Hybrid choice model dataset of a representative Swiss online panel survey on peoples' preferences related to mixed renewable energy scenarios in landscapes and the effect of landscape-technology fit.

We present stated preference data based on a national representative Swiss online panel survey related to preference of mixed renewable energy infrastructure in landscapes. Data were collected between November 2018 and March 2019 via an online questionnaire and yielded 1026 responses. The online questionnaire consisted of two main parts - (1) questions covering meanings related to landscapes, nature and renewable energy infrastructure and questions regarding the "fit" of landscape/renewable energy infrastructure (REI) combinations and (2) a stated choice experiment. While in the first part of the questionnaire we asked respondents about their personal connection to certain landscapes, to nature and to specific REI, we also asked them to evaluate the fitting of seven different Swiss landscapes (near natural alpine areas, northern alps, touristic alpine areas, agricultural plateau, urban plateau, Jura ridges, urban alpine valley) with five different REI (wind, PV ground/agricultural, PV ground/other, PV roof, power lines) combinations. In the second part of the questionnaire, the stated choice experiment confronted respondents with 15 consecutive choice tasks, with each task involving a choice between two "energy system transformation" options and an opt-out option (none). Each choice option (beside the opt-out option) included four unlabeled attributes (landscape, wind energy infrastructure, photovoltaic energy infrastructure, high voltage overhead power line infrastructure) with varying levels. Due to data cleaning procedures (item nonresponse) the number of responses used within hybrid choice modeling and analysis was n = 844 (12,660 choice observations). An analysis of the hybrid choice model and further insights are presented in the article "How landscape-technology fit affects public evaluations of renewable energy infrastructure scenarios. A hybrid choice model."

Considerações sobre o modelo de seleção pelas consequências: o que mudou em 28 anos ? / Considerations about the selection by consequences model: what was changed in 28 years ?

Este artigo compara dois conjuntos de textos publicados no Brasil, em 1 988 e 201 6, focados na análise domodelo de seleção pelas consequências proposto por Skinner. São apresentados os contextos acadêmicosem que os dois conjuntos foram produzidos, um breve resumo das principais contribuições de cada texto,fazendo uma comparação entre eles para vislumbrar a evolução que se deu na comunidade de analistas decomportamento no Brasil ao longo dos últimos 28 anos. No final, sugere-se que novas publicaçõespossam analisar dados experimentais recentes e sua compatibilidade com o nível ontogenético de seleçãopor consequências, complementando as considerações teórico-filosóficas aqui apresentadas em relação àseleção nos níveis filogenético e cultural(AU)

A new genome scan for primary nonsyndromic vesicoureteric reflux emphasizes high genetic heterogeneity and shows linkage and association with various genes already implicated in urinary tract development.

Primary vesicoureteric reflux (VUR), the retrograde flow of urine from the bladder toward the kidneys, results from a developmental anomaly of the vesicoureteric valve mechanism, and is often associated with other urinary tract anomalies. It is the most common urological problem in children, with an estimated prevalence of 1-2%, and is a major cause of hypertension in childhood and of renal failure in childhood or adult life. We present the results of a genetic linkage and association scan using 900,000 markers. Our linkage results show a large number of suggestive linkage peaks, with different results in two groups of families, suggesting that VUR is even more genetically heterogeneous than previously imagined. The only marker achieving P < 0.02 for linkage in both groups of families is 270 kb from EMX2. In three sibships, we found recessive linkage to KHDRBS3, previously reported in a Somali family. In another family we discovered sex-reversal associated with VUR, implicating PRKX, for which there was weak support for dominant linkage in the overall data set. Several other candidate genes are suggested by our linkage or association results, and four of our linkage peaks are within copy-number variants recently found to be associated with renal hypodysplasia. Undoubtedly there are many genes related to VUR. Our study gives support to some loci suggested by earlier studies as well as suggesting new ones, and provides numerous indications for further investigations.

Learned helplessness: effects of response requirement and interval between treatment and testing.

Three experiments investigated learned helplessness in rats manipulating response requirements, shock duration, and intervals between treatment and testing. In Experiment 1, rats previously exposed to uncontrollable or no shocks were tested under one of four different contingencies of negative reinforcement: FR 1 or FR 2 escape contingency for running, and FR1 escape contingency for jumping (differing for the maximum shock duration of 10s or 30s). The results showed that the uncontrollable shocks produced a clear operant learning deficit (learned helplessness effect) only when the animals were tested under the jumping FR 1 escape contingency with 10-s max shock duration. Experiment 2 isolated of the effects of uncontrollability from shock exposure per se and showed that the escape deficit observed using the FR 1 escape jumping response (10-s shock duration) was produced by the uncontrollability of shock. Experiment 3 showed that using the FR 1 jumping escape contingency in the test, the learned helplessness effect was observed one, 14 or 28 days after treatment. These results suggest that running may not be an appropriate test for learned helplessness, and that many diverging results found in the literature might be accounted for by the confounding effects of respondent and operant contingencies present when running is required of rats.

Molecular-orbital model of heat-induced effective exchange coupling in magnetic multilayers

Heat-induced effective exchange coupling between two ferromagnets across a semiconductor spacer layer is described by the interaction of localized, weakly bound electron states which are situated at the two interfaces. These states overlap across the spacer layer and form large molecular orbitals. The energies of these orbitals depend on the spin configuration of the electrons and therefore determine the exchange coupling. Thermal repopulation of the levels yields a positive temperature coefficient of the coupling. The results are found to well reproduce the experimental observations.

Behavioral variability in SHR and WKY rats as a function of rearing environment and reinforcement contingency.

The spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) may model aspects of human attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). For example, just as responses by children with ADHD tend to be variable, so too SHRs often respond more variably than do Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) control rats. The present study asked whether behavioral variability in the SHR strain is influenced by rearing environment, a question related to hypotheses concerning the etiology of human ADHD. Some rats from each strain were reared in an enriched environment (housed socially), and others were reared in an impoverished environment (housed in isolation). Four groups--enriched SHR, impoverished SHR, enriched WKY, and impoverished WKY--were studied under two reinforcement contingencies, one in which reinforcement was independent of response variability and the other in which reinforcement depended upon high variability. The main finding was that rearing environment did not influence response variability (enriched and impoverished subjects responded similarly throughout). However, rearing environment affected body weight (enriched subjects weighted more than impoverished subjects) and response rate (impoverished subjects generally responded faster than enriched subjects). In addition, SHRs tended to respond variably throughout the experiment, whereas WKYs were more sensitive to the variability contingencies. Thus, behavioral variability was affected by genetic strain and by reinforcement contingency but not by the environment in which the subjects were reared.

Individual model fabrication in maxillofacial radiology.

Oral and maxillofacial surgery has long needed a methodology for accurate definition of the third dimension. The introduction of computer-aided tomography in the 1970s provided surgeons with multiple 2-D maps which they themselves had to conceptualize into a third dimension. The later advent of computerized summation of these data made it possible to display a perspective view of the third dimension on a TV monitor. CT, and more recently MRI, with the further analytical refinement afforded by software processing (interactive data presentation, contour detection and summation, hypothetical 3-D construction and interactive visualization) now provide the basic information that is needed for the fabrication of an individual model. Such models can be milled from a variety of materials. More recently, laser-hardened acrylic resins have been shown to be a useful alternative. Both systems are described and their advantages and disadvantages in the planning and performance of oral and maxillofacial surgical procedures are discussed.

Patient education needs as reported by congestive heart failure patients and their nurses.

Patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) need considerable education to enable them to provide effective self-care for their chronic illness. No information has been published about the learning needs of this population. The purpose of this study was to examine hospitalized CHF patients and their nurses' perceptions regarding the importance and realism of typical patient education content. An instrument to assess learning needs was developed and piloted for use in this study. Thirty hospitalized patients and 26 nurses were surveyed. Both nurses and patients rated all information as important to learn and realistic to learn during the patients' hospitalizations. Patients and nurses agreed that medication information was the most important to learn. Generally, patients rated information as more important than nurses rated the same information areas. Suggested nursing interventions and future research endeavours are addressed.

[A new open universal clamp for the external fixator tube system of the AO]. / Neue offene Universalbacke für das Fixateur externe-Rohrsystem der AO.

A new open universal clamp has been developed for the external fixator tube system of the ASIF. This new clamp is fully compatible with the previous system. All mechanical properties are at least comparable with those of the hitherto successful clamps, whereas in some cases they are even distinctly superior. The obvious advantages are: The clamp can also be pushed subsequently laterally onto the tubes and arbon fibre rods. The clamping plate for the Schanz screws can take 4-6 mm screws. It is thus possible to use this system alongside with the 4 mm system. The clamp replaces 2 of the previous clamps. An open tube-to-tube clamp can also be positioned. The clamps have been used with success and with full utilisation of all their advantages in their first clinical application.

Opioid nature of learned helplessness and stress induced analgesia observed without re-exposure to shock.

It has been shown that uncontrollable shocks that produce learned helplessness also produce long-term opioid analgesia if th animal is re-exposed to shock immediately before the test. The present study was conducted in order to investigate if this effect can be observed 24h after the uncontrollable shock treatment without re-exposure to shock, and if it is opioid mediated. Long-term analgesia was found in the absence of re-exposure to shock, and was prevented by an i.p. injection of naloxone (10mg/kg) administered 10min before the test. The learned helplessness effect produced by the same shock treatment was prevented by the administration of 10 and 20mg/kg of naloxone 10min before the shuttlebox test, but not by a lower naloxone dose (5mg/kg). These findings suggest that the shock re-exposure requirement proposed in previous studies is not crucial in determining the long-term analgesia, and that both the long-term analgesia and the learned helplessness effect produced by this shock treatment were opioid mediated.

Behavioral effects of 5-HT receptor ligands in the aversive brain stimulation, elevated plus-maze and learned helplessness tests.

In order to illustrate the use of animal models in the study of the anxiolytic and antidepressant properties of drugs acting on 5-HT receptors, a series of experiments is described. With electrical stimulation of the midbrain central gray (CG), an aversive area of the brain, the 5-HT-1 receptor antagonist propranolol raised the aversive threshold in a dose-dependent way, following its microinjection into the CG. This antiaversive effect of propranolol, which is similar to that of benzodiazepine anxiolytics, was prevented by microinjection into the same brain site of the 5-HT-2 receptor blocker ritanserin. Ritanserin itself and the 5-HT-1A receptor ligand ipsapirone caused either little or no effect. In another animal model of anxiety, the elevated plus-maze, intra-CG propranolol also caused an anxiolytic-like effect, antagonized by ritanserin, indicating a 5-HT mediation. However, systemically injected isamoltane, a congener of propranolol, was ineffective in the elevated plus-maze, whereas ipsapirone caused an anxiolytic effect. Ritanserin was again inactive. Finally, both ipsapirone as well as another 5-HT-1A receptor ligand BAY R 1531, given IP, reversed the learning deficit resulting from exposure to uncontrollable foot-shocks, an effect characteristic of antidepressant drugs.

Effects of ipsapirone and BAY R 1531 on learned helplessness.

The effects of the 5-hydroxytryptamine-1A (5-HT1A) receptor agonists on the learned helplessness test were investigated. Rats were submitted to a single session of 60 uncontrollable shocks (10-s duration, 1.0 mA, every 60 +/- 40 s) and then treated twice daily with ip injections of either ipsapirone (13 mg/kg daily) or BAY R 1531 (0.375 mg/kg daily) for four consecutive days. On the last day, the animals were submitted to an escape test. The results showed that both drug treatments blocked the deficit in the escape learning (helplessness effect). These data suggest that drugs which stimulate 5-HT1A receptors have an antidepressant-like activity in this animal model of depression.

Effects of ipsapirone and BAY R 1531 on learned helplessness

The effects of the 5-hydroxytryptamine-1A (5-HT1A) receptor agonists on the learned helplessness test were investigated. Rats were submited to a single session of 60 uncontrollable shocks (10-s duration, 1.0 mA, every 60 + or - 40 s) and then treated twice daily with ip ijections of either ipsapirone (13 mg/kg daily) or BAY R 1531 (0.375 mg/kg daily) for four consecutive days. On the last day, the animals were submitted to an escap test. The results showed that both drug treatments blocked the deficit in the escape learning (helplessness effect). These data suggest that drugs which stimulate 5-HT1A receptors have an antidepressant-like activity in this animal model of depression