Lot-Size Models with Uncertain Demand Considering Its Skewness/Kurtosis and Stochastic Programming Applied to Hospital Pharmacy with Sensor-Related COVID-19 Data.

Governments have been challenged to provide timely medical care to face the COVID-19 pandemic. Under this pandemic, the demand for pharmaceutical products has changed significantly. Some of these products are in high demand, while, for others, their demand falls sharply. These changes in the random demand patterns are connected with changes in the skewness (asymmetry) and kurtosis of their data distribution. Such changes are critical to determining optimal lots and inventory costs. The lot-size model helps to make decisions based on probabilistic demand when calculating the optimal costs of supply using two-stage stochastic programming. The objective of this study is to evaluate how the skewness and kurtosis of the distribution of demand data, collected through sensors, affect the modeling of inventories of hospital pharmacy products helpful to treat COVID-19. The use of stochastic programming allows us to obtain results under demand uncertainty that are closer to reality. We carry out a simulation study to evaluate the performance of our methodology under different demand scenarios with diverse degrees of skewness and kurtosis. A case study in the field of hospital pharmacy with sensor-related COVID-19 data is also provided. An algorithm that permits us to use sensors when submitting requests for supplying pharmaceutical products in the hospital treatment of COVID-19 is designed. We show that the coefficients of skewness and kurtosis impact the total costs of inventory that involve order, purchase, holding, and shortage. We conclude that the asymmetry and kurtosis of the demand statistical distribution do not seem to affect the first-stage lot-size decisions. However, demand patterns with high positive skewness are related to significant increases in expected inventories on hand and shortage, increasing the costs of second-stage decisions. Thus, demand distributions that are highly asymmetrical to the right and leptokurtic favor high total costs in probabilistic lot-size systems.

Adolescentes y derechos humanos: una aproximación a su ejercicio efectivo en la escuela / Adolescents and human rights: an approximation of the effective exercising of rights in school / Adolescentes e direitos humanos: uma aproximação ao seu exercício efetivo nas escolas

Resumen (analítico): Este escrito es parte de una investigación cuyo objetivo es analizar el conocimiento de alumnas, alumnos, profesoras y profesores sobre la aplicación efectiva de la Ley General de los Derechos de Niñas, Niños y Adolescentes en el espacio escolar, a tres años de su publicación en México. Es un estudio cualitativo, realizado en escuelas secundarias públicas de la ciudad de Guadalajara. La información se recuperó mediante seis grupos de discusión con adolescentes y un cuestionario aplicado a 84 docentes. Los resultados indican que el desconocimiento de la ley se vincula de manera importante con el ejercicio no eficaz de los derechos humanos. A mayor desinformación de los agentes, mayor inclinación del profesorado a vulnerar los derechos del alumnado en el aula y menor capacidad de este para exigirlos.

Abstract (analytical): This paper is part of a research study aimed at analyzing the knowledge of male and female students and teachers on the effective application of the General Law for the Rights of Children and Adolescents in the school, three years after this law came into effect in Mexico. This was a qualitative study implemented in public junior high schools in the city of Guadalajara. The information was obtained through holding six discussion groups with adolescent students and conducting a questionnaire survey with 84 teachers. The results indicate that ignorance of the law is highly linked with the non-effective exercising of children and adolescents' human rights. The study shows that as the amount of misleading information provided to students increases, it is more probable that teaching staff violate the rights of this population in the classroom, and male and female students have less capacity to demand the fulfilling of their rights.

Resumo (analítico): Este artigo faz parte de uma pesquisa que tem por objetivo analisar o conhecimento de alunas, alunos, professoras e professores sobre a aplicação efetiva da Lei Geral dos Direitos de Meninas, Meninos e Adolescentes no espaço escolar, três anos após sua publicação no México. Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo, realizado em escolas secundárias públicas da cidade de Guadalajara. A informação foi obtida através de seis grupos de discussão com adolescentes e um questionário aplicado a 84 professores. Os resultados indicam que o desconhecimento da lei está ligado de maneira importante ao exercício ineficaz dos direitos humanos. Quanto maior a desinformação dos agentes, maior a inclinação dos professores a violar seus direitos na aula e menor a capacidade dos adolescentes para exigi-los.