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Meningiomas are the most common neoplasms of the central nervous system, accounting for approximately 40% of all brain tumors. Surgical resection represents the mainstay of management for symptomatic lesions. Preoperative planning is largely informed by neuroimaging, which allows for evaluation of anatomy, degree of parenchymal invasion, and extent of peritumoral edema. Recent advances in imaging technology have expanded the purview of neuroradiologists, who play an increasingly important role in meningioma diagnosis and management. Tumor vascularity can now be determined using arterial spin labeling and dynamic susceptibility contrast-enhanced sequences, allowing the neurosurgeon or neurointerventionalist to assess patient candidacy for preoperative embolization. Meningioma consistency can be inferred based on signal intensity; emerging machine learning technologies may soon allow radiologists to predict consistency long before the patient enters the operating room. Perfusion imaging coupled with magnetic resonance spectroscopy can be used to distinguish meningiomas from malignant meningioma mimics. In this comprehensive review, we describe key features of meningiomas that can be established through neuroimaging, including size, location, vascularity, consistency, and, in some cases, histologic grade. We also summarize the role of advanced imaging techniques, including magnetic resonance perfusion and spectroscopy, for the preoperative evaluation of meningiomas. In addition, we describe the potential impact of emerging technologies, such as artificial intelligence and machine learning, on meningioma diagnosis and management. A strong foundation of knowledge in the latest meningioma imaging techniques will allow the neuroradiologist to help optimize preoperative planning and improve patient outcomes.
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OBJECTIVE: ACTN2, encoding alpha-actinin-2, is essential for cardiac and skeletal muscle sarcomeric function. ACTN2 variants are a known cause of cardiomyopathy without skeletal muscle involvement. Recently, specific dominant monoallelic variants were reported as a rare cause of core myopathy of variable clinical onset, although the pathomechanism remains to be elucidated. The possibility of a recessively inherited ACTN2-myopathy has also been proposed in a single series. METHODS: We provide clinical, imaging, and histological characterization of a series of patients with a novel biallelic ACTN2 variant. RESULTS: We report seven patients from five families with a recurring biallelic variant in ACTN2: c.1516A>G (p.Arg506Gly), all manifesting with a consistent phenotype of asymmetric, progressive, proximal, and distal lower extremity predominant muscle weakness. None of the patients have cardiomyopathy or respiratory insufficiency. Notably, all patients report Palestinian ethnicity, suggesting a possible founder ACTN2 variant, which was confirmed through haplotype analysis in two families. Muscle biopsies reveal an underlying myopathic process with disruption of the intermyofibrillar architecture, Type I fiber predominance and atrophy. MRI of the lower extremities demonstrate a distinct pattern of asymmetric muscle involvement with selective involvement of the hamstrings and adductors in the thigh, and anterior tibial group and soleus in the lower leg. Using an in vitro splicing assay, we show that c.1516A>G ACTN2 does not impair normal splicing. INTERPRETATION: This series further establishes ACTN2 as a muscle disease gene, now also including variants with a recessive inheritance mode, and expands the clinical spectrum of actinopathies to adult-onset progressive muscle disease.
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Cardiomiopatias , Doenças Musculares , Adulto , Humanos , Doenças Musculares/genética , Doenças Musculares/patologia , Músculo Esquelético/diagnóstico por imagem , Músculo Esquelético/patologia , Actinina/genética , FenótipoRESUMO
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Neurological manifestations may occur in more than 80% of patients hospitalized with COVID-19 infection, including severe disruptions of the central nervous system (CNS), such as strokes, encephalitis, or seizures. Although the primary pathophysiological mechanism for the effects of COVID-19 in CNS remains unknown, evidence exists for both direct injury from neuroinvasion and indirect effects from disruptions in systemic inflammatory and coagulation pathways. In this study, we analyzed CNS tissue from living patients to better understand these processes. METHODS: With institutional review board approval and patient consent, samples that would be otherwise discarded from patients with active or recent (within 6 days of surgery) COVID-19 infection undergoing neurosurgical intervention were collected and tested for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 using immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, electron microscopy, and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Five patients with perioperative mild-to-moderate COVID-19 infection met inclusion criteria (2 male, 3 female; mean age 38.8 ± 13.5 years). Neurosurgical diagnoses included a glioblastoma, a ruptured arteriovenous malformation, a ruptured posterior inferior cerebellar artery aneurysm, a middle cerebral artery occlusion, and a hemorrhagic pontine cavernous malformation. Samples analyzed included the frontal lobe cortex, olfactory nerve, arteriovenous malformation/temporal lobe parenchyma, middle cerebral artery, cerebellum, and cavernous malformation/brainstem parenchyma. Testing for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 was negative in all samples. CONCLUSION: The CNS is likely not a significant viral reservoir during mild-to-moderate COVID-19 infection, although direct neuroinvasion is not definitively excluded. Additional testing to help elucidate the relative contributions of direct and indirect pathways for CNS injury from COVID is warranted.
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Malformações Arteriovenosas , COVID-19 , Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , SARS-CoV-2 , Sistema Nervoso Central , Tronco EncefálicoRESUMO
PURPOSE: Meningiomas are the most common primary brain tumors in adults with management varying widely based on World Health Organization (WHO) grade. However, there are limited datasets available for researchers to develop and validate radiomic models. The purpose of our manuscript is to report on the first dataset of meningiomas in The Cancer Imaging Archive (TCIA). ACQUISITION AND VALIDATION METHODS: The dataset consists of pre-operative MRIs from 96 patients with meningiomas who underwent resection from 2010-2019 and include axial T1post and T2-FLAIR sequences-55 grade 1 and 41 grade 2. Meningioma grade was confirmed based on the 2016 WHO Bluebook classification guideline by two neuropathologists and one neuropathology fellow. The hyperintense T1post tumor and hyperintense T2-FLAIR regions were manually contoured on both sequences and resampled to an isotropic resolution of 1 × 1 × 1 mm3 . The entire dataset was reviewed by a certified medical physicist. DATA FORMAT AND USAGE NOTES: The data was imported into TCIA for storage and can be accessed at https://doi.org/10.7937/0TKV-1A36. The total size of the dataset is 8.8GB, with 47 519 individual Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) files consisting of 384 image series, and 192 structures. POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS: Grade 1 and 2 meningiomas have different treatment paradigms and are often treated based on radiologic diagnosis alone. Therefore, predicting grade prior to treatment is essential in clinical decision-making. This dataset will allow researchers to create models to auto-differentiate grade 1 and 2 meningiomas as well as evaluate for other pathologic features including mitotic index, brain invasion, and atypical features. Limitations of this study are the small sample size and inclusion of only two MRI sequences. However, there are no meningioma datasets on TCIA and limited datasets elsewhere although meningiomas are the most common intracranial tumor in adults.
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Neoplasias Meníngeas , Meningioma , Adulto , Humanos , Meningioma/patologia , Neoplasias Meníngeas/patologia , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Radiômica , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: According to the 2017 World Health Organization classification of neuro-endocrine tumors, pituitary adenomas (PAs) are classified according to immunoexpression of the pituitary-specific transcription factors (TFs). A small subset of PAs exhibit multiple TF staining on immunohistochemistry and we present a series of 27 pathologically-confirmed cases of dual TF staining PAs (dsTF-PAs), and report clinically relevant implications. METHODS: A retrospective chart review of a multi-institutional database of patients with PAs surgically resected between 2008-2021 was performed. PAs expressing immunopositivity 2+ TFs. Patient demographics, neuro-imaging characteristics, histopathologic findings, and clinical data were collected. RESULTS: Twenty-seven patients had pathologically verified dsTF-PAs, of whom 17 were female (63%), with ages ranging from 20-84 years. Twenty-three (85.2%) patients harbored functional PAs, with acromegaly being the most common functional subtype (86.4%). The most common combination of TFs within a single tumor was PIT-1/SF-1 (85.2%). Six PAs exhibited Knosp cavernous sinus invasion grades of 3 or 4 and the Ki-67 labeling index was ≥3% in 6 patients (24.0%) and all stained for PIT-1/SF-1. Hormonal remission was achieved in 78% of functional dsTF-PAs. No PAs showed evidence of recurrence or progression over the mean follow-up period of 28.5 months. CONCLUSIONS: PAs exhibiting dsTF-PAs represent a small but clinically relevant diagnostic subset of PAs according to the 2021 World Health Organization criteria, as a majority are GH-producing. Precise classification using TF staining plays a key role in understanding the biology of these tumors. Favorable outcomes can be achieved in this subset of PAs with evolving TF classification.
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Adenoma , Neoplasias Hipofisárias , Humanos , Feminino , Masculino , Neoplasias Hipofisárias/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias Hipofisárias/cirurgia , Neoplasias Hipofisárias/patologia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de Transcrição , Adenoma/cirurgia , Adenoma/patologia , Procedimentos NeurocirúrgicosRESUMO
PURPOSE: Limited effective treatments are currently available for central nervous system (CNS) metastasis (CM). This is largely driven by the inability of current therapeutics to penetrate the blood brain barrier (BBB) and the lack of preclinical models for testing new therapies. Here we study the efficacy of AZD1390, a BBB penetrating ataxia-telangiectasia mutated inhibitor, as a radiosensitizer for breast cancer CM treatment. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Three patient-derived xenograft (PDX) tumors including 2 HER2+ and 1 triple-negative breast cancer harboring DNA damage response (DDR) gene mutations, were implanted subcutaneously in the flank of mice to assess tumor growth inhibition by AZD1390 combined with radiation. Animal survival was further assessed by implanting the best responding PDX model orthotopically in the brain. RESULTS: Pretreatment with AZD1390 followed by radiation therapy inhibited growth of PDX tumors implanted in the flank, and improved survival in orthotopic models with average survival of 222 days compared with 123 days in controls. Administration of AZD1390 posttreatment for 21 days had no further benefits. While the combination therapy resulted in sustained tumor inhibition, sporadic regrowth was observed in some mice 50 to 100 days posttreatment in all models. Gene expression comparing these tumors with complete responders demonstrated changes in upregulation of oncogenic proteins, which are potential drivers of tumor growth after treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate that AZD1390 effectively sensitizes breast cancer CM to radiation therapy in DDR mutant tumors. This study demonstrates the potential of using AZD1390 as a novel therapeutic agent for patients with breast cancer CM.
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Neoplasias do Sistema Nervoso Central , Segunda Neoplasia Primária , Radiossensibilizantes , Neoplasias de Mama Triplo Negativas , Humanos , Camundongos , Animais , Radiossensibilizantes/farmacologia , Radiossensibilizantes/uso terapêutico , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacologia , Neoplasias do Sistema Nervoso Central/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias de Mama Triplo Negativas/patologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Segunda Neoplasia Primária/tratamento farmacológico , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Ensaios Antitumorais Modelo de Xenoenxerto , Proteínas Mutadas de Ataxia Telangiectasia/genética , Proteínas Mutadas de Ataxia Telangiectasia/metabolismo , Melanoma Maligno CutâneoRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Many patients with growth hormone-secreting pituitary adenoma (GHPA) fail to achieve biochemical remission, warranting investigation into epigenetic and molecular signatures associated with tumorigenesis and hormonal secretion. Prior work exploring the DNA methylome showed Myc-Associated Protein X (MAX), a transcription factor involved in cell cycle regulation, was differentially methylated between GHPA and nonfunctional pituitary adenoma (NFPA). We aimed to validate the differential DNA methylation and related MAX protein expression profiles between NFPA and GHPA. METHODS: DNA methylation levels were measured in 52 surgically resected tumors (37 NFPA, 15 GHPA) at ~100,000 known MAX binding sites derived using ChIP-seq analysis from ENCODE. Findings were correlated with MAX protein expression using a constructed tissue microarray (TMA). Gene ontology analysis was performed to explore downstream genetic and signaling pathways regulated by MAX. RESULTS: GHPA had more hypomethylation events across all known MAX binding sites. Of binding sites defined using ChIP-seq analysis, 1,551 sites had significantly different methylation patterns between the two cohorts; 432 occurred near promoter regions potentially regulated by MAX, including promoters of TNF and MMP9. Gene ontology analysis suggested enrichment in genes involved in oxygen response, immune system regulation, and cell proliferation. Thirteen MAX binding sites were within coding regions of genes. GHPA demonstrated significantly increased expression of MAX protein compared to NFPA. CONCLUSION: GHPA have significantly different DNA methylation and downstream protein expression levels of MAX compared to NFPA. These differences may influence mechanisms involved with cellular proliferation, tumor invasion and hormonal secretion.
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Adenoma , Adenoma Hipofisário Secretor de Hormônio do Crescimento , Hormônio do Crescimento Humano , Neoplasias Hipofisárias , Humanos , Adenoma/patologia , Hormônio do Crescimento , Adenoma Hipofisário Secretor de Hormônio do Crescimento/genética , Adenoma Hipofisário Secretor de Hormônio do Crescimento/complicações , Neoplasias Hipofisárias/patologiaRESUMO
Glioblastoma is a heterogeneous tumor for which effective treatment options are limited and often insufficient. Few studies have examined the intratumoral transcriptional and proteomic heterogeneity of the glioblastoma microenvironment to characterize the spatial distribution of potential molecular and cellular therapeutic immunooncology targets. We applied an integrated multimodal approach comprised of NanoString GeoMx Digital Spatial Profiling, single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq), and expert neuropathologic assessment to characterize archival formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded glioblastoma specimens. Clustering analysis and spatial cluster maps highlighted the intratumoral heterogeneity of each specimen. Mixed cell deconvolution analysis revealed that neoplastic and vascular cells were the prominent cell types throughout each specimen, with macrophages, oligodendrocyte precursors, neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes present in lower abundance and illustrated the regional distribution of the respective cellular enrichment scores. The spatial resolution of the actionable immunotherapeutic landscape showed that robust B7H3 gene and protein expression was broadly distributed throughout each specimen and identified STING and VISTA as potential targets. Lastly, we uncovered remarkable variability in VEGFA expression and discovered unanticipated associations between VEGFA, endothelial cell markers, hypoxia, and the expression of immunoregulatory genes, indicative of regionally distinct immunosuppressive microdomains. This work provides an early demonstration of the ability of an integrated panel-based spatial biology approach to characterize and quantify the intrinsic molecular heterogeneity of the glioblastoma microenvironment.
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Glioblastoma , Humanos , Glioblastoma/patologia , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Proteômica , Inclusão em Parafina , Formaldeído , Microambiente Tumoral/genéticaRESUMO
Background and Objectives: Missense variants of the valosin-containing protein (VCP) gene cause a progressive, autosomal dominant disease termed VCP multisystem proteinopathy (MSP1). The disease is a constellation of clinical features including inclusion body myopathy (IBM), Paget disease of bone (PDB), frontotemporal dementia (FTD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), typically reported at a frequency of 90%, 42%, 30%, and 9%, respectively. The Hispanic population is currently underrepresented in previous reports of VCP myopathy. We expand our genotype-phenotype studies in 5 Hispanic families with the c.476G>A, p.R159H VCP variant. Methods: We report detailed clinical findings of 11 patients in 5 Hispanic families with the c.476G > A, p.R159H VCP variant. In addition, we report frequencies of the main manifestations in 28 additional affected members of the extended family members. We also compared our findings with an existing larger cohort of patients with VCP MSP1. Results: FTD was the most prevalent feature reported, particularly frequent in females. PDB was only seen in 1 patient in contrast to the earlier reported cohorts. The overall frequency of the different manifestations: myopathy, PDB, FTD, and ALS in these 5 families was 39%, 3%, 72%, and 8%, respectively. The atypical phenotype and later onset of manifestations in these families resulted in a noticeable delay in the diagnosis of VCP disease. Discussion: Studying each VCP variant in the context of ethnic backgrounds is pivotal in increasing awareness of the variability of VCP-related diseases across different ethnicities, enabling early diagnosis, and understanding the mechanism for these genotype-phenotype variations.
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BACKGROUND: Intranasal delivery of NEO100, a pharmaceutical-grade version of the natural monoterpene perillyl alcohol (POH), is undergoing clinical phase IIa testing as a treatment for glioblastoma (GBM). However, so far there is no evidence that intranasal delivery of NEO100 indeed results in POH reaching intracranial malignancies in a patient. OBSERVATIONS: After surgical removal of her recurrent GBM tumor, a patient received daily intranasal NEO100 therapy for more than 3 years before a second recurrence emerged. At that time, a final dose of NEO100 was given shortly before the tumor tissue was surgically removed, and the tissue was processed for high-performance liquid chromatography analysis of POH and its primary metabolite, perillic acid (PA). Both molecules could readily be detected in the tumor tissue. LESSONS: This is the first demonstration of POH and PA in brain tumor tissue from any patient. It reveals that intranasal administration of NEO100 is a valid approach to achieve delivery of this agent to a brain tumor. In view of the noninvasive and safe nature of this method, along with tentative indications of activity, our findings add confidence to the notion that intranasal administration of NEO100 holds potential as a new treatment option for brain-localized malignancies.
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The Grade of meningioma has significant implications for selecting treatment regimens ranging from observation to surgical resection with adjuvant radiation. For most patients, meningiomas are diagnosed radiologically, and Grade is not determined unless a surgical procedure is performed. The goal of this study is to train a novel auto-classification network to determine Grade I and II meningiomas using T1-contrast enhancing (T1-CE) and T2-Fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) magnetic resonance (MR) images. Ninety-six consecutive treatment naïve patients with pre-operative T1-CE and T2-FLAIR MR images and subsequent pathologically diagnosed intracranial meningiomas were evaluated. Delineation of meningiomas was completed on both MR images. A novel asymmetric 3D convolutional neural network (CNN) architecture was constructed with two encoding paths based on T1-CE and T2-FLAIR. Each path used the same 3 × 3 × 3 kernel with different filters to weigh the spatial features of each sequence separately. Final model performance was assessed by tenfold cross-validation. Of the 96 patients, 55 (57%) were pathologically classified as Grade I and 41 (43%) as Grade II meningiomas. Optimization of our model led to a filter weighting of 18:2 between the T1-CE and T2-FLAIR MR image paths. 86 (90%) patients were classified correctly, and 10 (10%) were misclassified based on their pre-operative MRs with a model sensitivity of 0.85 and specificity of 0.93. Among the misclassified, 4 were Grade I, and 6 were Grade II. The model is robust to tumor locations and sizes. A novel asymmetric CNN with two differently weighted encoding paths was developed for successful automated meningioma grade classification. Our model outperforms CNN using a single path for single or multimodal MR-based classification.
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Neoplasias Meníngeas , Meningioma , Criança , Humanos , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Neoplasias Meníngeas/patologia , Meningioma/patologia , Redes Neurais de Computação , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
Abnormally phosphorylated tau, an indicator of Alzheimer's disease, accumulates in the first decades of life in the locus coeruleus (LC), the brain's main noradrenaline supply. However, technical challenges in in-vivo assessments have impeded research into the role of the LC in Alzheimer's disease. We studied participants with or known to be at-risk for mutations in genes causing autosomal-dominant Alzheimer's disease (ADAD) with early onset, providing a unique window into the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's largely disentangled from age-related factors. Using high-resolution MRI and tau PET, we found lower rostral LC integrity in symptomatic participants. LC integrity was associated with individual differences in tau burden and memory decline. Post-mortem analyses in a separate set of carriers of the same mutation confirmed substantial neuronal loss in the LC. Our findings link LC degeneration to tau burden and memory in Alzheimer's, and highlight a role of the noradrenergic system in this neurodegenerative disease.
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Doença de Alzheimer , Doenças Neurodegenerativas , Doença de Alzheimer/diagnóstico por imagem , Doença de Alzheimer/genética , Doença de Alzheimer/patologia , Humanos , Locus Cerúleo/patologia , Transtornos da Memória/genética , Transtornos da Memória/patologia , Doenças Neurodegenerativas/patologia , Proteínas tau/metabolismoRESUMO
Reducing body myopathy (RBM) is a rare muscle disorder, with marked presence of characteristic intracytoplasmic aggregates in affected muscle fibers. RBM is associated with FHL1 gene mutations. Clinical presentations of RBM have ranged from early fatal to adult onset progressive muscle weakness. We present herein the clinical, electrodiagnostic, and muscle biopsy findings of a 17-year-old female with progressive muscle weakness and contracture. Muscle biopsy showed atrophic fibers that contained menadione nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) positive reducing bodies. Genetic testing revealed a variant of uncertain significance in the FHL1 gene at a position known to be pathogenic when substituted by other amino acids (p.His123Arg). This variant was later reclassified as pathogenic.
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Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intracelular/genética , Proteínas com Domínio LIM/genética , Proteínas Musculares/genética , Doenças Musculares/genética , Doenças Musculares/patologia , Adolescente , Feminino , Humanos , Corpos de Inclusão/genética , Corpos de Inclusão/patologia , MutaçãoRESUMO
Extremely drug-resistant (XDR) Acinetobacter baumannii is a notorious and frequently encountered pathogen demanding novel therapeutic interventions. An initial monoclonal antibody (MAb), C8, raised against A. baumannii capsule, proved a highly effective treatment against a minority of clinical isolates. To overcome this limitation, we broadened coverage by developing a second antibody for use in a combination regimen. We sought to develop an additional anti-A. baumannii MAb through hybridoma technology by immunizing mice with sublethal inocula of virulent, XDR clinical isolates not bound by MAb C8. We identified a new antibacterial MAb, 65, which bound to strains in a pattern distinct from and complementary to that of MAb C8. MAb 65 enhanced macrophage opsonophagocytosis of targeted strains and markedly improved survival in lethal bacteremic sepsis and aspiration pneumonia murine models of A. baumannii infection. MAb 65 was also synergistic with colistin, substantially enhancing protection compared to monotherapy. Treatment with MAb 65 significantly reduced blood bacterial density, ameliorated cytokine production (interleukin-1ß [IL-1ß], IL-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor), and sepsis biomarkers. We describe a novel MAb targeting A. baumannii that broadens immunotherapeutic strain coverage, is highly potent and effective, and synergistically improves outcomes in combination with antibiotics.
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Infecções por Acinetobacter/imunologia , Acinetobacter baumannii/imunologia , Anticorpos Monoclonais/imunologia , Infecções por Acinetobacter/sangue , Infecções por Acinetobacter/microbiologia , Animais , Antibacterianos/imunologia , Anticorpos Antibacterianos/imunologia , Biomarcadores/sangue , Colistina/imunologia , Citocinas/sangue , Citocinas/imunologia , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla/imunologia , Camundongos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana/métodos , Sepse/sangue , Sepse/imunologia , Sepse/microbiologiaRESUMO
Medulloblastoma (MB) is a malignant pediatric brain tumor arising in the cerebellum. Although abnormal GABAergic receptor activation has been described in MB, studies have not yet elucidated the contribution of receptor-independent GABA metabolism to MB pathogenesis. We find primary MB tumors globally display decreased expression of GABA transaminase (ABAT), the protein responsible for GABA metabolism, compared with normal cerebellum. However, less aggressive WNT and SHH subtypes express higher ABAT levels compared with metastatic G3 and G4 tumors. We show that elevated ABAT expression results in increased GABA catabolism, decreased tumor cell proliferation, and induction of metabolic and histone characteristics mirroring GABAergic neurons. Our studies suggest ABAT expression fluctuates depending on metabolite changes in the tumor microenvironment, with nutrient-poor conditions upregulating ABAT expression. We find metastatic MB cells require ABAT to maintain viability in the metabolite-scarce cerebrospinal fluid by using GABA as an energy source substitute, thereby facilitating leptomeningeal metastasis formation.
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4-Aminobutirato Transaminase/metabolismo , Neoplasias Cerebelares/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Neoplasias Cerebelares/enzimologia , Meduloblastoma/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Meduloblastoma/enzimologia , Meninges/patologia , Microambiente Tumoral , Acetilação , Animais , Diferenciação Celular , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proliferação de Células , Sobrevivência Celular , Feminino , Histona Desacetilases/metabolismo , Histonas/metabolismo , Lisina/metabolismo , Neoplasias Meníngeas/secundário , Camundongos Nus , Mitocôndrias/metabolismo , Neurônios/metabolismo , Fosforilação Oxidativa , Fenótipo , Ratos , Ácido gama-Aminobutírico/metabolismoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Recent large-scale genomic studies have revealed a spectrum of genetic variants associated with specific subtypes of central nervous system (CNS) tumors. The aim of this study was to determine the clinical utility of comprehensive genomic profiling of pediatric, adolescent and young adult (AYA) CNS tumors in a prospective setting, including detection of DNA sequence variants, gene fusions, copy number alterations (CNAs), and loss of heterozygosity. METHODS: OncoKids, a comprehensive DNA- and RNA-based next-generation sequencing (NGS) panel, in conjunction with chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) was employed to detect diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic markers. NGS was performed on 222 specimens from 212 patients. Clinical CMA data were analyzed in parallel for 66% (146/222) of cases. RESULTS: NGS demonstrated clinically significant alterations in 66% (147/222) of cases. Diagnostic markers were identified in 62% (138/222) of cases. Prognostic information and targetable genomic alterations were identified in 22% (49/222) and 18% (41/222) of cases, respectively. Diagnostic or prognostic CNAs were revealed by CMA in 69% (101/146) of cases. Importantly, clinically significant CNAs were detected in 57% (34/60) of cases with noncontributory NGS results. Germline cancer predisposition testing was indicated for 27% (57/212) of patients. Follow-up germline testing was performed for 20 patients which confirmed a germline pathogenic/likely pathogenic variant in 9 cases: TP53 (2), NF1 (2), SMARCB1 (1), NF2 (1), MSH6 (1), PMS2 (1), and a patient with 47,XXY Klinefelter syndrome. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate the significant clinical utility of integrating genomic profiling into routine clinical testing for pediatric and AYA patients with CNS tumors.
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OBJECTIVE: Silent corticotroph adenomas (SCAs) are a distinct subtype of nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas (NFAs) that demonstrate positive immunohistochemistry for adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) without causing Cushing's disease. SCAs are hypothesized to exhibit more aggressive behavior than standard NFAs. The authors analyzed their institution's surgical experience with SCAs in an effort to characterize rates of invasion, postoperative clinical outcomes, and patterns of disease recurrence and progression. The secondary objectives were to define the best treatment strategies in the event of tumor recurrence and progression. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of patients treated at the authors' institution identified 100 patients with SCAs and 841 patients with NFAs of other subtypes who were treated surgically from 2000 to 2019. Patient demographics, tumor characteristics, surgical and neuroimaging data, rates of endocrinopathy, and neurological outcomes were recorded. Cohorts of patients with SCAs and patients with standard NFAs were compared with regard to these characteristics and outcomes. RESULTS: The SCA cohort presented with cranial neuropathy (13% vs 5.7%, p = 0.0051) and headache (53% vs 42.3%, p = 0.042) compared to the NFA cohort, despite similar rates of apoplexy. The SCA cohort included a higher proportion of women (SCA 60% vs NFA 45.8%, p = 0.0071) and younger age at presentation (SCA 50.5 ± 13.3 vs NFA 54.6 ± 14.9 years of age, p = 0.0082). Reoperations were comparable between the cohorts (SCA 16% vs NFA 15.7%, p = 0.98). Preoperative pituitary function was comparable between the cohorts with the exception of higher rates of preoperative panhypopituitarism in NFA patients (2% vs 6.1%, respectively; p = 0.0033). The mean tumor diameter in SCA patients was 24 ± 10.8 mm compared to 26 ± 11.3 mm in NFA patients (p = 0.05). Rates of cavernous sinus invasion were higher in the SCA group (56% vs 49.7%), although this result did not reach statistical significance. There were no significant differences in extent of resection, intraoperative CSF leak rates, endocrine or neurological outcomes, or postoperative complications. Ki-67 rates were significantly increased in the SCA cohort (2.88 ± 2.79) compared to the NFA cohort (1.94 ± 1.99) (p = 0.015). Although no differences in overall rates of progression or recurrence were noted, SCAs had a significantly lower progression-free survival (24.5 vs 51.1 months, p = 0.0011). Among the SCA cohort, progression was noted despite the use of adjuvant radiosurgery in 33% (n = 4/12) of treated tumors. Adequate tumor control was not achieved in half (n = 6) of the SCA progression cohort despite radiosurgery or multiple resections. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, to the authors' knowledge the largest surgical series to assess outcomes in SCAs to date, the findings suggest that SCAs are more biologically aggressive tumors than standard NFAs. The progression-free survival duration of patients with SCAs is only about half that of patients with other NFAs. Therefore, close neuroimaging and clinical follow-up are warranted in patients with SCAs, and residual disease should be considered for early postoperative adjuvant radiosurgery, particularly in younger patients.
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BACKGROUND: Neuroendocrine prostatic carcinoma (NEPC) is uncommon. The pathogenesis, clinical association, and clinical implications of this disease are still evolving. METHODS: Clinicopathologic, immunohistochemical and genomic studies were used to investigate the incidence of NEPC in various clinicopathologic settings and the expression of various biomarkers in NEPC and non-NEPC as well as small cell NEPC. The study included 45 treatment-naïve Gleason pattern (GP) 3 and 94 GP 4/5, 43 post-radiation, 60 post-androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), 38 lymph node metastatic and 9 small cell prostatic adenocarcinomas (PCs). RESULTS: NEPC was found in 7% GP3, 10% GP4/5, 9% post-radiation, 18% post-ADT, and 5% lymph node metastatic PCs, respectively. Compared with treatment-naïve PCs, post-ADT PCs showed significantly increased incidence of NEPC (p < .05) while no significant difference was noted between low- and high-grade PCs, post-radiation, and lymph node metastatic PCs. Serotonin was uniformly positive in NE cells of benign glands but negative in NEPC. Significant increase of Bcl-2 and Auro A and decrease of prostein were noted in NEPC (p < .05). No significant changes in the expression of other biomarkers were found. In addition, small cell NEPC was strongly associated with ADT (44%) and high Gleason score (≥8, 100%) and often presented with alterations of TP53/RB1 and ARID1A/B or other genes crucial to genomic fidelity. CONCLUSION: Given that no specific treatment for NEPC is presently available, the findings in this study have significant implications in the better understanding of this often-deadly disease both clinically and pathogenetically as well as future patient management, including targeted therapy.
Assuntos
Adenocarcinoma/metabolismo , Biomarcadores Tumorais/metabolismo , Carcinoma Neuroendócrino/metabolismo , Próstata/metabolismo , Neoplasias da Próstata/metabolismo , Adenocarcinoma/genética , Adenocarcinoma/patologia , Idoso , Biomarcadores Tumorais/genética , Carcinoma Neuroendócrino/genética , Carcinoma Neuroendócrino/patologia , Cromograninas/metabolismo , Progressão da Doença , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Masculino , Gradação de Tumores , Próstata/patologia , Neoplasias da Próstata/genética , Neoplasias da Próstata/patologia , Sinaptofisina/metabolismoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Better treatments for glioblastoma (GBM) patients, in particular in the recurrent setting, are urgently needed. Clinical trials performed in Brazil indicated that intranasal delivery of perillyl alcohol (POH) might be effective in this patient group. NEO100, a highly purified version of POH, was current good manufacturing practice (cGMP) manufactured to evaluate the safety and efficacy of this novel approach in a Phase I/IIa clinical trial in the United States. METHODS: A total of 12 patients with recurrent GBM were enrolled into Phase I of this trial. NEO100 was administered by intranasal delivery using a nebulizer and nasal mask. Dosing was 4 times a day, every day. Four cohorts of 3 patients received the following dosages: 96 mg/dose (384 mg/day), 144 mg/dose (576 mg/day), 192 mg/dose (768 mg/day), and 288 mg/dose (1152 mg/day). Completion of 28 days of treatment was recorded as 1 cycle. Adverse events were documented, and radiographic response via Response Assessment in Neuro-Oncology (RANO) criteria was evaluated every 2 months. Progression-free and overall survival were determined after 6 and 12 months, respectively (progression-free survival-6 [PFS-6], overall survival-12 [OS-12]). RESULTS: Intranasal NEO100 was well tolerated at all dose levels and no severe adverse events were reported. PFS-6 was 33%, OS-12 was 55%, and median OS was 15 months. Four patients (33%), all of them with isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1)-mutant tumors, survived >24 months. CONCLUSION: Intranasal glioma therapy with NEO100 was well tolerated. It correlated with improved survival when compared to historical controls, pointing to the possibility that this novel intranasal approach could become useful for the treatment of recurrent GBM.