Corrigendum: Chunking in simultaneous interpreting: the impact of task complexity and translation directionality on lexical bundles.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1252238.].

Chunking in simultaneous interpreting: the impact of task complexity and translation directionality on lexical bundles.

This study explored the use of phraseological frames (p-frames), a type of lexical bundle, by simultaneous interpreters as a strategy for managing cognitive loads. Specifically, using a comparable corpus of United Nations Security Council conferences, the study employed kfNgram to automatically identify the p-frames, and investigated their variations, regarding frequency, fixedness, structures, and functions among L1, L1-L2, and L2-L1 texts, which differ in cognitive loads due to task complexity and directionality of interpreting. The findings indicated that interpreters used more p-frames as cognitive loads increased; No significant difference was identified in fixedness as all texts tended to employ heavily formulaic and relatively fixed p-frames. Directionality correlated with grammatical preferences, with retour interpreting relying more on content-word-based p-frames. Additionally, task complexity correlated with functional preferences, with self-expression characterized by more stance expressions in the simple task. This study innovatively addressed the interaction of two factors that generate cognitive loads in interpreting and filled a research gap by providing empirical evidence on how directionality affects the use of formulaic language.

Supportive role of the Na+ transporter CmHKT1;1 from Cucumis melo in transgenic Arabidopsis salt tolerance through improved K+/Na+ balance.

KEY MESSAGE: CmHKT1;1 selectively exports Na+ from plant cells. Upon NaCl stress, its expression increased in a salt-tolerant melon cultivar. Overexpression of CmHKT1;1 increased transgenic Arabidopsis salt tolerance through improved K+/Na+ balance. High-affinity K+ transporters (HKTs) are thought to be involved in reducing Na+ in plant shoots under salt stress and modulating salt tolerance, but their function in a moderately salt-tolerant species of melon (Cucumis melo L.) remains unclear. In this study, a Na+ transporter gene, CmHKT1;1 (GenBank accession number: MK986658), was isolated from melons based on genome data. The transcript of CmHKT1;1 was relatively more abundant in roots than in stems or leaves from melon seedlings. The tobacco transient expression system showed that CmHKT1;1 was plasma-membrane localized. Upon salt stress, CmHKT1;1 expression was more strongly upregulated in a salt-tolerant melon cultivar, 'Bingxuecui' (BXC) compared with a salt-sensitive cultivar, 'Yulu' (YL). Electrophysiological evidence demonstrated that CmHKT1;1 only transported Na+, rather than K+, when expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Overexpression of CmHKT1;1 increased salt sensitivity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and salt tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana. Under NaCl treatments, transgenic Arabidopsis plants accumulated significantly lower concentrations of Na+ in shoots than wild type plants and showed a better K+/Na+ balance, leading to better Fv/Fm, root length, biomass, and enhanced plant growth. The CmHKT1;1 gene may serve as a useful candidate for improving crop salt tolerance.

Luteolin-7-O-Glucoside Present in Lettuce Extracts Inhibits Hepatitis B Surface Antigen Production and Viral Replication by Human Hepatoma Cells in Vitro.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is endemic in Asia and chronic hepatitis B (CHB) is a major public health issue worldwide. Current treatment strategies for CHB are not satisfactory as they induce a low rate of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) loss. Extracts were prepared from lettuce hydroponically cultivated in solutions containing glycine or nitrate as nitrogen sources. The lettuce extracts exerted potent anti-HBV effects in HepG2 cell lines in vitro, including significant HBsAg inhibition, HBV replication and transcription inhibition, without exerting cytotoxic effects. When used in combination interferon-alpha 2b (IFNα-2b) or lamivudine (3TC), the lettuce extracts synergistically inhibited HBsAg expression and HBV replication. By using differential metabolomics analysis, Luteolin-7-O-glucoside was identified and confirmed as a functional component of the lettuce extracts and exhibited similar anti-HBV activity as the lettuce extracts in vitro. The inhibition rate on HBsAg was up to 77.4%. Moreover, both the lettuce extracts and luteolin-7-O-glucoside functioned as organic antioxidants and, significantly attenuated HBV-induced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. Luteolin-7-O-glucoside also normalized ROS-induced mitochondrial membrane potential damage, which suggests luteolin-7-O-glucoside inhibits HBsAg and HBV replication via a mechanism involving the mitochondria. Our findings suggest luteolin-7-O-glucoside may have potential value for clinical application in CHB and may enhance HBsAg and HBV clearance when used as a combination therapy.

[Detection of slight bruises on apples based on hyperspectral imaging and MNF transform].

Bruising is one of the major defects occurring on apple surface inevitably during postharvest handling and processing stage. To detect slight bruises on apples fast and efficiently, a novel bruises detection algorithm based on hyperspectral imaging and minimum noise fraction transform is proposed. First, the hyperspectral images in the visible and near-infrared (400 approximately 1 000 nm) ranges are acquired, and MNF transform based on full ranges could obtain better detection performance compared to PCA transform; Second, five wavebands (560, 660, 720, 820 and 960 nm) are selected as the effective wavebands based on the coefficient curve of I-RELIEF method conducted on spectra extracted from intact and bruise surface; Third, the bruises detection algorithm is developed based on the effective wavebands and MNF transform method. For the investigated 40 sound samples and 40 different time stage bruise samples, the results with a 97. 1% overall detection rate are got. The recognition results indicate that the proposed methods and the effective wavelengths selected in this paper are feasible and efficient. This research lays a foundation for the development of multispectral imaging system based on MNF transform for slight bruises detection on apples.

(Z)-N-[(Z)-3-(2,5-Di-methyl-phenyl-imino)-butan-2-yl-idene]-2,5-di-methyl-aniline.

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C20H24N2, contains one half-mol-ecule, with the single C-C bond of the 1,4-di-aza-butadiene fragment situated on a centre of symmetry. The benzene rings are inclined to the 1,4-di-aza-butadiene mean plane by 59.5 (1)°.

[Effects of different applied nitrogen forms on pakchoi (Brassica chinensis) growth and its carbon and nitrogen accumulation].

A hydroponic experiment was conducted to study the effects of different applied nitrogen forms, i.e., ammonium, nitrate, glycine, glutamine, alanine, bovine serum albumin (BSA), mixture of glycine and nitrate, and mixture of BSA and nitrate, on the growth and carbon and nitrogen accumulation of pakchoi (Brassica chinensis). The significant differences were observed in the B. chinensis dry mass, fresh mass, carbon and nitrogen accumulation, and soluble protein, soluble sugar, and free amino acid contents among different treatments. In treatment nitrate, the fresh mass and dry mass of B. chinensis shoot and root were the highest; in treatment glycine, the root growth and the carbon and nitrogen accumulation of B. chinensis were promoted obviously; among the treatments glycine, glutamine, and alanine, treatment glutamine was more beneficial to the shoot growth and nitrogen accumulation. The nutritional effect of the applied nitrogen forms was in the order of nitrate, glutamine > mixture of glycine and nitrate, mixture of BSA and nitrate, glycine, ammonium > alanine, BSA, zero nitrogen. It was suggested that organic nitrogen could be used as a source of nitrogen nutrition for B. chinensis growth, and different nitrogen forms could have different physiological effects onthe B. chinensis plants.

(4RS)-Methyl 4-cyano-4-cyclo-hexyl-4-phenyl-butano-ate.

In the crystal structure of the title compound, C(18)H(23)NO(2), there are only van der Waals inter-actions present. The cyclo-hexyl ring has a chair conformation. The longer axes of the displacement parameters of the non-H atoms forming the ethyl-methyl-carboxyl-ate skeleton are perpendicular to the plane through the non-H atoms of this skeleton.

A K+ channel from salt-tolerant melon inhibited by Na+.

• The possible roles of K(+) channels in plant adaptation to high Na(+) conditions have not been extensively analyzed. Here, we characterize an inward Shaker K(+) channel, MIRK (melon inward rectifying K(+) channel), cloned in a salt-tolerant melon (Cucumis melo) cultivar, and show that this channel displays an unusual sensitivity to Na(+) . • MIRK expression localization was analyzed by reverse-transcription PCR (RT-PCR). MIRK functional analyses were performed in yeast (growth tests) and Xenopus oocytes (voltage-clamp). MIRK-type activity was revealed in guard cells using the patch-clamp technique. • MIRK is an inwardly rectifying Shaker channel belonging to the 'KAT' subgroup and expressed in melon leaves (especially in guard cells and vasculature), stems, flowers and fruits. Besides having similar features to its close homologs, MIRK displays a unique property: inhibition of K(+) transport by external Na(+) . In Xenopus oocytes, external Na(+) affected both inward and outward MIRK currents in a voltage-independent manner, suggesting a blocking site in the channel external mouth. • The degree of MIRK inhibition by Na(+) , which is dependent on the Na(+) /K(+) concentration ratio, is predicted to have an impact on the control of K(+) transport in planta upon salt stress. Expressed in guard cells, MIRK might control Na(+) arrival to the shoots via regulation of stomatal aperture by Na(+) .

[Effects of temperature on mineralization and adsorption of exogenous amino acids and peptides in soil].

An incubation test was conducted to study the effects of different temperature (1 degrees C, 15 degrees C, and 25 degrees C) on the mineralization and adsorption of exogenous amino acid and peptide in the soils of horticultural production systems, including organic farming system (OS), transitional farming system (TS), and conventional farming system (CS). With the increase of incubation temperature, the mineralization of exogenous amino acids and peptides in test soils quickened. The mean half-life (D50) of Glu at 1 degrees C, 15 degrees C, and 25 degrees C was 13.3, 6.8, and 5.5 h, while the D50 of Glu-Phe was 29.7, 7.5, and 4.4 h, respectively. The adsorption rate of the exogenous amino acids and peptides was dependent on their concentrations and incubation temperature. The maximum adsorption rate (V(max)) and affinity (K(m)) of amino acids and the adsorption rate (V(h)) of peptides were all increased with incubation temperature. In the range of 0-2.5 mmol x L(-1), the adsorption of amino acids conformed to classical Michaelis-Menten equation, while that of peptides conformed to linear equation. The turnover rate and the V(max), K(m), and V(h) values of exogenous amino acids and peptides generally followed the series OS > TS > CS. In summary, temperature had significant effects on the mineralization and adsorption of exogenous amino acids and peptides in test soils.

Isolation and characterization of a GS2 gene in melon (Cucumis melo L.) and its expression patterns under the fertilization of different forms of N.

We isolated a novel glutamine synthetase (GS, EC 6.3.1.2) gene M-GS2 (accession: AY773090) by the RACE approach from melon. The full-length cDNA of M-GS2 is 1807 bp and contains a 1296 bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding 432 amino acids. The deduced protein contains conserved structural domains among plant GS2 proteins and shares extensive sequence homology with GS2 enzymes from other higher plants. M-GS2 expresses with specificity in leaf, and identification of a chloroplast transit peptide (cTP) in M-GS2 suggests that it localizes to the chloroplast. As shown by real-time quantitative PCR, distinct forms of nitrogen (N) found in fertilizers transcriptionally regulated M-GS2 differently. Ammonium and nitrate feeding only significantly regulated M-GS2 transcripts in leaf; starving (0.75 mM) or moderate (3.75 mM) N levels dramatically increased M-GS2 transcripts for 1 day, decreasing to a constant low level after 2-3 days, while sufficient N level (7.5 mM) had a minor effect throughout 3 days compared to controls. Glutamate feeding, however, not only significantly regulated M-GS2 transcripts in leaf (decreased initially then increased to higher levels than controls), but also in root, where it was up-regulated continuously. Our results suggested that M-GS2 is the first GS gene cloned and characterized in melon and melon responds to the variations in N fertilization by differentially expressing M-GS2.

[Soil soluble organic nitrogen in different horticultural production systems].

By using ultra-centrifugal technique and KC1 extraction, the contents of soil soluble organic nitrogen (SON), dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), and free amino acid (FAA) in three horticultural production systems, i.e., organic (OS), transitional (TS), and conventional (CS), were determined, and their correlations with some other soil properties were investigated. The results showed that SON content in the three production systems was in the order of OS > CS > TS, and the ratios of SON to soil total soluble N (TSN) and total N (TN) in OS, CS, and TS were 42.9%, 24.5%, and 18.4%, and 11.1%, 11.9%, and 7.4%, respectively. The DON content in OS, TS and CS was 4. 38, 1.68 and 3. 26 mg x kg(-1), occupying 47.9% , 22.1% and 26.1% of TSN, and 2.9%, 2.3% and 3.6% of TN, respectively. FAA content occupied 1%-3% of TSN and 2%-10% of SON, and decreased in the order of CS > TS > OS. Correlation analysis showed that TSN, SON and FAA were significantly correlated with soil total N, total carbon, NO3(-)-N and NH4(+)-N. Different management measures of horticultural production system changed the SON content and its characters.

[Effects of potassium level on photosynthetic characteristics and chloroplast submicroscopic structure of muskmelon leaves].

With soilless culture in greenhouse, this paper studied the effects of three potassium (K) levels (120, 240, and 360 mg x L(-1)) on the photosynthetic characteristics and chloroplast submicroscopic structure of muskmelon cv. 'Tiantian No. 1' leaves. The results showed that at low (120 mg x L(-1)) and high (360 mg x L(-1)) K levels, the net photosynthetic rate (Pn) decreased, chloroplast lamellar structure disordered, and lamella number decreased. No significant effects were observed on CO2 compensation point (70 microl x L(-1)), saturation CO2 for photosynthesis (600 microl x L(-1)) and light compensation point (50 micromol x m(-2) x s(-1)) at the three K levels. The saturation light for photosynthesis, carboxylation efficiency and apparent quantum yield at 240 mg x L(-1) K level were significantly higher, being 1200 micromol x m(-2) x s(-1), 0.1364 and 0.0237, respectively. Under the conditions of this study, the optimal K level in the nutrient solution for muskmelon soilless culture was 240 mg x L(-1).

Identification of the proteins related to cytochrome P450 induced by fenvalerate in a Trichoplusia ni cell line.

In order to reveal the metabolic reaction to the presence of fenvalerate mediated by P450 in insects, we used the trypan blue exclusion technique and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol)-2,5-diphenyltrazolium bromide (MTT) reduction assay to assess the vitality of Trichoplusia ni (Tn) cells treated with fenvalerate, and observed dose- and time-dependent changes in total cellular P450s. In addition, two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) were used to identify the proteins involved in the fenvalerate reaction process. Finally, the cDNA of P450 fragments was cloned and real-time RT-PCR was performed. Our data showed that at the 0-15 mumol/L challenge concentration of fenvalerate, at which the vitality of Tn cells was not affected (p > 0.05), there was a tendency toward a dose- and time-response of total cellular P450s, which peaked at the 9 h (p < 0.05) and 12 h (p < 0.01) time points following 12.5 mumol/L stimulation with fenvalerate. The 2-DE assay detected more than 1300 protein spots in each two-dimensional gel, of which 33 spots displayed significant differences. Among the changed spots, three isoforms of P450 were identified. One of the three P450 cDNA fragments (CYP4L4) was cloned and sequenced, and its expression in treated Tn cells increased significantly (p < 0.01). It was found that fenvalerate induced the expression of P450s in insect cells. This suggests that fenvalerate could be metabolized by CYP4L4 through a hydroxylation reaction in insect cells.

[The study of transformation of tobacco with the stress responsible gene BoRS1 from Brassica oleracea var. acephala].

Transgenic tobacco plants expressing a stress responsive gene BoRS1, isolated from Brassica oleracea var. acephala, under the control of the 35S promoter of the Cauliflower mosaic virus were produced. Some plants were further used to test the effect of high level BoRS1 expression on drought stress resistance. The presence of transgene in putative transgenic plants was confirmed by PCR analysis. Thirty-six among 130 transformants showed amplification of predicted fragment of BoRS1 while no amplification was observed in the control. Some transgenic lines confirmed by PCR analysis were analyzed through semi-quantitative one-step RT-PCR for the expression of BoRS1 gene. Amplification of 1.4 kb cDNA product revealed transcription of BoRS1 gene. Meanwhile, differential intensity of the cDNA band indicated variable expression levels of the transgene among different transformed lines. The water loss of detached leaves from the transgenic plants was slower than that of the control. Transgenic tobaccos and the non-transgenic controls were used for further drought stress experiments by using different concentration of mannitol. The transformants showed higher tolerance to drought stress than non-transgenic plants and different transgenic lines exhibited different tolerance during drought stress. These results showed that the BoRS1 gene probably play role in enhancing the ability to drought stress.