Renoprotective and Cardioprotective Potential of Moricandia sinaica (Boiss.) against Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Toxicity in Rats.

The goal of the current study was to assess the nephroprotective and cardioprotective potential of Moricandia sinaica methanol extract (MOR-1), as well as its butanol (MOR-2) and aqueous (MOR-3) fractions against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced nephro and cardio-toxicity. Cardiac function was assessed using the biochemical parameters lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatinine kinase (CK). Renal function was examined using the biochemical parameters creatinine and uric acid. The levels of nonprotein sulfhydryls (NPSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were used as markers of oxidative strain. A dose of 100 and 200 mg/kg of butanol fraction given prior to CCl4 treatment significantly (p < 0.05 - 0.001) protected against elevated LDH and CK levels. Similarly, treatment with silymarin (10 mg/kg) and butanol fraction (100 and 200 mg/kg) significantly (p < 0.05 - 0.001) boosted total protein levels compared to CCl4 treatment alone. The silymarin (10 mg/kg) and butanol fraction (100 and 200 mg/kg) also provided a significant (p < 0.05 - 0.001) protective effect for MDA levels. Methanol extract (MOR-1) and butanol (MOR-2) showed significant results and were recommended for further pharmacological and screening for active constituents.

Nephroprotective effect of persimmon leaves (Diospyros kaki L.f.) against CCl4-induced renal toxicity in Swiss Albino rats.

Diospyros kaki L.f. fruit and leaves are traditionally used for the treatment of hypertension, angina, internal hemorrhage, antithrombotic and anti-inflammatory effects.In the current study, the protective effects of ethyl acetate (Per-1), n-butanol (Per-2), and aqueous (Per-3) fractions of Diospyros kaki leaves against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced nephrotoxicity in Swiss albino rats were tested. Animal were divided into nine groups; each group consists of six animals. The groups were : group I was untreated and kept as control, group II was treated with CCl4 only, group III (silymarin with CCl4); group IV (Per-1 100 mg/kg with CCl4);group V (Per-1 200 mg/kg with CCl4); group VI (Per-2 100 mg/kg with CCl4); group VII (Per-2 200 mg/kg with CCl4); group VIII (Per-3 100 mg/kg with CCl4); and group IX (Per-3 200 mg/kg with CCl4). Silymarin was used as standard drug. All tested fractions were found active (except Per-1 at low dose of 100 mg/kg) with significant value (p < 0.001) compared to CCl4 only group. Serum creatinine, malondialdehyde (MDA), and uric acid were significantly (p < 0.001) lowered in group VII-IX as compared to CCl4 only group. Similarly, total protein (TP) and non-protein sulfhydryls(NP-SH) level in kidney tissues were significantly (p < 0.001) elevated in the same groups compared to CCl4 only group. Further to check the cardio-protective potential, biochemical parameters such as LDH, creatine kinase, TP, MDA, and NP-SH levels in myocardial tissues were also estimated.These findings confirmed that the n-butanol and aqueous fractions are active and recommended for further bioactive phytoconstituents screening. Repeated column chromatography on silica gel G and sephadex-LH-20 of the active n-butanol fraction, four flavonoids were isolated. Based on the spectroscopic NMR data, compounds were identified as kaempferol (1), quercetin (2), astragalin (3), and rutin (4).

Hepatoprotective Effect of Eriobotrya japonica Leaf Extract and Its Various Fractions against Carbon Tetra Chloride Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats.

Eriobotrya japonica is traditionally used as an antipyretic, digestive, and diuretic agent. Its flowers possess free radical-scavenging, antioxidative, and hepatoprotective effects. We investigated the hepatoprotective potential of E. japonica leaf extract and its various fractions against hepatotoxicity in rats. Liver injury was stimulated by the oral administration of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4; 2.5 mL/kg b.wt.). Male albino rats (n = 55) were distributed arbitrarily into 11 groups: Group I, normal control group; Group II, CCl4 (positive control group); Group III, CCl4 + silymarin; Groups IV and V, CCl4 + two doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg of the 80% methanolic extract of E. japonica leaves, respectively; Groups VI and VII, CCl4 + 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg of the ethyl acetate fraction, respectively; Groups VIII and IX, CCl4 + 250 and 500 mg/kg of the butanol fraction, respectively; and Groups X and XI, CCl4 + 250 and 500 mg/kg of the aqueous fraction of E. Japonica leaves, respectively. CCl4-treated rats that were given 250 or 500 mg/kg of the methanol extract of E. Japonica leaves, or its ethyl acetate, butanol, or aqueous fractions, had significantly lower levels of biochemical parameters such as alanine aminotransferase, aspartate transaminase, alkaline phosphate, total protein, gamma-glutamyl transferase, and bilirubin levels than those of the CCl4 positive group. However, the extract and fractions did not significantly affect lipid profiles. Thus, we conclude that Eriobotrya leaf extract and its fractions have a hepatoprotective effect against CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in rats.

Isolation and identification of a new flavonoid glycoside from Carrichtera annua L. seeds.

BACKGROUND: Flavonoids are a major group of constituents and are assumed to be among the beneficial components. Recently, they have also received considerable interest as components of foodstuffs and nutraceuticals because of their antioxidant and anticancer properties. MATERIALS AND METHODS: About 500 g of air-dried powdered seeds of C. annua were defatted seeds and extracted with 70% methanol. The combined methanol extract was partitioned with chloroform and n-butanol. The butanol extract was concentrated and subjected to column chromatography on polyamide. RESULTS: The fraction eluted with aqueous methanol (40% and 50%) was found to contain three main flavonoids (1, 2, and 3). Repeated column chromatography on polyamide and Sephadex LH-20 gave compound 1. Compounds 2 and 3 were further purified using preparative paper chromatography with 20% HOAc and Sephadex LH-20 column. CONCLUSIONS: Reinvestigation of the flavonoidal constituents of the butanol fraction of the aqueous methanolic extract of Carrichteraannua seeds led to isolation and identification of a new flavonoidal glycosidenamed as quercetin 3-O-[(6-sinapoyl-ß-glucopyranosyl)-(1→2)-ß-arabinopyranosyl]-7-O-ß-glucopyranoside 1, in addition to, quarecetin-3-O-glucoside 2, isorhamnetin-3-O-ß-runtinoside3, and isorhamnetin4.Structures of the isolated compounds were established by UV, MS, and (1)H and (13)C NMR.

Structural characterization of flavonol di-O-glycosides from Farsetia aegyptia by electrospray ionization and collision-induced dissociation mass spectrometry.

This study reports the application of mass spectrometric methods to characterize unknown flavonoids of the herb Farsetia aegyptia Turra (Crucifereae). High-performance liquid chromatography was performed in combination with UV-photodiode array detection (LC/UV-DAD) and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS) in both positive and negative ion modes. Collision-induced dissociation (CID) mass spectral data were obtained off-line by nanospray (nano-ESI) analysis, which provided a wealth of information and led to the structural proposal of the flavonol di-O-glycosides present in the herb extract. In addition to the mass spectral data, we also report NMR data for the major compound which allowed the completion of its structural elucidation. The Farsetia aegyptia Turra herb extract was found to contain three flavonol di-O-glycosides containing a monosaccharidic residue linked to the 3-O position and a disaccharidic residue linked to the 7-O position; the major compound was characterized as the new flavonoid, isorhamnetin 3-O-alpha-L-arabinoside 7-O-[beta-D-glucosyl-1 --> 2]-alpha(L)rhamnoside. Different types of CID spectra, i.e., low-energy [M+H]+, [M+Na]+ and [M--H]- spectra as well as high-energy [M+Na]+ spectra, were evaluated with respect to their utility to locate the O-linked saccharidic residues in flavonol di-O-glycosides and to determine the sequence in the disaccharidic part. In agreement with previously published data, the 3-O-glycosyl residue was more readily lost from the protonated molecule than the 7-O-glycosyl residue. The opposite behavior was noted for the fragmentation of the deprotonated and sodiated molecules. Radical ions were observed in the high-energy [M+Na]+ CID spectra which provided supporting information on the glycosylation positions.