A retrospective review of the use of a nanocrystalline silver dressing in the management of open chronic wounds in the community.

As part of an infection management protocol, antimicrobial dressings offer an appropriate, cost-effective choice for the management of localised bioburden in chronic wounds. The choice of antimicrobial can impact significantly not only on the treatment outcomes and cost but also on the safety and well-being of the patient. This retrospective study investigates these outcomes comparing health care records of 2572 patients with open chronic wounds, who were treated either with an Integrated Care Wound Bundle (ICB) including nanocrystalline silver (NCS) dressings (n = 330) or without NCS dressings and not on a ICB (n = 2242) in the community from March 2016 to March 2018. Wounds treated in the NCS dressing treatment bundle had a mean healing time of 10.46 weeks, vs 25.49 weeks for the non-ICB treated wounds. In addition, the average interval time between dressing changes was in favour of the NCS dressing treatment bundle (3.98 vs 1.87 days), contributing to a substantial reduction in mean treatment labour costs ($1251 vs $6488). The use of a NCS dressing demonstrated improved efficacy and cost effectiveness of labour required for chronic wound management; highlighting the importance of choosing an effective antimicrobial dressing as part of an infection management protocol.

International Consensus Panel Recommendations for the Optimization of Traditional and Single-Use Negative Pressure Wound Therapy in the Treatment of Acute and Chronic Wounds.

INTRODUCTION: Currently, there are no international standardized guidelines or recommendations to guide the clinical decision-making process on when to initiate various negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) systems for acute and chronic wounds. Specifically, no established recommendations or guidance exists regarding the type of NPWT system to use, traditional (tNPWT) or single-use (sNPWT), and how to transition between the 2 systems. METHODS: An expert panel was convened to (1) provide recommendations to clinicians on when to consider NPWT use in acute and chronic wound management and (2) develop a practical decision-making tool to guide on the appropriateness of the different NPWT modalities (tNPWT or sNPWT) and when they should be utilized. RESULTS: The panel made recommendations and designed a clinical decision-making tool to aid the consideration for initiating NPWT and the optimal system to be utilized based on (1) therapeutic goals, (2) wound-related factors, (3) patient satisfaction and quality of life, (4) care setting-related factors, (5) economic-related factors, and (6) NPWT system-related factors. CONCLUSIONS: The panel recommendations took into consideration the clinical, operational, and financial factors in the clinical decision-making process of NPWT use to enable optimal patient and health care system outcomes.

Assessing the Need for Negative Pressure Wound Therapy Utilization Guidelines: An Overview of the Challenges With Providing Optimal Care.

Negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) has evolved beyond its original design as a stationary, reusable system (traditional NPWT [tNPWT]) and is now also available as a single-use, portable device (sNPWT). No established guidance exists for selecting the appropriate system to treat specific wound types in various settings. This article reviews the current practice and challenges associated with NPWT. Relevant literature was reviewed to provide a background on current practice. An online quantitative survey was performed during October and November 2018 among users of NPWT based in acute care settings across 6 countries (Australia, France, Germany, Italy, the United Kingdom, and the United States) to elucidate the operational and financial components considered in determining and/or thwarting efficacious use of NPWT. Data from recruited participants were collected, analyzed, and tabulated by an independent research company. All findings were reported as numbers/percentages. Wound size and depth, as well as the amount and/or type of exudate, were found to be among key factors in selecting NPWT; patient quality of life in terms of mobility, independence, and attitude toward treatment may be factors in adherence with prescribed care. Clinicians were not consistently knowledgeable about the financial and operational challenges of utilization presented by large fleets of NPWT pumps, nor were other institutional employees such as payers and discharge planners. Evidence-based recommendations are needed to guide decisions regarding NPWT systems, which in turn may improve therapy implementation, access to care, and patient quality of life, while driving operational and financial efficiencies for health care providers.

Improving the Quality of Chronic Wound Care Using an Advanced Wound Management Program and Gentian Violet/Methylene Blue-Impregnated Antibacterial (GV/MB) Dressings: A Retrospective Study.

INTRODUCTION: Comprehensive wound management programs that employ a standardized integrated care bundle (ICB) and advanced wound dressings are generally recognized to decrease healing times and treatment costs. The purpose of this study was to compare wound healing rates and cost efficiencies as measured by nursing-care requirements for patients not on an ICB versus patients on an ICB and using a gentian violet/methylene blue-impregnated (GV/MB) antimicrobial advanced wound dressing. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The comprehensive wound management programs enabled continuous, standardized measurement of each patient's wound episode from admission with a wound to healing and discharge. Data was recorded over 24 months from 2016 to 2018. The variables recorded for each patient included: wound healing time (number of weeks), wound acuity based on the Bates-Jensen Wound Assessment Tool (BWAT), a comorbidity index (using the Charlson Comorbidity Index), and the number of wound dressing changes. The wound dressing changes required a visit by a registered nurse and, therefore, served as an indicator of care delivery costs where the dressing change visit cost was $68 (CAD). RESULTS: A total of 6300 patients (25% of the total study population) were identified as using GV/MB dressings within the context of an ICB. The mean healing time for these patients was accelerated more than 50% versus patients not on an ICB. The average total cost of patient care was reduced by more than 75% from diagnosis to wound healing when patients were on an ICB with GV/MB dressings. These results compared well to patients on ICBs that had other types of advanced dressings. CONCLUSION: The study demonstrates that a comprehensive wound management program based on integrated care bundles in conjunction with GV/MB dressings can be a highly-effective clinical option. The benefits showed significant reductions in healing times and treatment costs.

A Retrospective Comparison of the Performance of Two Negative Pressure Wound Therapy Systems in the Management of Wounds of Mixed Etiology.

Objective: Negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) has been shown to be effective in the management of chronic and surgical wounds. The two most widely used modalities of NPWT are vacuum-assisted closure (V.A.C.) therapy (KCI, Inc., San Antonio, Texas) and the RENASYS NPWT system (Smith & Nephew, Hull, United Kingdom). This evaluation compares the performance of the two systems in the management of wounds of mixed etiology. Approach: The evaluation is based on retrospective evaluation of more than 1,000 patients treated with NPWT in a community setting in Canada. Results: Patients were well matched according to their baseline characteristics, including age, sex, and wound characteristics. No difference was seen between the two NPWT systems in terms of the percentage of patients reaching their predetermined treatment goal (90.0% and 93.6%, respectively). The time taken to achieve the treatment goal (median 8 weeks in both groups), percentage reduction in wound area (64.2% and 65.3%, respectively), and weekly rate of reduction in wound area (9.7% and 9.4%, respectively; p = 0.156). Innovation: This evaluation is believed to comprise the largest cohort of patients treated with NPWT published to date and is one of the few studies that have attempted to provide a direct comparison of the performance of alternative NPWT systems. Conclusion: Findings suggest that there are no clinically meaningful differences in the efficacy and performance of the two most widely used NPWT devices, based on consideration of a number of wound outcomes.

Use of a portable, single-use negative pressure wound therapy device in home care patients with low to moderately exuding wounds: a case series.

Negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) is widely used in the management of acute and chronic wounds. The purpose of this 8-week study was to evaluate outcomes of using a new canisterless, portable, single-use NPWT system in patients with wounds treated in a Canadian community healthcare setting. The device is designed to provide negative pressure at 80±20 mm Hg, 24 hours a day of continuous usage, for a maximum wear time of 7 days. Data on wound outcomes, including exudate levels, wound appearance, and wound area, were collected weekly by a Registered Nurse as part of routine practice. When treatment was discontinued, patients and nurses were asked to rate their satisfaction with the device. Data from patients who had used a conventional NPWT device to manage their wounds were retrospectively abstracted from their medical records. In the prospective study, conducted between October 2011 and July 2012, 326 patients (median age=61 years; range 17-91 years) with wounds of mixed etiology (53 pressure ulcers, 21 venous leg ulcers, 16 diabetic foot ulcers, and 15 traumatic and 221 surgical wounds) were treated for a maximum of 8 weeks with the portable NPWT device. The majority of patients (228 out of 326; 68%) achieved complete wound closure within 8 weeks of treatment. The Kaplan-Meier estimate of median time to healing of all wounds was 9 weeks. The majority of patients (318 patients, 97%) reported they were pleased or satisfied with the dressing performance. Nurses indicated satisfaction with the dressing performance for all but two patients (99%). The majority (89%) of patients managed with conventional NPWT (n=539) had an open surgical wound with moderate or high levels of exudate. Healing rates in the portable and conventional NPWT group were similar (10% to 11% per week). Portable, single-use NPWT has the potential to deliver good wound outcomes in community care settings and simplify the use of negative pressure for nurses and patients. Additional research is needed to evaluate treatment efficacy and cost effectiveness.

Factors associated with positive outcomes in 131 patients treated with gauze-based negative pressure wound therapy.

Negative Pressure Wound Therapy (NPWT) is commonly used in many surgical specialties to improve wound management and healing outcomes. This study reports the ability of gauze-based NPWT to address several treatment goals commonly defined at the onset of therapy. A prospective, multi-center, non-comparative clinical investigation was carried out using gauze-based NPWT in chronic and acute wounds. 131 patients including traumatic, post-surgical and chronic wounds were assessed. Weekly percentage reductions in wound area, depth and volume were 8.3%, 15.8% and 20.5% respectively (p < 0.001). A reduction in exudate level was observed from baseline to treatment discontinuation (p < 0.001). An increase (p = 0.007) in red granulation tissue and a decrease (p < 0.001) in non-viable tissue was observed. Baseline wound characteristics associated with slower rates of progress included chronic wound aetiologies, longer wound duration prior to NPWT and presence of diabetes as a co-morbidity. Important indicators of wounds which had improved sufficiently and no longer required NPWT included reduction in volume and exudate levels. Gauze-based NPWT can be used to address many of the treatment goals commonly defined at the onset of therapy including reduction in wound volume, management of exudate and infection status, and improvement in wound bed quality.

Skin and wound care excellence: integrating best-practice evidence.

North York General Hospital (NYGH), in collaboration with Nursing Practice Solutions, Smith & Nephew and the Central Community Care Access Centre, implemented a program in skin and wound care that has made best-practice, evidenced-based wound care management possible, affordable and sustainable. Focused action using advanced wound care products and proven clinical approaches has dramatically improved the identification, protection and support of skin integrity. Wound prevention and management are among the most direct and cost-effective measures a healthcare organization can take to improve patient safety and quality of life, and they allow for the reduction of expenditures and re-allocation of funds into other important areas. The Skin and Wound Care Program was designed to create and maintain resources within NYGH to ensure the delivery of consistent, best-practice wound prevention and management. The program has successfully sustained a significant reduction in the prevalence of pressure ulcers. Benefits of the program include improved patient safety, health and quality of life. The Skin and Wound Care Program has seen the transfer of knowledge and evidence-based best practices to both the bedside and the community. Extending the collaborative effort beyond the walls of NYGH has helped the hospital gain further insight into and experience with our community partners to spread skin and wound best practices across the healthcare continuum. Lessons learned have been shared with other healthcare organizations in forums such as the Congress of the World Union of Wound Healing Societies, thus contributing to the advancement of continuous improvement in healthcare.

Impact of gauze-based NPWT on the patient and nursing experience in the treatment of challenging wounds.

Negative pressure wound therapy is widely used in the treatment of hard-to-heal wounds; however, pain during dressing changes, which is often associated with pain on the commencement and cessation of pressure application and because of in-growth of new granulation tissue into interstices of foam dressings, is often experienced. Anecdotal reports have suggested that choice of gauze as the negative pressure wound therapy dressing may reduce the pain associated with dressing changes. A prospective, multi-center, non-comparative clinical investigation was carried out using gauze-based negative pressure wound therapy in chronic and acute wounds. Over 152 patients were evaluated. Median duration of therapy was 18 days with 91% of patients progressing towards healing at the end of therapy. Wound pain and odour were significantly reduced (P < 0.001) over the course of therapy. Wound pain during dressing changes was reported to be absent in 80% of dressing removals. No damage to the wound bed following dressing removal was observed in 96% of dressing changes. Dressing applications were considered easy in 79% of assessments and took a median of 20 min to complete. In patients susceptible to pain, gauze-based negative pressure therapy may be a viable option to maximise patient comfort.

Point prevalence of wounds in a sample of acute hospitals in Canada.

To provide new information on wound prevalence and the potential resource impact of non healing wounds in the acute sector by summarising results from wound audits carried out at 13 acute hospitals in Canada in 2006 and 2007. Audits were carried out in each hospital by the same independent team of advanced practice nurses using standard data-collection forms. The results reported here were derived from the summary reports for each hospital. A total of 3099 patients were surveyed (median 259 patients per hospital). In the sample hospitals, the mean prevalence of patients with wounds was 41.2%. Most wounds were pressure ulcers (56.2%) or surgical wounds (31.1%). The mean prevalence of pressure ulcers was 22.9%. A majority of pressure ulcers (79.3%) were hospital-acquired, and 26.5% were severe (Stage III or IV). The rate of surgical wound infection was 6.3%. Forty-five percent of patients had dressings changed at least daily and the mean dressing time was 10.5 minutes. Wounds are a common and potentially expensive occurrence in acute hospitals. Any wound has the potential to develop complications which compromise patient safety and increase hospital costs. Ensuring consistent, best-practice wound management programmes should be a key priority for hospital managers.

Evaluation of the impact of restructuring wound management practices in a community care provider in Niagara, Canada.

The burden of chronic wounds is substantial, and this burden is set to increase as the population ages. The challenge for community health services is significant. Wound care is labour intensive, and demand for services is set to increase at a time when the availability of nursing resources is likely to be severely limited. In March 2005, the Niagara community health care provider implemented a radical reorganisation of wound management practices designed to ensure that available resources, particularly nurse time, were being used in the most efficient way. An evaluation of the impact of the reorganisation has shown improvements in clinical practice and better patient outcomes. The use of traditional wound care products reduced from 75% in 2005 to 20% in 2007 in line with best practice recommendations, and frequency of daily dressing changes reduced from 48% in 2005 to 15% in 2007. In a comparison of patients treated in 2005 and 2006, average time to healing was 51.5 weeks in 2005 compared with 20.9 weeks in 2006. Total treatment cost was lower in 2006 by $10,700 (75%) per patient. Overall, improvements in wound management practice led to a net saving of $3.8 million in the Niagara wound care budget.

Evolution or revolution? Adapting to complexity in wound management.

Wound clinics are seeing an increase in the number of 'complex' wounds, which arise as the result of the interaction between multiple coexisting systemic pathologies, environmental factors and local wound factors. These complex wounds require an approach to diagnosis and management that can encapsulate all these factors. Unified wound assessment approaches such as HEIDI (History, Examination, Investigations, Diagnosis and management plan), wound bed preparation and applied wound management systems are essential to reach a definitive diagnosis and to ensure that management is agreed between the various clinical specialities that may be involved. A series of case histories is presented that illustrate the benefits of a unified approach to wound management. Results of a study into the cost-effectiveness of an improved foam dressing are presented, and the problems of demonstrating the ability to make long-term savings through short-term expenditure are discussed.

Health policy and the delivery of evidence-based wound care using regional wound teams.

As clinicians practicing wound management in all three sectors of the healthcare system, the authors have articulated specific issues relating to wound management. There is a lack of awareness of the extent of the problem. Best practice guidelines have been developed, however, their adoption and transfer into practice have been inconsistent. Basic education in the field is minimal or absent across all disciplines. Institutions and agencies lack the infrastructure and financial resources to support optimal healthcare delivery in wound prevention and management. As a result, there are significant problems and inconsistencies in access to wound care across Ontario. This paper reviews the issues and background as related to pressure ulcer, diabetic foot ulcer and venous leg ulcer. Finally, the authors make specific health policy recommendations regarding the implementation of regional wound care teams.