Composition and distribution of nutrients and environmental capacity in Dapeng Bay, northern South China Sea.

Seawater physicochemical parameters and environmental capacity are important ecological indicators and typical features of the marine environment. It has great significance in the marine material cycle and ecological health. In September 2021 (wet season) and March 2022 (dry season), two voyage investigations were conducted at 12 stations (D1-D12) on Dapeng Bay (DPB), northern South China Sea. The distribution of nutrient, water-quality status, environmental capacity, and impact of ecological environment were discussed. Results showed that NH4-N was the main form of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) during the wet season, with concentrations ranging from 0.008 mg/L to 0.109 mg/L, accounting for ~53 % of DIN. Conversely, NO3-N was the main form of DIN during the dry season, with concentrations ranging from 0.005 mg/L to 0.117 mg/L, accounting for ~50 % of DIN. The DIP concentration ranged from 0.002 mg/L to 0.019 mg/L, accounting for ~51 % and 31 % of the total dissolved phosphorus in the wet and dry seasons, respectively. The distributions of NH4-N, NO3-N, NO2-N, and DIP were relatively similar, decreasing from the inner bay to the outer bay. The eutrophication indices of 12 stations <1, indicating a poor eutrophication state. Single-factor indices including chemical oxygen demand (COD), DIN, and dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) were less than the class I seawater-quality standard. However, except for station D1, the overall water quality was good. Dissolved oxygen with DIP had a significantly negative correlation during the dry season, indicating that DIP was primarily dominated by marine biological activity and organic-matter decomposition. The remaining environmental capacities of COD, DIN, and DIP in DPB were calculated to be 13,742, 1418, and 141 tons, respectively. Based on the functional-zone division of the sea area, the remaining environmental capacities of COD, DIN, and DIP were exceeded 75 % of the total environmental capacity. This study provided a scientific basis for the protection of marine ecological environment and the sustainable development of DPB.

Effects of intensive oyster farming on nitrogen speciation in surface sediments from a typical subtropical mariculture bay.

The spatial-temporal distributions of various nitrogen (N) species in surface sediments were examined in a typical subtropical mariculture bay (Maowei Sea) in the northern Beibu Gulf to assess the impact of intensive oyster culture activities on sedimentary N speciation. The results indicated that the mean contents of total nitrogen (TN), extractable (labile) nitrogen (LN) and residual nitrogen (RN) in the surface sediments were 33.3 ± 15.5 µmol g-1, 13.8 ± 1.3 µmol g-1 and 19.5 ± 15.0 µmol g-1, respectively, which lacked significant seasonal variability (P > 0.05). Four forms of LN, namely ion extractable form (IEF-N), weak acid extractable form (WAEF-N), strong alkali extractable form (SAEF-N) and strong oxidant extractable form (SOEF-N) were identified based on sequential extraction. SOEF-N was the dominant form of LN, accounting for 67.8 ± 2.5 % and 63.7 ± 5.9 % in summer and winter, respectively. Spatially, the contents of sedimentary TN, LN, RN, WAEF-N and SOEF-N in intensive mariculture areas (IMA) were significantly higher than those in non-intensive mariculture areas (NIMA) during summer (P < 0.05). Stable nitrogen isotope (δ15N) mixing model revealed that shellfish biodeposition was the predominant source of sedimentary TN in IMA with a contribution of 67.8 ± 23.0 %, approximately 5.4 times that of NIMA (12.6 ± 3.3 %). Significant positive correlations (P < 0.05) were observed between most forms of N species (WAEF-N, SOEF-N, LN and RN) and shellfish-biodeposited N in the surface sediments during summer, indicating that intensive oyster farming greatly enhanced sedimentary TN accumulation.

Spatiotemporal distributions of poorly-bound heavy metals in surface sediments of a typical subtropical eutrophic estuary and adjacent bay.

The toxicity of heavy metals is dependent on their bioavailability. This study explored the relationship existing among sedimentary nutrients such as bulk nitrogen (TN) and phosphorus (TP), organic carbon (OC), water column chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) and the poorly-bound fraction of sedimentary heavy metals (Cd, Ni, Zn, Cu, Pb and Cr) in the Dafengjiang River Estuary and adjacent Sanniang bay in 2017 and 2018. Results showed that the texture of the surface sediments was dominated by coarse sand, while sedimentary organic matter was dominated by marine phytoplankton and mariculture biodeposits. Surprisingly, concentrations of poorly-bound heavy metals in sediments were relatively high. The average contents of Cd and Ni did not vary both spatially and temporally, Cu and Pb only varied spatially, Cr varied both spatially and temporally, while Zn only varied temporally. Significant positive correlations occurred between sedimentary TN, TP, and OC, including water column Chl-a and poorly-bound heavy metals in sediments. As sediments are important sources of nutrients for primary productivity, the results of this study suggest that the remobilization of sequestered poorly-bound heavy metals in surface sediments deposited in shallow eutrophic estuaries and coastal waters enriched by labile organic matter can enhance by nutrients. The relationship between the poorly-bound heavy metals and nutrients in surface sediments and water column Chl-a is concerning and requires further in-depth investigation. This is because estuaries are economically important ecosystems rich in bioresources, characterized by dynamic biogeochemical conditions.

Sources, burial flux and mass inventory of black carbon in surface sediments of the Daya Bay, a typical mariculture bay of China.

The contents of chemothermal oxidation (CTO)-derived black carbon (BC) and organic carbon (OC) and their stable isotopes (δ13CBC and δ13COC), including major elemental oxides, and grain sizes were measured to constrain the sources, burial flux, and mass inventory of BC in surface sediments of the Daya Bay. Surface sediments were mainly clayey silt (>90%) and contained 0.28-1.18% OC and 0.05-0.18% BC. Fossil fuel emission and physical erosion contributed to the sedimentary BC sources. High BC/OC ratio (6-30%), burial flux (154.88-922.67 µg cm-2 y-1), and mass inventory (22-34 Gg y-1) of BC in the upper 5 cm of surface sediments indicated that the Daya Bay is a significant sink of BC. The high accumulation of BC in sediments is attributed to a strong affinity to fine-grained sediments due to the enrichment of muddy biodeposits excrements from the cultured species in the bay.

Influence of sedimentary organic matter sources on the distribution characteristics and preservation status of organic carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and biogenic silica in the Daya Bay, northern South China Sea.

Surface sediment samples were collected from Daya Bay in October 2018, and analyzed for total organic carbon (OC), total nitrogen (TN) and their stable isotopes (δ13C and δ15N), total phosphorus (TP), biogenic silica (BSi), sediment textures and specific surface area (SSA). The primary objective was to evaluate the influence of mariculture/aquaculture on the distribution characteristics of organic matter (OM), and preservation status of OC, TN, TP, and BSi in sediments. The average δ13C and δ15N values, and OC/TN ratios were -21.27‰, 6.74‰, and 8.90, respectively. Monte Carlo simulation results revealed that mariculture/aquaculture biodeposits accounted for >40% of the buried OM at sites where the breeding rafts and cages are located, whereas marine OM increased gradually to the open sea. Terrestrial OM was generally low accounting for 17% by average. The contents and distribution characteristics of biogenic elements were more influenced by mariculture/aquaculture and primary productivity than sediment textures. Lower OC/SSA (0.3-1.2 mg OC/m2), TN/SSA (~0.05-0.18 mg TN/m2), and TP/SSA (0.02-0.04 mg TP/m2) loadings indicated that increased sequestration of labile OM in a coastal bay could contribute to significant degradation of recalcitrant OM in sediments with significant loss of P relative to OC. Nitrogen contamination in surface sediments was due to increased injection of aquaculture biodeposits, and may pose a detrimental effect on the ecological sustainability of the bay. Higher BSi/SSA loadings (0.9-1.7 mg BSi/m2) revealed that BSi was more preserved, and that BSi-based proxy could be used for paleo-productivity studies. However, such preservation may induce adverse dissolved silicate limitation in a bay perturbed by eutrophication. Fine-grained sediments (clay and silt) accounted for >77% of the sediment texture types with higher SSA, and while controlling the contents of biogenic elements under given depositional conditions were not the main determining factors of OC, TN, TP, and BSi preservation.

Compositions and spatio-temporal distributions of different nitrogen species and lability of dissolved organic nitrogen from the Dafengjiang River to the Sanniang Bay, China.

Field investigations and incubation experiment were carried out in the Dafengjiang River (DFJR) and Sanniang Bay (SNB) surface water from September 2017 to July 2018 to study the composition and spatio-temporal distributions of different nitrogen (N) species, lability of dissolved organic N (DON), and contributions of different N species from the DFJR to the dissolved inorganic N (DIN) level in the SNB. The spatio-temporal distributions of different N species exhibited significant seasonal variation (p < 0.05). The average contribution of DIN, DON, and particulate nitrogen (PN) to TN was 31.91%, 46.57%, and 21.52%, respectively. Comparatively being the dominant form of N in the study area, the average lability of DON across the incubation sites D1, D5 and D7 ranged from 72%-79%. DIN, DON, and PN from the DFJR respectively contributed to 55.95%, 7.03%, and 5.63% of water quality in the SNB.

Bulk sedimentary phosphorus in relation to organic carbon, sediment textural properties and hydrodynamics in the northern Beibu Gulf, South China Sea.

Bulk sedimentary phosphorus (P) is studied to evaluate its source, distribution, preservation and enrichment in relation with organic carbon (OC), sediment textures and moisture contents in the northern Beibu Gulf. Approximately 80% of surface sediments in the investigated sites were composed of coarse sandy texture (>63 µm). Total P (TP), inorganic P (IP) and organic P (OP) contents were lower to medium range compared to the levels reported for other marginal seas. Sedimentary OC and P were derived from mixed sources, with high terrestrial influence in the coastal areas (molar OC/OP ratios >250:1). The distribution of P corroborated with the variation tendency of fine-grained sediments, moisture contents and OC. Both IP and OP may significantly influence the trophic state of seawater if released from surface sediments. Influenced by hydrodynamics, frequent resuspension and high abundance of sand, TP is less preserved, and shows low to moderate enrichment in surface sediments.

Comparing the happiness effects of real and on-line friends.

A recent large Canadian survey permits us to compare face-to-face ('real-life') and on-line social networks as sources of subjective well-being. The sample of 5,000 is drawn randomly from an on-line pool of respondents, a group well placed to have and value on-line friendships. We find three key results. First, the number of real-life friends is positively correlated with subjective well-being (SWB) even after controlling for income, demographic variables and personality differences. Doubling the number of friends in real life has an equivalent effect on well-being as a 50% increase in income. Second, the size of online networks is largely uncorrelated with subjective well-being. Third, we find that real-life friends are much more important for people who are single, divorced, separated or widowed than they are for people who are married or living with a partner. Findings from large international surveys (the European Social Surveys 2002-2008) are used to confirm the importance of real-life social networks to SWB; they also indicate a significantly smaller value of social networks to married or partnered couples.