RESUMO
The complete mitogenome of Nomia chalybeata was sequenced. The mitochondrial length of N. chalybeata was 16,692 bp (AT content 85.4%), with 37 classic invertebrate mitochondrial genes (including 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transporter RNAs, and two ribosomal RNAs) and AT-rich region (AT content 91.7%). The maximum-likelihood phylogenetic relationship was constructed using 11 species from Hymenoptera. Through the phylogenetic relationship, our research team successfully used the molecular data of the mitochondrial genome to verify that N. chalybeata belongs to the family Halictidae, and also provides molecular data for the database of the family Halictidae.
RESUMO
The primary objective of the present study was to develop extended-release matrix formulations of apremilast for the oral delivery and to study their in vitro and in vivo correlation. Five extended-release formulations containing hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) as the retarding excipient with different release rate of apremilast were prepared. Dissolution tests of all the formulated tablets were performed in water, pH 4.0 and 6.8 buffer solutions. The in vitro release kinetics was studied and supported by Korsmeyer-Peppas's equation as it presented highest values of correlation coefficients (r2 up to 0.966). Among all formulated tablets, F2 (HPMC 25%) and F4 (HPMC 35%) were selected to perform an in vivo study in beagle dogs to obtain various pharmacokinetic parameters, i.e., peak plasma concentration (Cmax), time to peak plasma concentration (tmax), area under the plasma-concentration vs. time curve (AUC). Higher tmax and t1/2, lower Cmax and elimination coefficient (Ke) were observed for both extended formulations compared to marketed immediate-release products (Otezla®). Level A in vitro-in vivo correlations were created with the help of Wagner-Nelson and numeric deconvolution methods. Both formulations showed good in vitro-in vivo correlations whose accuracies were further verified by an internal validation.
