Chemosensory Protein 2 of Male Athetis lepigone Is Involved in the Perception of Sex Pheromones and Maize Volatiles.

In moths, the interactions between chemosensory proteins (CSPs) and sex pheromones have yet to be comprehensively investigated. Here, we examined the function of AlepCSP2 in male Athetis lepigone based on protein expression, molecular docking, site-directed mutagenesis, fluorescence competitive binding analyses, and RNA interference (RNAi) experiments. We found that AlepCSP2 showed strong binding affinity for two sex pheromones and five maize volatiles and that binding was optimal under neutral conditions. Furthermore, we identified six amino acids as being key residues involved in the interaction between AlepCSP2 and multiple ligands. Further RNAi showed that siCSP2 males displayed consistently lower electroantennography responses to two sex pheromones and three maize volatiles at different dosages tested, and the mating rate also decreased significantly by 37.50%. These findings will contribute to characterizing the binding mechanisms of moth CSPs to sex pheromones and host volatiles and also identify unique targets for developing novel pest behavior disruptors.

Impact of cirrhosis-related complications on posttransplant survival in patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure.

BACKGROUND: Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) is a life-threatening syndrome defined as acute decompensation in patients with chronic liver disease. Liver transplantation (LT) is the most effective treatment. We aimed to assess the impact of cirrhosis-related complications pre-LT on the posttransplant prognosis of patients with ACLF. METHODS: This was an observational cohort study conducted between January 2018 and December 2020. Clinical characteristics, cirrhosis-related complications at LT and patient survival post-LT were collected. All liver recipients with ACLF were followed for 1 year post-LT. RESULTS: A total of 212 LT recipients with ACLF were enrolled, including 75 (35.4%) patients with ACLF-1, 64 (30.2%) with ACLF-2, and 73 (34.4%) with ACLF-3. The median waiting time for LT was 11 (4-24) days. The most prevalent cirrhosis-related complication was ascites (78.8%), followed by hepatic encephalopathy (57.1%), bacterial infections (48.1%), hepatorenal syndrome (22.2%) and gastrointestinal bleeding (11.3%). Survival analyses showed that patients with complications at LT had a significantly lower survival probability at both 3 months and 1 year after LT than those without complications (all P < 0.05). A simplified model was developed by assigning one point to each complication: transplantation for ACLF with cirrhosis-related complication (TACC) model. Risk stratification of TACC model identified 3 strata (≥ 4, = 3, and ≤ 2) with high, median and low risk of death after LT (P < 0.001). Moreover, the TACC model showed a comparable ability for predicting the outcome post-LT to the other four prognostic models (chronic liver failure-consortium ACLF score, Chinese Group on the Study of Severe Hepatitis B-ACLF score, model for end-stage liver disease score and Child-Turcotte-Pugh score). CONCLUSIONS: The presence of cirrhosis-related complications pre-LT increases the risk of death post-LT in patients with ACLF. The TACC model based on the number of cirrhosis-related complications pre-LT could stratify posttransplant survival, which might help to determine transplant timing for ACLF.

Urolithin A ameliorates obesity-induced metabolic cardiomyopathy in mice via mitophagy activation.

Metabolic cardiomyopathy (MC) is characterized by intracellular lipid accumulation and utilizing fatty acids as a foremost energy source, thereby leading to excess oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. There is no effective therapy available yet. In this study we investigated whether defective mitophagy contributed to MC and whether urolithin A (UA), a naturally occurring microflora-derived metabolite, could protect against MC in experimental obese mice. Mice were fed high fat diet for 20 weeks to establish a diet-induced obese model. We showed that mitochondrial autophagy or mitophagy was significantly downregulated in the heart of experimental obese mice. UA (50 mg·kg-1·d-1, for 4 weeks) markedly activated mitophagy and ameliorated MC in obese mice by gavage. In PA-challenged H9C2 cardiomyocytes, UA (5 µM) significantly increased autophagosomes and decreased autolysosomes. Furthermore, UA administration rescued PINK1/Parkin-dependent mitophagy and relieved mitochondrial defects in the heart of obese mice, which led to improving cardiac diastolic function and ameliorating cardiac remodelling. In PA-challenged primarily isolated cardiomyocytes, both application of mitophagy inhibitor Mdivi-1 (15 µM) and silencing of mitophagy gene Parkin blunted the myocardial protective effect of UA. In summary, our data suggest that restoration of mitophagy with UA ameliorates symptoms of MC, which highlights a therapeutic potential of UA in the treatment of MC.

Molecule characterization of chemosensory and metabolism-related genes in the proboscis of Athetis lepigone.

Introduction: The moth species Athetis lepigone (Möschler) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), which has recently been identified as a pest of summer maize (Zea mays L.) in China, has demonstrated a rapid proliferation with in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain region since its initial discovery in Hebei Province in 2005. It has become a prevalent pest of corn crops, and its ability to adapt quickly to its surroundings is currently being investigated. One of the key characteristics of its siphoning mouthparts is not only the feeding apparatus itself but also the chemosensory organs that enable the detection of chemical signals from the surrounding environment. However, there is a lack of comprehensive research on the genes responsible for chemosensory and metabolic mechanisms in the proboscises of male and female A. lepigone adults. Methods: In this study, we utilized transcriptome analysis to identify a total of fifty chemosensory genes from six distinct families, including 19 odorant-binding proteins (OBPs), 22 chemosensory proteins (CSPs), one co-receptor (Orco), six odorant receptors (ORs), four ionotropic receptors (IRs), and two sensory neuron membrane proteins (SNMPs) in the proboscis. Notably, seven OBPs, two CSPs, and one OR were discovered for the first time. Additionally, fourteen genes related to metabolism, including cytochrome P450 (CYPs) and carboxylesterases (CXEs), were also identified. Furthermore, a qualitative analysis was conducted on the relative transcript levels of eight related genes. The expression of 21 annotated chemosensory and metabolic genes was compared between A. lepigone adults and larvae using qRT-PCR, revealing tissue specificity. The majority of genes exhibited predominant expression in the antennae and proboscis during the adult stage, while showing slight expression in the combination of sixth-instar larval head oral appendages (maxilla, labium, and antenna) and pheromone gland-ovipositors of female adults. Results/discussion: Our study points to a new pest control strategies that these newly discovered genes have the potential to serve as targets for enhancing future pest control, including mating disruption and the use of food attractants. And it would be advantageous to ascertain the distribution of chemosensory gene expression and gain insights into the functionalities of these genes, thereby establishing a novel theoretical framework for the advancement of eco-friendly pesticides and efficient pest management strategies in the future.

AlepPBP2, but not AlepPBP3, may involve in the recognition of sex pheromones and maize volatiles in Athetis lepigone.

Athetis lepigone Möschler (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) is a common maize pest in Europe and Asia. However, there is no long-term effective management strategy is available yet to suppress its population. Adults rely heavily on olfactory cues to locate their optimal host plants and oviposition sites. Pheromone-binding proteins (PBPs) are believed to be responsible for recognizing and transporting different odorant molecules to interact with receptor membrane proteins. In this study, the ligand-binding specificities of two AlepPBPs (AlepPBP2 and AlepPBP3) for sex pheromone components and host plant (maize) volatiles were measured by fluorescence ligand-binding assay. The results demonstrated that AlepPBP2 had a high affinity with two pheromones [(Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate, Ki = 1.11 ± 0.1 µM, (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate, Ki = 1.32 ± 0.15 µM] and ten plant volatiles, including (-)-limonene, α-pinene, myrcene, linalool, benzaldehyde, nonanal, 2-hexanone, 3-hexanone, 2-heptanone and 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one. In contrast, we found that none of these chemicals could bind to AlepPBP3. Our results clearly show no significant differences in the functional characterization of the binding properties between AlepPBP2 and AlepPBP3 to sex pheromones and host plant volatiles. Furthermore, molecular docking was employed for further detail on some crucial amino acid residues involved in the ligand-binding of AlepPBP2. These findings will provide valuable information about the potential protein binding sites necessary for protein-ligand interactions which appear as attractive targets for the development of novel technologies and management strategies for insect pests.

Ligand-binding properties of odorant-binding protein 6 in Athetis lepigone to sex pheromones and maize volatiles.

BACKGROUND: Athetis lepigone, a noctuid moth feeding on more than 30 different crops worldwide, has evolved a sophisticated, sensitive, and specific chemosensory system to detect and discriminate exogenous chemicals. Odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) are the most important agent in insect chemosensory systems to be explored as an alternative target for environmentally friendly approaches to pest management. RESULTS: To investigate the olfactory function of A. lepigone OBPs (AlepOBPs), AlepOBP6 was identified and expressed in Escherichia coli. The binding affinity of the recombinant OBP to 20 different ligands was then examined using a competitive binding approach. The results revealed that AlepOBP6 can bind to two sex pheromones and ten maize volatiles, and its conformation stability is pH dependent. We also carried out a structure-function study using different molecular approaches, including structure modeling, molecular docking, and a mutation functional assay to identify amino acid residues (M39, V68, W106, Q107, and Y114) involved in the binding of AlepOBP6 to both sex pheromones and maize volatiles in A. lepigone. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that AlepOBP6 is likely involved in mediating the responses of A. lepigone to sex pheromones and maize volatiles, which may play a pivotal function in mating, feeding, and oviposition behaviors. This study not only provides new insight into the binding mechanism of OBPs to sex pheromones and host volatiles in moths, but also contributes to the discovery of novel target candidates for developing efficient behavior disruptors to control A. lepigone in the future. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.

Causal Relationships Between Social Isolation and Osteoarthritis: A Mendelian Randomization Study in European Population.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to investigate the causal relationships between social isolation and osteoarthritis. METHODS: Publicly available genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary statistics of social isolation and osteoarthritis in European population were obtained from the Neale lab Consortium and the Medical Research Council-Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC-IEU) consortium, respectively. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with the traits were identified by P < 5×10-8 and linkage disequilibrium r2 < 0.1. Three Mendelian randomization (MR) methods including the inverse-variance weighted (IVW) method, weighted median estimator, and MR-Egger regression were used to assess the potential causal effect of social isolation on osteoarthritis and the potential causal effect of osteoarthritis on social isolation. Leave-one-out analysis and test of directional horizontal pleiotropy via MR-Egger regression were performed as sensitivity analyses. RESULTS: When evaluating the causal effect of social isolation on osteoarthritis, five SNPs (rs12364432, rs13291079, rs2352075, rs4958586, rs599550) significantly associated with social isolation were studied as instruments, and social isolation was found to be causally associated with increased risk of osteoarthritis (odds ratio [OR] 1.197 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.096-1.308) estimated by the IVW method). When evaluating the causal effect of osteoarthritis on social isolation, six SNPs (rs10405617, rs12133235, rs13107325, rs2290573, rs3771501, rs75621460) significantly associated with osteoarthritis were studied as instruments but no causal effect of osteoarthritis on social isolation was found (OR 1.104 (95% CI 0.887-1.375) estimated by the IVW method). Consistent causal relationships were observed when estimated by the weighted median estimator and MR-Egger regression. Leave-one-out analysis and test of directional horizontal pleiotropy suggested the robustness of the above findings. CONCLUSION: Social isolation is causally associated with osteoarthritis, and further work is needed to investigate the potential mechanisms.

Progress in hepatitis B virus-related acute-on-chronic liver failure treatment in China: A large, multicenter, retrospective cohort study using a propensity score matching analysis.

BACKGROUND: Hepatitis B virus-related acute-on-chronic liver failure (HBV-ACLF) has a high short-term mortality. However, the treatment progression for HBV-ACLF in China in the past decade has not been well characterized. The present study aimed to determine whether the HBV-ACLF treatment has significantly improved during the past decade. METHODS: This study retrospectively compared short-term (28/56 days) survival rates of two different nationwide cohorts (cohort I: 2008-2011 and cohort II: 2012-2015). Eligible HBV-ACLF patients were enrolled retrospectively. Patients in the cohorts I and II were assigned either to the standard medical therapy (SMT) group (cohort I-SMT, cohort II-SMT) or artificial liver support system (ALSS) group (cohort I-ALSS, cohort II-ALSS). Propensity score matching analysis was conducted to eliminate baseline differences, and multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to explore the independent factors for 28-day survival. RESULTS: Short-term (28/56 days) survival rates were significantly higher in the ALSS group than those in the SMT group (P < 0.05) and were higher in the cohort II than those in the cohort I (P < 0.001). After propensity score matching, short-term (28/56 days) survival rates were higher in the cohort II than those in the cohort I for both SMT (60.7% vs. 53.0%, 50.0% vs. 39.8%, P < 0.05) and ALSS (66.1% vs. 56.5%, 53.0% vs. 44.4%, P < 0.05) treatments. The 28-day survival rate was higher in patients treated with nucleos(t)ide analogs than in patients without such treatments (P = 0.046). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that ALSS (OR = 0.962, 95% CI: 0.951-0.973, P = 0.038), nucleos(t)ide analogs (OR = 0.927, 95% CI: 0.871-0.983, P = 0.046), old age (OR = 1.028, 95% CI: 1.015-1.041, P < 0.001), total bilirubin (OR = 1.002, 95% CI: 1.001-1.003, P = 0.004), INR (OR = 1.569, 95% CI: 1.044-2.358, P < 0.001), COSSH-ACLF grade (OR = 2.683, 95% CI: 1.792-4.017, P < 0.001), and albumin (OR = 0.952, 95% CI: 0.924-0.982, P = 0.002) were independent factors for 28-day mortality. CONCLUSIONS: The treatment for patients with HBV-ACLF has improved in the past decade.

The Causal Relationship Between Body Mass Index and the Risk of Osteoarthritis.

OBJECTIVE: The study aimed to explore the causal effect of body mass index (BMI) on osteoarthritis. METHODS: The genome-wide association data of BMI and osteoarthritis were obtained via the Mendelian randomization (MR)-base platform. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) significantly associated with BMI were identified and used as instrumental variables, and the causal relationship between BMI and osteoarthritis was examined using the two-sample MR research method. Three statistical methods including inverse-variance weighted (IVW) method, weighted median estimator, and MR-Egger regression were employed. RESULTS: A total of 79 SNPs significantly associated with BMI were identified in the study (P<5×10-8; linkage disequilibrium r2 <0.1). Consistent association between BMI and osteoarthritis was observed when evaluated by different methods (IVW: odds ratio (OR) 1.028, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.021-1.036; weighted median estimator: OR 1.028, 95% CI 1.019-1.037; MR-Egger regression: OR 1.028, 95% CI 1.009-1.046), which suggests that BMI is positively associated with increased risk of osteoarthritis. There was no evidence that the observed causal effect between BMI and the risk of osteoarthritis was affected by genetic pleiotropy (MR-Egger intercept 1.3×10-5, P=0.959). CONCLUSION: The MR analysis provided the strong evidence to indicate that BMI might be causally associated with the risk of osteoarthritis.

Lunatibacter salilacus gen. nov., sp. nov., a member of the family Cyclobacteriaceae, isolated from a saline and alkaline lake sediment.

A non-motile, Gram-staining negative, catalase- and oxidase-positive, crescent-rod shaped bacterium, designated strain CUG 91308T, was isolated from a sediment sample of Qinghai Lake, Qinghai Province, China. Colonies on OSM agar were round, smooth, flat and pinkish-orange in colour. Strain CUG 91308T could grow at 15-37 °C, pH 6-12 and in the presence of up to 7.0 % NaCl (w/v). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain CUG 91308T belonged to the family Cyclobacteriaceae and formed a clade with the genus Lunatimonas in the phylogenetic tree, but separated from any species of the known genera within the family. The genomic DNA G+C content is about 42.1 %. The predominant fatty acids (>10 %) were iso-C15 : 0 (21.1 %), summed feature 3 (C16 : 1 ω7c / C16 : 1 ω6c / iso-C15 : 0 2OH) (14.3 %), iso-C17 : 0 3OH (12.3 %) and summed feature 9 (iso-C17 : 1 ω9c / C16 : 0 10-methyl) (10.6 %). The polar lipids of strain CUG 91308T were phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and four unidentified polar lipids. Strain CUG 91308T contained MK-7 as the major respiratory quinone. On the basis of phenotypic, genotypic and phylogenetic data, strain CUG 91308T represents a novel species of a novel genus in the family Cyclobacteriaceae, for which the name Lunatibacter salilacus gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of the proposed new isolate is CUG 91308T (=KCTC 62636T=CGMCC 1.13593T).

Current Status and Prospects of Spontaneous Peritonitis in Patients with Cirrhosis.

Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) is a common cirrhotic ascites complication which exacerbates the patient's condition. SBP is caused by gram-negative bacilli and, to a lesser extent, gram-positive cocci. Hospital-acquired infections show higher levels of drug-resistant bacteria. Geographical location influences pathogenic bacteria distribution; therefore, different hospitals in the same country record different bacteria strains. Intestinal changes and a weak immune system in patients with liver cirrhosis lead to bacterial translocation thus causing SBP. Early diagnosis and timely treatment are important in SBP management. When the treatment effect is not effective, other rare pathogens should be explored.

Epidemiological, clinical and virological characteristics of 74 cases of coronavirus-infected disease 2019 (COVID-19) with gastrointestinal symptoms.

OBJECTIVE: The SARS-CoV-2-infected disease (COVID-19) outbreak is a major threat to human beings. Previous studies mainly focused on Wuhan and typical symptoms. We analysed 74 confirmed COVID-19 cases with GI symptoms in the Zhejiang province to determine epidemiological, clinical and virological characteristics. DESIGN: COVID-19 hospital patients were admitted in the Zhejiang province from 17 January 2020 to 8 February 2020. Epidemiological, demographic, clinical, laboratory, management and outcome data of patients with GI symptoms were analysed using multivariate analysis for risk of severe/critical type. Bioinformatics were used to analyse features of SARS-CoV-2 from Zhejiang province. RESULTS: Among enrolled 651 patients, 74 (11.4%) presented with at least one GI symptom (nausea, vomiting or diarrhoea), average age of 46.14 years, 4-day incubation period and 10.8% had pre-existing liver disease. Of patients with COVID-19 with GI symptoms, 17 (22.97%) and 23 (31.08%) had severe/critical types and family clustering, respectively, significantly higher than those without GI symptoms, 47 (8.14%) and 118 (20.45%). Of patients with COVID-19 with GI symptoms, 29 (39.19%), 23 (31.08%), 8 (10.81%) and 16 (21.62%) had significantly higher rates of fever >38.5°C, fatigue, shortness of breath and headache, respectively. Low-dose glucocorticoids and antibiotics were administered to 14.86% and 41.89% of patients, respectively. Sputum production and increased lactate dehydrogenase/glucose levels were risk factors for severe/critical type. Bioinformatics showed sequence mutation of SARS-CoV-2 with m6A methylation and changed binding capacity with ACE2. CONCLUSION: We report COVID-19 cases with GI symptoms with novel features outside Wuhan. Attention to patients with COVID-19 with non-classic symptoms should increase to protect health providers.

[Progress in diagnosis and treatment of posterior condylar fracture of tibial plateau].

The posterior condylar fracture of the tibial plateau refers to the fracture of the posterior 1/3 area of the tibial plateau. Compared with other clinical types such as Schatzker and AO, the three-column theory is more widely used in the diagnosis and treatment of the posterior condylar fracture of the tibial plateau. There are advantages and disadvantages in learning curve, intraoperative risk and therapeutic effect of minimally invasive methods such as posterior and lateral related approaches, circular external fixator and balloon dilatation, which are commonly used in open surgery. There is no consensus on the best surgical method. This article reviews the diagnosis, classification and treatment of posterior condylar fracture of tibial plateau.

Risk factors for Clostridium difficile infection in cirrhotic patients.

BACKGROUND: Cirrhotic patients are susceptible to Clostridium difficile infection (CDI), however, the high risk factors are not clear. The present study aimed to identify the risk factors in cirrhotic patients with CDI. METHODS: A total of 526 cirrhotic patients admitted to our hospital between May 2015 and October 2015 were included in this study. Stool samples were collected upon admission for the detection of CDI and toxin. CDI was monitored during the hospital stay. In total, 34 cases showed CDI. Then we analyzed the effects of age, sex, C. difficile colonization (CDC), multiple hospitalization, extended hospital stay, elevation of total bilirubin (TBIL), creatinine (Cr), Child-Pugh grade C, hepatic encephalopathy, hepatorenal syndrome, upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage, and exposure of antibiotics and proton pump inhibitor (PPI) on the CDI in cirrhotic patients. RESULTS: Patients in the CDI group had more frequent CDC, multiple hospitalization, and extended hospital stay compared to those in the non-C. difficile infection (NCDI) group. Patients in the CDI group had higher TBIL and Cr, and higher frequency of Child-Pugh grade C, hepatic encephalopathy, upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage compared with those in the NCDI group. Multiple logistic regression analysis indicated that age >60 years (OR=1.689; 95% CI: 1.135-3.128), multiple hospitalization (OR=3.346; 95% CI: 1.392-8.043), length of hospital stay >20 days (OR=1.564; 95% CI: 1.113-2.563), hypoproteinemia (OR=4.962; 95% CI: 2.053-11.996), CDC (OR=18.410; 95% CI: 6.898-49.136), hepatic encephalopathy (OR=1.357; 95% CI: 1.154-2.368), and exposure of antibiotics (OR=1.865; 95% CI: 1.213-2.863) and PPI (OR=3.125; 95% CI: 1.818-7.548) were risk factors of CDI. CONCLUSIONS: Age >60 years, multiple hospitalization, length of hospital stay >20 days, hypoproteinemia, CDC, hepatic encephalopathy, and exposure of antibiotics and PPI were risk factors for CDI in cirrhotic patients. These may contribute to the early diagnosis and monitoring of CDI in clinical practice.

TRPC6 modulates adhesion of neutrophils to airway epithelial cells via NF-κB activation and ICAM-1 expression with ozone exposure.

Ozone (O3) is a major component of air pollution, which has been associated with airway inflammation characterized by the influx of neutrophils in asthmatic subjects. Canonical transient receptor potential 6 (TRPC6) channel is recently identified as a target of oxidative stress which is involved in airway inflammation. However, the regulatory role of TRPC6 in airway epithelial cells and neutrophils has not yet been illuminated in detail. In this study, we investigated the role of TRPC6 in neutrophil adhesion to airway epithelial cells exposed to O3 in vivo and in vitro approaches. Using transgenic mice, the results showed that TRPC6-deficiency attenuated O3-induced neutrophil recruitment to airway epithelial cells and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression. In vitro, O3 induced ICAM-1 expression and neutrophil adhesion to 16HBE cells (human airway epithelial cell line) and which were reduced by both TRPC6 silencing short hairpin RNA (shRNA) and TRPC6 inhibitor Larixyl Acetate (LA). We also confirmed that TRPC6-dependent Ca2+ entry and NF-κB activation in 16HBE cells were required for ICAM-1-mediated neutrophil adhesion exposed to O3. In conclusion, this study demonstrated the contribution of TRPC6 to O3-induced neutrophil adhesion to airway epithelial cells via NF-κB activation and ICAM-1 expression, which may provide new potential concepts for preventing and treating air pollutant-related inflammatory lung diseases.

Intraspecific mitochondrial genome comparison identified CYTB as a high-resolution population marker in a new pest Athetis lepigone.

A new outbreak pest, Athetis lepigone (Möschler) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), has caused severe economic loss in maize crops in China. In order to conduct population genetics study with a more polymorphic and scientific mitochondrial marker, we sequenced the complete mitochondrial genomes of 13 different A. lepigone individuals. Intraspecific comparison of all PCGs showed that the NADH dehydrogenase and cytochrome b genes had the highest nucleotide diversity. We also found evidence of episodic positive selection on two amino acids, which are encoded by NADH dehydrogenase genes (ND3 and ND4L), against a background of widespread neutral selection of all other mitochondrial PCGs. The genetic divergence observed in this study indicated that the cytochrome b gene (CYTB) is better than COI at recovering population structure. The preliminary population genetic analysis illustrated strong gene flow among A. lepigone populations in China. Our study provides basic information for further research on population genetics of A. lepigone.

Paracoccus halotolerans sp. nov., isolated from a salt lake.

A novel Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-motile, coccus-shaped bacterium, designated CFH 90064T, was isolated from a salt lake sediment sample collected from Yuncheng city, Shanxi province, PR China. 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons and phylogenetic analyses showed that the strain belonged to the genus Paracoccus and clustered with Paracoccus zeaxanthinifaciens R-1512T (98.2 % similarity), Paracoccus homiensis DD-R11T (97.6 % similarity) and Paracoccus fistulariae 22-5T (96.5 % similarity), respectively. Growth of strain CFH 90064T was observed at 10-37 °C, pH 6.0-9.0 and with NaCl concentrations of up to 6.0 % (w/v). Strain CFH 90064T contained Q-10 as the only isoprenoid quinone, and the major fatty acid was C18 : 1ω7c. Polar lipids of strain CFH 90064T comprised diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, an unidentified glycolipid, an unidentified aminolipid and an unidentified phospholipid. The genome of strain CFH 90008T was 3.75 Mbp with a DNA G+C content of 65.1 %. Based on the phylogenetic analyses, low average nucleotide identity results, chemotaxonomic characteristics and differential physiological properties, strain CFH 90064T could not be classified into any recognized species of the genus Paracoccus, suggesting that this strain represents a novel species, for which the name Paracoccushalotolerans sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CFH 90064T (=CCTCC AB 2016131T=DSM 103234T).

Expression of TREM-2 and its inhibitory effects on TNF-α induced inflammation in fibroblast-like synoviocytes via inhibiting p38 pathway activation.

OBJECTIVES: It is not clear whether TREM-2 (the "triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2") is expressed in fibroblast-like synovial cells (FLSs). In this study, we aimed to determine the expression of TREM-2 in rheumatoid arthritis (RA)-FLSs and explore whether and how TREM-2 modulates the function of RA-FLSs. METHODS: Western blot and RT-PCR were used to detect the expression of TREM-2 in RA-FLSs, siRNA and lentivirus were used to down-regulate and up-regulate the expression of TREM-2 in RA-FLSs. Then mRNA expression of IL-1ß, IL-6, and MMP-13 was determined by RT-qPCR. Protein secretion of IL-1ß, IL-6, and MMP-13 in the supernatant was determined by ELISA assay; expression of cell signal transduction molecules was determined by western blot. RESULTS: A: Relative to OA-FLSs, mRNA and protein expression levels of TREM-2 in RA-FLSs are significantly elevated. TREM-2 protein is mainly expressed in the cytoplasm of RA-FLSs; B: In RA, the expression of TREM-2 was reduced at first and then up-regulated after stimulation by TNF-α. TREM-2 also inhibited the activation of TNF-α induced of inflammation in RA-FLSs by the p38 pathway, which regulates the production of cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases. CONCLUSIONS: TREM-2 expressed in RA-FLSs and TNF-α mediated reduction of inflammatory reactions. These phenomena indicated that TREM-2 may be a potential target in the treatment of RA.