Rational design of proteasome inhibitors based on the structure of the endogenous inhibitor PI31/Fub1.

Proteasome inhibitors are widely used anticancer drugs. The three clinically approved agents are modified small peptides that preferentially target one of the proteasome's three active sites (ß5) at physiologic concentrations. In addition to these drugs, there is also an endogenous proteasome inhibitor, PI31/Fub1, that enters the proteasome's interior to simultaneously yet specifically inhibit all three active sites. Here, we have used PI31's evolutionarily optimized inhibitory mechanisms to develop a suite of potent and specific ß2 inhibitors. The lead compound strongly inhibited growth of multiple myeloma cells as a standalone agent, indicating the compound's cell permeability and establishing ß2 as a potential therapeutic target in multiple myeloma. The lead compound also showed strong synergy with the existing ß5 inhibitor bortezomib; such combination therapies might help with existing challenges of resistance and severe side effects. These results represent an effective method for rational structure-guided development of proteasome inhibitors.

Developing lipid nanoparticle-based siRNA therapeutics for hepatocellular carcinoma using an integrated approach.

Successful siRNA therapeutics requires the optimal integration of multiple components, including an efficient delivery system, a disease indication that is appropriate for siRNA-based therapy, and a potent and nontoxic siRNA against a robust therapeutic target. Although all currently available delivery systems have limitations, it is important to recognize that a careful selection of the disease indication, therapeutic target, and siRNA molecule could partially compensate for deficiencies associated with the delivery system and makes it possible to advance a therapeutic siRNA regimen. In this study, we present the development of siRNA therapeutics for hepatocellular carcinoma using an integrated approach, including the development of an efficient lipid nanoparticle delivery system, the identification of a robust therapeutic target that does not trigger liver toxicity upon target knockdown, and the selection of potent and nonimmunogenic siRNA molecules against the target. The resulting siRNA-containing lipid nanoparticles produced significant antitumor efficacy in orthotopic hepatocellular carcinoma models, and, thus, represent a promising starting point for the development of siRNA therapeutics for hepatocellular carcinoma.

Cationic lipids percentage and processing temperature are critical in designing siRNA lipid nanoparticles.

To design a clinically viable small interfering RNA (siRNA) formulation, it is essential to understand the in vivo siRNA delivery mechanism during the product development. However, majority of reported siRNA delivery studies are based on testing only isolated factors, with ambiguous interpretation of often in vitro transfection results. Correlating physicochemical properties with in vivo transfection efficiency thus represents an important step towards rational design of siRNA delivery systems. In this study, design of experiments studies were applied to probe formulation attributes and process parameters, with in vivo activities evaluated as a primary response along with physicochemical properties. Statistical analysis was performed to identify the significance of each input factor towards the in vivo transfection efficiency using a Positive Readout System. The interactions between these factors were also analyzed. Our results indicated that among the formulation factors evaluated, the percentage of cationic lipid is of most significant effect. During the process, temperature stands out as the most significant factor impacting the in vivo activities. These results shed light on our design of siRNA lipid nanoparticle formulations in the early development stage.

A robust in vivo positive-readout system for monitoring siRNA delivery to xenograft tumors.

Delivering small interfering RNA (siRNA) to tumors is the major technical hurdle that prevents the advancement of siRNA-based cancer therapy. One of the difficulties associated with the development of clinically relevant delivery systems is the lack of reliable tools for monitoring siRNA delivery to tumors in vivo. We describe here a novel, positive-readout system where siRNA-mediated target knockdown elicits a rapid and robust increase of reporter activity. Using the positive-readout system, we created (1) ß-galactosidase-based tumor models that allow the detection of target knockdown in 1%-2% of tumor cells and can distinguish between tumor areas where effective target knockdown occurs versus tumor areas that are not accessible to delivery, and (2) luciferase-based tumor models that allow the quantitative assessment of a large number of delivery systems. Using these positive-readout models, we screened a number of literature-described siRNA delivery systems and identified lipid nanoparticles as a promising delivery platform for siRNA-based cancer therapy.

Substituted 4-amino-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines as multi-targeted inhibitors of insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF1R) and members of ErbB-family receptor kinases.

This Letter describes the lead discovery, optimization, and biological characterization of a series of substituted 4-amino-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines as potent inhibitors of IGF1R, EGFR, and ErbB2. The leading compound 11 showed an IGF1R IC(50) of 12 nM, an EGFR (L858R) IC(50) of 31 nM, and an ErbB2 IC(50) of 11 nM, potent activity in cellular functional and anti-proliferation assays, as well as activity in an in vivo pharmacodynamic assay.

Imidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles: multitargeted inhibitors of both the insulin-like growth factor receptor and members of the epidermal growth factor family of receptor tyrosine kinases.

The design and enzyme activities of a novel class of imidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles is presented.

Reversal of oncogene transformation and suppression of tumor growth by the novel IGF1R kinase inhibitor A-928605.

BACKGROUND: The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis is an important signaling pathway in the growth and survival of many cell and tissue types. This pathway has also been implicated in many aspects of cancer progression from tumorigenesis to metastasis. The multiple roles of IGF signaling in cancer suggest that inhibition of the pathway might yield clinically effective therapeutics. METHODS: We describe A-928605, a novel pyrazolo [3,4-d]pyrimidine small molecule inhibitor of the receptor tyrosine kinases (IGF1R and IR) responsible for IGF signal transduction. This compound was first tested for its activity and selectivity via conventional in vitro kinome profiling and cellular IGF1R autophosphorylation. Additionally, cellular selectivity and efficacy of A-928605 were analyzed in an IGF1R oncogene-addicted cell line by proliferation, signaling and microarray studies. Finally, in vivo efficacy of A-928605 was assessed in the oncogene-addicted cell line and in a neuroblastoma model as a single agent as well as in combination with clinically approved therapeutics targeting EGFR in models of pancreatic and non-small cell lung cancers. RESULTS: A-928605 is a selective IGF1R inhibitor that is able to abrogate activation of the pathway both in vitro and in vivo. This novel compound dosed as a single agent is able to produce significant growth inhibition of neuroblastoma xenografts in vivo. A-928605 is also able to provide additive effects when used in combination with clinically approved agents directed against EGFR in non-small cell lung and human pancreatic tumor models. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that a selective IGF1R inhibitor such as A-928605 may provide a useful clinical therapeutic for IGF pathway affected tumors and warrants further investigation.

Development of multitargeted inhibitors of both the insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-IR) and members of the epidermal growth factor family of receptor tyrosine kinases.

Emerging clinical and pre-clinical data indicate that both insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-IR) and members of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) family of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) exhibit significant cross-talk in human cancers. Therefore, a small molecule that successfully inhibits the signaling of both classes of oncogenic kinases might provide an attractive agent for chemotherapeutic use. Herein, we disclose the structure activity relationships that led to the synthesis and biological characterization of 14, a novel small molecule inhibitor of both IGF-IR and members of the epidermal growth factor family of RTKs.

Synthesis and evaluation of aniline headgroups for alkynyl thienopyrimidine dual EGFR/ErbB-2 kinase inhibitors.

Aniline 'headgroups' were synthesized and incorporated into an alkynyl thienopyrimidine series of EGFR and ErbB-2 inhibitors. Potent inhibition of enzyme activity and cellular proliferation was observed. In certain instances, protein binding was reduced and oral exposure was found to be somewhat improved relative to compounds containing the reference aniline.

Synthesis and stereochemical effects of pyrrolidinyl-acetylenic thieno[3,2-d]pyrimidines as EGFR and ErbB-2 inhibitors.

A novel class of pyrrolidinyl-acetyleneic thieno[3,2-d]pyrimidines has been identified which potently inhibit the EGFR and ErbB-2 receptor tyrosine kinases. Synthetic modifications of the pyrrolidine carbamate moiety result in a range of effects on enzyme and cellular potency. In addition, the impact of the absolute stereochemical configuration on cellular potency and oral mouse pharmacokinetics is described.

Dual EGFR/ErbB-2 inhibitors from novel pyrrolidinyl-acetylenic thieno[3,2-d]pyrimidines.

A novel class of substituted pyrrolidinyl-acetylenic thieno[3,2-d]pyrimidines has been identified that are potent and selective inhibitors of both EGFR/ErbB-2 receptor tyrosine kinases. The inhibitors are found to display a range of enzyme and cellular potency and also to display a varying level of covalent modification of the kinase targets. Selected molecules, including compound 15h, were found to be potent in enzymatic and cellular assays while also demonstrating exposure in the mouse from an oral dose.

Insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor and ErbB kinase inhibitor combinations block proliferation and induce apoptosis through cyclin D1 reduction and Bax activation.

The insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) and ErbB family of receptors are receptor tyrosine kinases that play important roles in cancer. Lack of response and resistance to therapies targeting ErbB receptors occur and are often associated with activation of the IGF-1R pathway. Combinations of agents that inhibit IGF-1R and ErbB receptors have been shown to synergistically block cancer cell proliferation and xenograft tumor growth. To determine the mechanism by which targeting both IGF-1R and ErbB receptors causes synergistic effects on cell growth and survival, we investigated the effects of combinations of selective IGF-1R and ErbB kinase inhibitors on proliferative and apoptotic signaling. We identified A431 squamous cell carcinoma cells as most sensitive to combinations of ErbB and IGF-1R inhibitors. The inhibitor combinations resulted in not only blockade of A431 cell proliferation, but also induced apoptosis, which was not seen with either agent alone. Upon examining phosphorylation states and expression levels of proteins in the IGF-1R and ErbB signaling pathways, we found a correlation between the ability of combinations to inhibit proliferation and to decrease levels of phosphorylated Akt and cyclin D1. In addition, the massive cell death induced by combined IGF-1R/ErbB inhibition was associated with Mcl-1 reduction and Bax activation. Thus, targeting both IGF-1R and ErbB receptors simultaneously results in cell cycle arrest and apoptosis through combined effects on Akt, cyclin D1, and Bax activation.

Pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines as potent inhibitors of the insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-IR).

A high throughput screen of Abbott's compound repository revealed that the pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine class of kinase inhibitors possessed moderate potency for IGF-IR, a promising target for cancer chemotherapy. The synthesis and subsequent optimization of this class of compounds led to the discovery of 14, a compound that possesses in vivo IGF-IR inhibitory activity.

Multicomponent cycloadditions: the four-component [5+1+2+1] cycloaddition of vinylcyclopropanes, alkynes, and CO.

Prompted by the view that intermediates of transition metal-catalyzed reactions could be intercepted by one or more additional components, studies in our laboratory have led to the design and development of new three-component [5+2+1], [4+2+1], and [2+2+1] cycloadditions. These continuing studies have now led to the identification of a fundamentally new four-component [5+1+2+1] cycloaddition reaction of vinylcyclopropanes, alkynes and CO, yielding hydroxyindanone products in generally good yields. Terminal alkynes bearing aryl or alkyl groups are tolerated well. Substitution at any position of the VCP leads predictably to substituted hydroxyindanone products. Using a bis-alkynyl substrate, the reaction can be carried out bi-directionally, forming 10 C-C bonds and four new rings from seven components in a single, operationally simple process.

Microtubule-stabilizing agents based on designed laulimalide analogues.

Laulimalide is a potent, structurally unique microtubule-stabilizing agent originally isolated from the marine sponge Cacospongia mycofijiensis. Laulimalide exhibits an activity profile different from other microtubule-binding agents, notably including effectiveness against paclitaxel-resistant cells, but it is intrinsically unstable. Five analogues of laulimalide were designed to exhibit enhanced chemical stability yet retain its exceptional biological activities. Evaluations of these analogues showed that all are effective inhibitors of cancer-cell proliferation yet differ substantially in potency with an IC(50) range of 0.12-16.5 microM. Although all of the analogues initiated cellular changes similar to laulimalide, including increased density of interphase microtubules, aberrant mitotic spindles, and ultimately apoptosis, differences among the analogues were apparent. The two most potent analogues, C(16)-C(17)-des-epoxy laulimalide and C(20)-methoxy laulimalide, appear to have a mechanism of action identical to laulimalide. The C(16)-C(17)-des-epoxy, C(20)-methoxy laulimalide derivative, which incorporates both chemical changes of the most potent analogues, was significantly less potent and initiated the formation of unique interphase microtubules unlike the parent compound and other analogues. Two C(2)-C(3)-alkynoate derivatives had lower potency, and they initiated abnormal microtubule structures but did not cause micronucleation or extensive G(2)/M accumulation. Significantly, paclitaxel- and epothilone-resistant cell lines were less resistant to the laulimalide analogues. In summary, analogues of laulimalide designed to minimize or eliminate its intrinsic instability have been synthesized, and some have been found to retain the unique biological activities of laulimalide.

Synthesis and biological evaluation of (-)-laulimalide analogues.

[reaction: see text] The syntheses of five laulimalide analogues are described, incorporating modifications at the C(16)-C(17)-epoxide, the C(20)-alcohol, as well as the C(1)-C(3)-enoate of the parent natural product. The resultant analogues are active in drug-sensitive HeLa and MDA-MB-435 cell lines. Significantly, like laulimalide, these analogues are poor substrates for the drug transport protein P-glycoprotein (Pgp) and are thus effective against Taxol-resistant cell lines.

Total synthesis of (-)-laulimalide.

(-)-Laulimalide (1), a structurally novel macrolide isolated in trace amounts from marine sponges, promotes abnormal tubulin polymerization and apoptosis in vitro, with a similar mode of action to that of Taxol(R), but with potentially less susceptibility to multidrug resistance. Herein, a flexible and convergent asymmetric synthesis of (-)-laulimalide is described. This synthesis featured a highly diastereoselective Sakurai reaction of 2 with 3 and a regioselective macrolactonization of an unprotected vicinal diol. Laulimalide was synthesized in 25 steps (longest linear; 36 overall) in 3.5% overall yield, providing a uniquely short and efficient route to 1 and its analogues.

Three-component cycloadditions: the first transition metal-catalyzed [5+2+1] cycloaddition reactions.

Prompted by our studies of transition metal-catalyzed [4+4], [4+2], [5+2], and [6+2] cycloadditions and by the view that these two-component reactions could be intercepted by a third component of one or more atoms, a new three-component transition metal-catalyzed cycloaddition is described. This new [5+2+1] cycloaddition proceeds in good to excellent yield and with high or complete regioselectivity with a variety of carbonyl-substituted alkynes to give bicyclo[3.3.0]octenone adducts, resulting from transannular closure of the intermediate eight-membered-ring cycloadduct. Effects of concentration, temperature, pressure, and catalyst loading on the efficiency of the reaction are discussed. This process provides access to complex building blocks for synthesis based on simple, readily available components.