Exopolysaccharides of Paenibacillus polymyxa: A review.

Paenibacillus polymyxa (P. polymyxa) is a member of the genus Paenibacillus, which is a rod-shaped, spore-forming gram-positive bacterium. P. polymyxa is a source of many metabolically active substances, including polypeptides, volatile organic compounds, phytohormone, hydrolytic enzymes, exopolysaccharide (EPS), etc. Due to the wide range of compounds that it produces, P. polymyxa has been extensively studied as a plant growth promoting bacterium which provides a direct benefit to plants through the improvement of N fixation from the atmosphere and enhancement of the solubilization of phosphorus and the uptake of iron in the soil, and phytohormones production. Among the metabolites from P. polymyxa, EPS exhibits many activities, for example, antioxidant, immunomodulating, anti-tumor and many others. EPS has various applications in food, agriculture, environmental protection. Particularly, in the field of sustainable agriculture, P. polymyxa EPS can be served as a biofilm to colonize microbes, and also can act as a nutrient sink on the roots of plants in the rhizosphere. Therefore, this paper would provide a comprehensive review of the advancements of diverse aspects of EPS from P. polymyxa, including the production, extraction, structure, biosynthesis, bioactivity and applications, etc. It would provide a direction for future research on P. polymyxa EPS.

Mechanisms of conservation tillage on nitrogen-fertilizer reduction and maize grain improvement in Mollisols of Northeast China: Insights from a 15N tracing study.

Conservation tillage is an important management practice to guarantee soil fertility in degraded Mollisols. It is still unclear, however, whether the improvement and stability of crop yield under conservation tillage can be sustainable with increasing soil fertility and reducing fertilizer-N application. Based on a long-term tillage experiment initiated in Lishu Conservation Tillage Research and Development Station by Chinese Academy of Sciences, we conducted a 15N tracing field micro-plot experiment to investigate the effects of reducing nitrogen application on maize yield and fertilizer-N transformation under long-term conservation tillage agroecosystem. There were four treatments, including conventional ridge tillage (RT), no-tillage with 0% (NT0), 100% (NTS) maize straw mul-ching, and 20% reduced fertilizer-N plus 100% maize stover mulching (RNTS). The results showed that after a complete cultivation round, the average percentages of fertilizer N recovery in soil residues, crop usage, and gaseous loss were 34%, 50%, and 16%, respectively. Compared with conventional ridge tillage, no-tillage with maize straw mulching (NTS and RNTS) significantly increased the use efficiency of fertilizer N in current season by 10% to 14%. From the perspective of N sourcing analysis, the average percentage of fertilizer N absorbed by crop parts (including seeds, straws, roots, and cobs) to the total N uptake reached nearly 40%, indicating that soil N pool was the main source of N for crop uptakes. In comparison with conventional ridge tillage, conservation tillage significantly increased total N storage in 0-40 cm by reducing soil disturbance and increasing organic inputs, and thus ensured the expansion and efficiency increment of soil N pool in degraded Mollisols. Compared with conventional ridge tillage, NTS and RNTS treatments significantly increased the maize yield from 2016 to 2018. In all, by improving fertilizer nitrogen utilization efficiency and maintaining the continuous supply of soil nitrogen, long-term management of no-tillage with maize straw mulching could achieve a stable and increasing maize yield in three consecutive growing seasons and simultaneously reduce environmental risks derived by fertilizer-N losses, even under the condition of 20% reduction of fertilizer-N application, and thus actualize the sustainable development of agriculture in Mollisols of Northeast China.

[Effects of nitrogen addition on the contents and stoichiometric ratio of nitrogen and potassium in a meadow steppe of Hulunbuir, China]. / æ°®ç´ æ·»åŠ å¯¹å‘¼ä¼¦è´å°”è‰ç”¸è‰åŽŸæ¤ç‰©æ°®é’¾å ƒç´ å«é‡å’Œè®¡é‡æ¯”çš„å½±å“.

Potassium (K) is the second most abundant nutrient in plant leaves after nitrogen (N) and the most abundant cation in plant cells. It plays an important role in plant growth regulation, homeostasis maintenance, and stress response. Previous studies on the effects of N input on plant nutrient status mainly focus on N and phosphorus (P), but less on K and its stoichiometry. We examined the effects of N input and mowing on K content and N:K at both plant functional group and community levels. We analyzed the relative contribution of changes in functional groups and community composition to changes of community level nutrition status. The results showed that N input increased N content of each plant functional group and increased K content of rhizomatous grasses and legumes. Mowing reduced N content of rhizomatous grasses and bunchgrass, but did not affect K content and N:K of all functional groups. Nitrogen input significantly increased plant N and K contents at the community level, while mowing significantly increased plant N content. Both N input and mowing did not affect plant N:K at functional group and community levels. The contribution of nutritional changes in plant functional groups to the variation at the community level was greater than that of changes in community composition. For all the three examined nutritional traits, the contribution of nutrients at functional group level and that of community composition showed negative covariation. Our results indicated that plant N:K had high homeostasis in meadow steppe and that plants could regulate N and K balance, which was of great significance for maintaining N:K stoichiometry under the background of increasing N deposition.

Small Molecule-Induced Differentiation As a Potential Therapy for Liver Cancer.

Despite the efficacy demonstrated by immunotherapy recently, liver cancer still remains one of the deadliest cancers, mainly due to heterogeneity of this disease. Continuous exploration of new therapeutics is therefore necessary. Chemical-induced cell differentiation can serve as a promising approach, with its ability to consistently remodel gene expression profile and alter cell fate. Inspired by advances in stem cell and reprogramming field, here it is reported that a small molecule cocktail (SMC) consisted of: SB431542 (TGFß inhibitor), CHIR99021 (GSK3ß inhibitor), BIX01294 (H3K9 methyltransferase/G9a inhibitor), and all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), can induce differentiation of liver cancer cells including cell lines, primary cancer cells, cancer stem cells, and drug resistant cells. Treated cells lose malignant characteristics and regain hepatocyte phenotype instead. When applied in vivo, SMC induces wide range of tissue necrosis or fibrosis within the tumors, while remaining tissues begin to express hepatic nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α), the hepatic nuclear marker. SMC also leads to tumor abrogation in orthotopic xenograft models and life span extension of animals. The powerful differentiation induction of SMC is exerted through modulation of Akt/mTOR/HIF1α signaling and metabolic reprogramming, as well as suppressing Snail and enhancing HNF4α expression. Together, these results highlight that chemical-induced differentiation has the potential to effectively treat liver cancer disregard of heterogeneity.

Increasing rates of long-term nitrogen deposition consistently increased litter decomposition in a semi-arid grassland.

The continuing nitrogen (N) deposition observed worldwide alters ecosystem nutrient cycling and ecosystem functioning. Litter decomposition is a key process contributing to these changes, but the numerous mechanisms for altered decomposition remain poorly identified. We assessed these different mechanisms with a decomposition experiment using litter from four abundant species (Achnatherum sibiricum, Agropyron cristatum, Leymus chinensis and Stipa grandis) and litter mixtures representing treatment-specific community composition in a semi-arid grassland under long-term simulation of six different rates of N deposition. Decomposition increased consistently with increasing rates of N addition in all litter types. Higher soil manganese (Mn) availability, which apparently was a consequence of N addition-induced lower soil pH, was the most important factor for faster decomposition. Soil C : N ratios were lower with N addition that subsequently led to markedly higher bacterial to fungal ratios, which also stimulated litter decomposition. Several factors contributed jointly to higher rates of litter decomposition in response to N deposition. Shifts in plant species composition and litter quality played a minor role compared to N-driven reductions in soil pH and C : N, which increased soil Mn availability and altered microbial community structure. The soil-driven effect on decomposition reported here may have long-lasting impacts on nutrient cycling, soil organic matter dynamics and ecosystem functioning.

[Effects of nitrogen and phosphorus inputs on soil nematode community in a degraded grassland.] / æ°®ç£·è¾“å ¥å¯¹è¿‡åº¦æ”¾ç‰§é€€åŒ–è‰åŽŸåœŸå£¤çº¿è™«ç¾¤è½çš„å½±å“.

Nematodes, occupying multiple trophic levels in the food web, play important roles in energy flow and nutrient cycling. Most of Chinese natural grasslands have been degraded due to long-term unreasonable utilization, such as over-grazing. External nutrient input is an important way to restore the ecological function of degraded grasslands. The main and intertative effects of nitrogen and phosphorus inputs on soil nematode abundance, trophic group composition and community structure were studied in the grasslands in Xilingol League of Inner Mongolia. Totally, 38 genera of nematodes were recorded. Tylencholaimus, Aphelenchoides, Thonus, and Scutylenchus were dominant genera in this degraded grassland. Nitrogen input decreased total abundances of soil nematodes, and that of omnivores-carnivorous nematodes and plant-feeding nematodes. Phosphorus input increased total abundances of soil nematodes, and that of fungal-feeding nematodes, omnivores-carnivorous nematodes, and plant-feeding nematodes. Nitrogen input inhibited the positive effects of phosphorus input on the abundances of total nematodes, omnivores-carnivorous nematodes and plant-feeding nematodes. Nutrient inputs had no effect on nematode diversity, which would be resulted from the stable plant community. Nitrogen input significantly increased nematode maturity index, decreased plant parasitic nematode maturity index (PPI), and greatly alleviated the negative effects of phosphorus input on PPI and Wasilewska index, indicating that nitrogen input could improve soil health condition and the stability of nematodes community. Our results would help improve our understanding of the effects of nutrient inputs on degraded grassland ecosystem from a soil biotic perspective.

[Effects of nitrogen supplementation on forage yield and quality of a degraded grassland in Hulunbuir, China.] / æ°®ç´ è¡¥ç»™å¯¹å‘¼ä¼¦è´å°”è‰ç”¸è‰åŽŸé€€åŒ–è‰åœ°ç‰§è‰äº§é‡å’Œå“è´¨çš„å½±å“.

Long-term overuse of grasslands results in quantitative and qualitative decline of forage yield. Nutrient supplementation is a key strategy to improve forage yield. While mounting evidence showed that nitrogen (N) supplementation can increase forage yield, little is known about its impacts on forage quality. To understand the effects of N supplementation on forage quality at the community level, we carried out a field experiment in the meadow steppe of Hulunbuir. Our results showed that N supplementation significantly increased forage yield by 23%, which was mainly due to positive responses of perennial rhizomatous grass. The yield of other plant functional groups showed neutral response to N supplementation. The concentrations of crude protein, crude fat, and crude fiber varied significantly among different plant functional groups. Nitrogen supplementation significantly enhanced the concentration of crude protein in rhizomatous grass, bunchgrass, legume, and sedge. It enhanced the content of crude fat in rhizomatous grass but with no effect on other functional groups. Nitrogen supplementation had no effect on the concentration of crude fibre in all functional groups. At the community level, N supplementation significantly increased the concentrations of crude protein and crude fat. Our results are important for understanding the responses of forage production in meadow steppe under the scenarios of N enrichment.

The relative contributions of intra- and inter-specific variation in driving community stoichiometric responses to nitrogen deposition and mowing in a grassland.

AIMS: The stoichiometric characteristics of plant communities are important controller for several fundamental ecological processes. The effects of environmental changes on community stoichiometric characteristics are driven by intra- and inter-specific variation. However, the relative importance of both pathways has seldom been empirically examined. METHODS: We quantified the relative contribution of intra- and inter-specific variation to the changes of community nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations after seven-year factorial N addition and mowing treatments in a semi-arid grassland of northern China. RESULTS: Nitrogen addition significantly increased community N and P concentrations and N:P ratio. Mowing significantly increased community N concentration and N:P. Intra-specific variation contributed more than inter-specific variation to the total variability of all the nutritional and stoichiometric characteristics, with intra-specific variation accounting for 68%, 70%, and 75% of the total variation in community-level N, P, and N:P, respectively. Negative covariations between the contribution of intra- and inter-specific variation occurred for community N and P concentrations. Further, N addition and mowing interacted to affect the impacts of intra- and inter-specific variation on community N concentration and N:P stoichiometry. CONCLUSIONS: Our results highlight different ways of trait selection for N addition and mowing treatments. Interactions between those two factors make it more difficult to accurately predict the responses of plant-mediated biogeochemical cycles under co-occurrence of environmental changes.

Batroxobin in combination with anticoagulation may promote venous sinus recanalization in cerebral venous thrombosis: A real-world experience.

AIMS: The objective of this study was to evaluate cerebral venous recanalization with magnetic resonance black-blood thrombus imaging (MRBTI) in patients with cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) who underwent batroxobin treatment in combination with anticoagulation. METHODS: A total of 31 CVT patients were enrolled in this real-world registry study. The patients were divided into batroxobin (n = 21) and control groups (n = 10). In addition to the same standard anticoagulation as in the control group, patients in the batroxobin group underwent intravenous batroxobin for a total of three times. RESULTS: In the batroxobin group compared with the control group, we found better odds of recanalization degree [adjusted OR (95%CI) of 8.10 (1.61-40.7)] and segment-stenosis attenuation [adjusted OR (95%CI) of 4.48 (1.69-11.9)] with batroxobin treatment. We further noted a higher ratio of patients with the attenuation of stenosis [adjusted OR (95%CI) of 26.4 (1.10-635)]; as well as a higher ratio of segments with stenosis reversion [adjusted OR (95%CI) of 4.52 (1.48-13.8)]. However, neurological deficits between the two groups showed no statistical difference at 90-day follow-up (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Batroxobin may promote venous sinus recanalization and attenuate CVT-induced stenosis. Further randomized study of this promising drug may be warranted to better delineate the amount of benefit.