Mathematical modeling and digital design of an intensified filtration-washing-drying unit for pharmaceutical continuous manufacturing.

This paper introduces a comprehensive mathematical model of a novel integrated filter-dryer carousel system, designed for continuously filtering, washing and drying a slurry stream into a crystals cake. The digital twin includes models for dead-end filtration, cake washing and convective cake drying, based on dynamic multi-component mass, energy and momentum balances. For set of feed conditions and control inputs, the model allows tracking the solvents and impurities content in the cake (critical quality attributes, CQAs) throughout the whole process. The model parameters were identified for the isolation of paracetamol from a multi-component slurry, containing a non-volatile impurity. The calibrated model was used for identifying the probabilistic design space and maximum throughput for the process, expressing the combinations of the carousel feed conditions and control inputs for which the probability of meeting the target CQAs is acceptable.

Food and nutrient intakes according to income in korean men and women.

OBJECTIVES: The present study investigated associations between income and intake of nutrients and food in adults (n = 11,063) from the fourth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007-2009. METHODS: To examine relationships between individual dietary intake and anthropometric measures and family income, multiple linear regression models were constructed for each outcome variable. All models were adjusted for age, education, energy intake, smoking, body mass index, and physical activity. RESULTS: For men, intakes of protein, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, and vitamin C were lower in low-income compared to high-income groups. For women, intakes of protein and niacin were lower in low-income groups. Lowest income group ate less dairy products in men and less fruits and fishes or shellfishes in women. CONCLUSION: Low-income groups had severe food insecurity and low diet quality compared to high-income groups. The study results will provide direction for public health efforts regarding dietary intakes according to economic status among Korean men and women.