LDL in IL-10+3953CT genotype was significantly higher than that in IL-10+3953CC genotype (2.743-/+0.723 vs 2.502-/+0.699 mmol/L, t=-2.639, P=0.009). No significant differences were found in TG, TC, HDL, LDL and VLDL between the 3 genotypes (P>0.05). CONCLUSION: The polymorphisms of proinflammatory cytokines are related to the serum lipoprotein level in these subjects. The T allele in IL-1beta+3953 and the G allele in TNFbeta+252 are positively correlated to dyslipidemia.