Effectiveness of Gatekeeper Training for Families of People With Mental Disorders in Korea: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

OBJECTIVE: Given the high suicide risk among people with schizophrenia and other mental disorders and the significance of intervention in the daily life setting, tailored gatekeeper training is necessary for families of people with mental disorders. This study evaluated the effectiveness of a suicide prevention education program for families of people with mental disorders (SPEM-F), developed by the Korea Foundation for Suicide Prevention. METHODS: Fifty-nine family members of people with mental disorders were recruited from eight community psychiatric rehabilitation centers in Korea and enrolled in a cluster randomized controlled trial. Four facilities were randomized to the experimental group (n=30) and four to the control group (n=29). The study parameters were measured at baseline, post-intervention, and 1-month follow-up; the effects of SPEM-F (90 minutes, conducted offline) were analyzed using repeated-measures analysis of variance. The dependent variables were suicide-related knowledge, attitude, self-efficacy, preventive behavioral intention, and family problem-solving communication. RESULTS: The experimental group showed significant increases in suicide-related knowledge (p<0.001), self-efficacy (p<0.05), and preventive behavioral intention (p<0.01) compared with the control group until the 1-month follow-up, including an upward trend in improved family problem-solving communication (p=0.069). CONCLUSION: The results confirm that SPEM-F is an effective evidence-based gatekeeper training program for families of people with mental disorders, as it focuses on knowledge, self-efficacy, preventive behavioral intention, and communication improvement. As families of people with mental disorders including schizophrenia, are both highly motivated and close to people at high risk for suicide, SPEM-F can effectively promote suicide prevention and gatekeeper activities.

Psychiatric and Psychosocial Factors of Suicide Decedents and Survivor of Suicide Loss: Psychological Autopsy Study of Incheon City in South Korea.

In South Korea, the suicide rate is more than double the OECD average, and precise identification of the cause is required for suicide prevention. Psychological autopsy is used to reveal factors related to suicidal behavior; however, such studies are lacking in Korea. This study investigated the factors related to suicide using psychological autopsies in Incheon, a major city in Korea. In total, 46 cases were investigated using the Korea-Psychological Autopsy Checklist (K-PAC), and data on mental health conditions and psychosocial factors of suicide decedents and their families were analyzed. It was estimated that 87% of individuals of suicides had a mental health condition before death, but only 15.2% continued treatment or counseling. Most individuals who died of suicide showed warning signs before death, but only 19.6% of survivors of suicide loss noticed them. Mental health concerns before and after the death of the individual were also identified in more than half of their families. To prevent suicide, intensive and continuous treatment for psychiatric conditions and prompt recognition of active response to suicide warning signs are required. Care for the mental health of family members is also important.

Acupuncture Regulates Symptoms of Parkinson's Disease via Brain Neural Activity and Functional Connectivity in Mice.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a multilayered progressive brain disease characterized by motor dysfunction and a variety of other symptoms. Although acupuncture has been used to ameliorate various symptoms of neurodegenerative disorders, including PD, the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Here, we investigated the mechanism of acupuncture by revealing the effects of acupuncture treatment on brain neural responses and its functional connectivity in an animal model of PD. We observed that destruction of neuronal network between many brain regions in PD mice were reversed by acupuncture. Using machine learning analysis, we found that the key region associated with the improvement of abnormal behaviors might be related to the neural activity of M1, suggesting that the changes of c-Fos in M1 could predict the improvement of motor function induced by acupuncture treatment. In addition, acupuncture treatment was shown to significantly normalize the brain neural activity not only in M1 but also in other brain regions related to motor behavior (striatum, substantia nigra pars compacta, and globus pallidus) and non-motor symptoms (hippocampus, lateral hypothalamus, and solitary tract) of PD. Taken together, our results demonstrate that acupuncture treatment might improve the PD symptoms by normalizing the brain functional connectivity in PD mice model and provide new insights that enhance our current understanding of acupuncture mechanisms for non-motor symptoms.

Sub-10 nm Precision Engineering of Solid-State Defects via Nanoscale Aperture Array Mask.

Engineering a strongly interacting uniform qubit cluster would be a major step toward realizing a scalable quantum system for quantum sensing and a node-based qubit register. For a solid-state system that uses a defect as a qubit, various methods to precisely position defects have been developed, yet the large-scale fabrication of qubits within the strong coupling regime at room temperature continues to be a challenge. In this work, we generate nitrogen vacancy (NV) color centers in diamond with sub-10 nm scale precision using a combination of nanoscale aperture arrays (NAAs) with a high aspect ratio of 10 and a secondary E-beam hole pattern used as an ion-blocking mask. We perform optical and spin measurements on a cluster of NV spins and statistically investigate the effect of the NAAs during an ion-implantation process. We discuss how this technique is effective for constructing a scalable system.

Acupuncture alleviates chronic pain and comorbid conditions in a mouse model of neuropathic pain: the involvement of DNA methylation in the prefrontal cortex.

ABSTRACT: Chronic pain reduces life quality and is an important clinical problem associated with emotional and cognitive dysfunction. Epigenetic regulation of DNA methylation is involved in the induction of abnormal behaviors and pathological gene expression. We examined whether acupuncture can restore epigenetic changes caused by chronic pain, and identified the underlying mechanisms in neuropathic pain mice. Acupuncture treatment for 6 months (3 days/week) improved mechanical/cold allodynia and the emotional/cognitive dysfunction caused by left partial sciatic nerve ligation (PSNL)-induced neuropathic pain. The effects of acupuncture were associated with global DNA methylation recovery in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Analysis of DNA methylation patterns in PFC indicated that 1364 overlapping genes among 4442 and 4416 methylated genes in the PSNL vs sham and PSNL vs acupuncture points groups, respectively, were highly associated with the DNA methylation process. Acupuncture restored the reduced expression of 5-methylcytosine, methyl-cytosine-phospho-guanine binding protein 2, and DNA methyltransferase family enzymes induced by PSNL in PFC. Methylation levels of Nr4a1 and Chkb associated with mitochondrial dysfunction were decreased in PFC of the PSNL mice, and increased by acupuncture. By contrast, high expression of Nr4a1 and Chkb mRNA in PSNL mice decreased after acupuncture. We also found that acupuncture inhibited the expression of Ras pathway-related genes such as Rasgrp1 and Rassf1. Finally, the expression of Nr4a1, Rasgrp1, Rassf1, and Chkb mRNA increased in the neuronal cells treated with Mecp2 small interfering RNA. These results suggest that acupuncture can relieve chronic pain-induced comorbid conditions by altering DNA methylation of Nr4a1, Rasgrp1, Rassf1, and Chkb in the PFC.

Anisotropic characteristics and improved magnetic performance of Ca-La-Co-substituted strontium hexaferrite nanomagnets.

Recent studies on next-generation permanent magnets have focused on filling in the gap between rare-earth magnets and rare-earth-free magnets, taking into account both the cost-effectiveness and magnetic performance of the magnetic materials. As an improved rare-earth-free magnet candidate, here, Ca-substituted M-type Sr-lean hexaferrite particles within a nano- to micro-scale regime, produced using an ultrasonic spray pyrolysis method, are investigated. Theoretically, the maximum coercivity (Hc) can be achieved in submicron Sr-ferrite crystals (i.e., 0.89 µm). The plate-like resultants showed a significant enhancement in Hc, up to a record high of 7880.4 Oe, with no deterioration in magnetization (M: 71-72 emu/g). This resulted in more favorable magnetic properties than those of the traditional Sr-La-Co ferrites. On the basis of microstructural analysis and fitting results based on the law of approach to saturation method, the Ca-substitution effects on the change in size and anisotropic characteristics of the ferrite particles, including pronounced lateral crystal growth and a strong increase in magnetocrystalline anisotropy, are clearly demonstrated. The cost-effective, submicron, and Ca-substituted Sr-ferrite is an excellent potential magnet and moreover may overcome the limitations of traditional hard magnetic materials.

Muscovite nanoparticles mitigate neuropathic pain by modulating the inflammatory response and neuroglial activation in the spinal cord.

Despite numerous efforts to overcome neuropathic pain, various pharmacological drugs often fail to meet the needs and have many side effects. Muscovite is an aluminosilicate mineral that has been reported to have an anti-inflammatory effect, but the efficacy of muscovite for neuropathic pain has not been investigated. Here, we assessed whether muscovite nanoparticles can reduce the symptoms of pain by controlling the inflammatory process observed in neuropathic pain. The analgesic effects of muscovite nanoparticles were explored using partial sciatic nerve ligation model of neuropathic pain, in which one-third to one-half of the nerve trifurcation of the sciatic nerve was tightly tied to the dorsal side. Muscovite nanoparticles (4 mg/100 µL) was given intramuscularly to evaluate its effects on neuropathic pain (3 days per week for 4 weeks). The results showed that the muscovite nanoparticle injections significantly alleviated partial sciatic nerve ligation-induced mechanical and cold allodynia. In the spinal cord, the muscovite nanoparticle injections exhibited inhibitory effects on astrocyte and microglia activation and reduced the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1ß, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleiukin-6 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, which were upregulated in the partial sciatic nerve ligation model. Moreover, the muscovite nanoparticle injections resulted in a decrease in activating transcription factor 3, a neuronal injury marker, in the sciatic nerve. These results suggest that the analgesic effects of muscovite nanoparticle on partial sciatic nerve ligation-induced neuropathic pain may result from inhibiting activation of astrocytes and microglia as well as pro-inflammatory cytokines. We propose that muscovite nanoparticle is a potential anti-nociceptive candidate for neuropathic pain. All experimental protocols in this study were approved by the Institutional Animal Ethics Committee (IACUC) at Dongguk University, South Korea (approval No. 2017-022-1) on September 28, 2017.

Pathogens of peritoneal dialysis peritonitis: Trends from a single-center experience over 15 years.

BACKGROUND: Concerns are increasing about the emergence of pathogens with antibiotic resistance in peritoneal dialysis (PD) peritonitis. We investigated the current pathogen trends and risk factors in PD peritonitis. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study analyzing data from 643 patients who maintained PD over 3 months between January 2001 and December 2015. The isolated pathogens from PD peritonitis were compared between period A (2001-2008) and period B (2009-2015). RESULTS: Among 643 PD patients, 252 patients experienced one or more episodes of PD peritonitis (total 308 episodes) during the median follow-up of 66 months. In both periods, gram-positive bacteria were the dominant pathogens (22.2% vs. 53.8%, P < 0.01). Gram-negative bacteria showed an increasing tendency in period B, but without statistical significance (17.0% vs. 23.7%, P = 0.15). The culture-negative rate was improved from 57% in period A to 18% in period B (P < 0.01). There was no increase in the prevalence of resistant pathogens such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis (MRSE), Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli between periods A and B. Preserved residual renal function was associated with a lower risk of PD peritonitis (odds ratio, 0.53; 95% confidence interval, 0.31-0.88; P = 0.01). CONCLUSION: Over the past two decades, the pathogens of PD peritonitis have not significantly changed in Korea. Gram-positive organisms remained dominant, with S. epidermidis being the most common pathogen. Resistant bacteria such as MRSE, MRSA, ESBL-producing Gram-negative bacilli did not increase, but should be monitored.

Analysis of involuntary admissions in Korea through the admission management information system.

The Mental Health Promotion and Welfare Act, revised in 2016, tightened the involuntary admission regulations and processes, such as reporting involuntary admission within 3 days of admission, secondary diagnosis within 2 weeks, and admission suitability evaluation within 1 month, to improve the human rights of the mentally handicapped. The Admission Management Information System (AMIS) was also developed in 2017 to support these procedures and manage patients who were involuntarily admitted to the hospital. We analyzed 34,685 cases of involuntary admission registered in the AMIS between July 2017 and June 2018. The general characteristics, diagnosis, admission hospital, admission type, age, and admission duration were examined, and diagnoses and the length of stay per hospital were analyzed. Among the research subjects, 62.8% were male and 37.2% were female. A total of 70.8% had medical insurance and 28.5% had medical aid. A total of 67.8% of patients received secondary diagnosis by a psychiatrist who worked for a public or designated institution, 24.6% received secondary diagnosis by a psychiatrist who worked for the same institution as the primary psychiatrist, and 8.4% received primary diagnosis by a psychiatrist who admitted the patient. For diagnosis, F2 code was the most common at 38.1%, followed by F1 code at 29.1% and F3 code at 17.9%. For cases with only a primary diagnosis, F1 code diagnosis was the most common at 37.6%. For types of hospitalization, and admission by legal guardians was the most common at 93.2%, while administrative admission was at 6.7% and admission by legal guardians to a long-term care facility was at 0.1%. The average length of hospitalization duration was 74.4 days. A stay between 31 and 90 days was the most common (39.3%), and hospital stay of <14 days was at 16.6%. The number of involuntary admissions for every 100,000 people was 67 cases on average, and this number was the highest in the South Gyeongsang Province, at 105.8 cases. Length of stay by diagnosis was the longest for F7 code (118 days), followed by F1code (91 days). Patients older than 60 years constituted 31.7% of the total sample, and those younger than 20 years showed the highest proportion in patients with diagnoses from F4 to F9 code. Analyzing the involuntary admissions registered on the AMIS for 1 year revealed various information, such as the type of admission, sex, age, diagnosis, region, and admitted hospital. These results could be used to improve involuntary admission policies and mental health systems.

A Comprehensive Phenotype of Non-motor Impairments and Distribution of Alpha-Synuclein Deposition in Parkinsonism-Induced Mice by a Combination Injection of MPTP and Probenecid.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by non-motor symptoms as well as motor deficits. The non-motor symptoms rarely appear individually and occur simultaneously with motor deficits or independently. However, a comprehensive research on the non-motor symptoms using an experimental model of PD remains poorly understood. The aim of the current study is to establish a chronic mouse model of PD mimicking the comprehensive non-motor symptoms of human PD by injection of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) and probenecid (MPTP/p). The non-motor and motor symptoms were evaluated by performing buried food, short-term olfactory memory, hot plate, open field, tail suspension, Y maze, novel object recognition, bead expulsion, one-h stool collection, rotarod, rearing, catalepsy, and akinesia tests after 10 injections of MPTP/p into mice. The expression levels of α-synuclein, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) or DJ-1 were analyzed by Western blotting or immunostaining. MPTP/p-treated mice achieved to reproduce the key features of non-motor symptoms including olfactory deficit, thermal hyperalgesia, anxiety, depression, cognitive decline, and gastrointestinal dysfunction in addition to motor deficits. The MPTP/p-treated mice also showed the high levels of α-synuclein and low levels of TH and DJ-1 in striatum, substantia nigra, olfactory bulb, hippocampus, amygdala, prefrontal cortex, locus coeruleus, or colon. In addition, the expression levels of phosphorylated-α-synuclein and GFAP were elevated in the striatum and substantia nigra in the MPTP/p-treated mice. Taken together, our study clarifies that the chronic MPTP/p-treated mice have a variety of non-motor dysfunctions as well as motor abnormalities by α-synuclein overexpression and dopaminergic depletion. Therefore, the study of comprehensive phenotypes of non-motor symptoms in one PD model would advance in-depth understandings of neuropathological alternations and contribute to future strategies for PD treatment.

Characterization of the complete chloroplast genome of Liriope platyphylla (Asparagaceae: Nolinoideae) isolated in Korea.

Liriope platyphylla is used as an important medicinal plant for fatigue, cough, and inflammation in South Korea. Here, we report the complete chloroplast genome of L. platyphylla. The total genome size of the chloroplast is 157,076 bp with a large single-copy region (LSC: 85,374 bp), a small single-copy region (SSC: 18,748 bp), and inverted repeat regions (IRa and IRb: 26,477 bp). The GC content of the L. platyphylla chloroplast was 37.6%. The cp genome encoded a set of 129 genes, including 83 protein-coding genes, 38 tRNA genes, and 8 rRNA genes. The phylogenetic tree analysis indicated that L. platyphylla is closely related to L. spicata.

Effects of Combined Treatment with Acupuncture and Chunggan Formula in a Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease.

Parkinson's disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disease. Patients with Parkinson's disease can be treated with a combination of acupuncture and herbal medicine, but studies on the synergistic effects of the combined treatment have not yet been conducted. Thus, we subjected an MPTP-induced Parkinson's disease mouse model to the combined treatment. We used acupoint GB34 for acupuncture and modified Chunggantang (KD5040) as the herbal medicine, as they have been reported to be effective in Parkinson's disease. We investigated the suboptimal dose of KD5040 and then used this dose in the combined treatment. The results showed that the combined treatment had a synergistic effect on improvements in abnormal motor function and neurodegeneration compared with the use of acupuncture or herbal medicine alone. The combined treatment also had a neuroprotective effect via the PI3K/AKT and MAPK/ERK signaling pathways. These findings suggest that the combined treatment with acupuncture and KD5040 can help improve the symptoms of Parkinson's disease.

Physiological impact of nanoporous acupuncture needles: Laser Doppler perfusion imaging in healthy volunteers.

BACKGROUND: Recently, porous acupuncture (PA), which is anodized to increase its surface area for higher stimulation intensity, was developed and showed significantly improved therapeutic effects with more comfort as compared with original acupuncture (OA) in vivo. However, the impact of PA on the change of local blood flow as well as its efficacy and acceptability has not yet been confirmed in a clinical trial. In a randomized, controlled crossover clinical trial, we investigated the effects of PA on the change in local blood flow using laser Doppler perfusion imaging and considered the sensation of pain intensity and discomfort severity using a visual analogue scale (VAS) to explore its physiological impact and the possibility of PA in clinical use. METHODS: Twenty-one healthy participants were randomly treated with PA or OA on one side of Zusanli (ST36) and each participant served as his or her own control. Baseline local blood flow and galvanic skin response (GSR) were obtained for 5 min and acupuncture interventions were subsequently performed. Next, local blood flow and GSR were subsequently obtained for 10 min after insertion, 10 min after manipulation, and 5 min after the withdrawal of acupuncture. At the end of the experiment, participants were asked to indicate the sensation of pain intensity at each session of insertion, retention, manipulation, and withdrawal as well as the overall pain intensity and discomfort severity. RESULTS: PA significantly increased the local blood flow as compared with OA and there was no significant difference in GSR between patients treated with PA versus OA in each phase of insertion and manipulation. No significant difference in pain intensity or discomfort severity was found during manipulation, retention, or withdrawal of acupuncture. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that PA increases local blood flow, which can be closely related to the observed enhanced performance, without any associated discomfort or pain, suggesting its applicability in clinical practice.

Pt/Graphene Catalyst and Tellurium Nanowire-Based Thermochemical Hydrogen (TCH) Sensor Operating at Room Temperature in Wet Air.

We present a thermochemical hydrogen (TCH) gas sensor fabricated with Pt-decorated exfoliated graphene sheets and a tellurium nanowire-based thermoelectric (TNTE) layer operating at room temperature in wet air. The sensor device was able to detect 50 ppm to 3% of hydrogen gas within several seconds (response/recovery times of 6/5.1 s at 4000 ppm of hydrogen gas) at room temperature due to the relatively high surface area of homogeneously dispersed Pt nanocrystals (∼8 nm) decorated on graphene sheets and the excellent Seebeck coefficient (428 µV/K) of the TNTE layer. Furthermore, it was observed that the effect of the relative humidity on sensing properties was greatly minimized by incorporating Pt-decorated graphene sheets. These results indicate that our device has great potential as a low power consumption gas sensor for IoTs.

Exchange-Coupling Interaction in Zero- and One-Dimensional Sm2Co17/FeCo Core-Shell Nanomagnets.

Rare-earth-based core-shell spring nanomagnets have been intensively studied in the permanent magnet industry. However, the inherent agglomeration characteristics of zero-dimensional (0-D) magnetic nanoparticles are an issue in practical fabrication of magnetic nanocomposites due to deterioration in exchange-coupling interactions, resulting in inferior magnetic performance. Here, with an aim to overcome the structural limitations, we report a new type of SmCo/FeCo core-shell nanomagnet with a well-dispersed one-dimensional (1-D) structure prepared by a combination of electrospinning and electroless plating processes. An FeCo layer with a tailored thickness on nanoscale SmCo was produced to achieve a sufficient exchange-coupling effect. The influence of electroless plating time on the microstructure of fibers was discussed, and comparisons were made as a function of the magnet shape. A 1-D SmCo/FeCo spring nanomagnet having a core diameter ranging from 150 to 200 nm and a shell thickness of 15-20 nm showed a potent exchange-coupling effect compared with its 0-D counterpart. This effectively reduced self-aggregation and further showed a remarkable enhancement in (BH)max (above 45.7%). We think that this novel structure marks a new era in the exchange-spring magnet industry and may overcome the limitations of traditional core-shell nanomagnets.

Diastolic dysfunction and acute kidney injury in elderly patients with femoral neck fracture.

BACKGROUND: Femoral neck fracture is common in the elderly population. Acute kidney injury (AKI) is an important risk factor for mortality in patients who have had such fracture. We evaluated the incidence of AKI in patients who had femoral neck fracture and identified risk factors for AKI and mortality. METHODS: This was an observational cohort study including 285 patients who were ≥ 65 years of age and who underwent femoral neck fracture surgery between 2013 and 2017. RESULTS: The mean age was 78.63 ± 6.75 years. A total of 67 (23.5%) patients developed AKI during the hospital stay: 57 (85.1%), 5 (7.5%), and 5 (7.5%) patients were classified as having stage 1, 2, and 3 AKI, respectively. Patients with AKI had a lower baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate and higher left atrial dimension, left ventricular mass index, pulmonary artery pressure, and the ratio of early mitral inflow velocity to early diastolic mitral annulus velocity (E/e') and were more likely to have diabetes or hypertension (HTN) (P < 0.05). The presence of HTN (odds ratio [OR], 4.570; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.632-12.797) higher E/e' (OR, 1.105; 95% CI, 1.019-1.198), and lower hemoglobin (OR, 0.704; 95% CI, 0.528-0.938) were independently associated with a higher risk for developing AKI. Severe AKI (OR, 24.743; 95% CI, 2.822-212.401) was associated with a higher risk of mortality. CONCLUSION: Elderly patients with femoral neck fracture had a high incidence of AKI. Diastolic dysfunction was associated with AKI. Severe AKI was associated with in-hospital mortality.

Near theoretical ultra-high magnetic performance of rare-earth nanomagnets via the synergetic combination of calcium-reduction and chemoselective dissolution.

Rare earth permanent magnets with superior magnetic performance have been generally synthesized through many chemical methods incorporating calcium thermal reduction. However, a large challenge still exists with regard to the removal of remaining reductants, byproducts, and trace impurities generated during the purifying process, which serve as inhibiting intermediates, inducing productivity and purity losses, and a reduction in magnetic properties. Nevertheless, the importance of a post-calciothermic reduction process has never been seriously investigated. Here, we introduce a novel approach for the synthesis of a highly pure samarium-cobalt (Sm-Co) rare earth nanomagnet with near theoretical ultra-high magnetic performance via consecutive calcium-assisted reduction and chemoselective dissolution. The chemoselective dissolution effect of various solution mixtures was evaluated by the purity, surface microstructure, and magnetic characteristics of the Sm-Co. As a result, NH4Cl/methanol solution mixture was only capable of selectively rinsing out impurities without damaging Sm-Co. Furthermore, treatment with NH4Cl led to substantially improved magnetic properties over 95.5% of the Ms for bulk Sm-Co. The mechanisms with regard to the enhanced phase-purity and magnetic performance were fully elucidated based on analytical results and statistical thermodynamics parameters. We further demonstrated the potential application of chemoselective dissolution to other intermetallic magnets.

Synthesis of Samarium-Cobalt Sub-micron Fibers and Their Excellent Hard Magnetic Properties.

High-throughput synthesis of Samarium-Cobalt sub-micron fibers with controlled composition and dimension was demonstrated by combining electrospinning and reduction-diffusion processes. The composition of fibers was readily varied (8 < Sm < 20 at.%) by adjusting precursor composition whereas the diameter of fibers was precisely controlled by varying electrospinning parameters (e.g., applied voltage, solution feed rate, temperature, and humidity) to reach single-domain size. X-ray diffraction patterns confirmed that single phase Sm2Co17 fibers were synthesized when the metal precursor ratio (Sm3+/(Sm3++Co2+)) was precisely controlled at 10.6%, whereas mixed phases (i.e., Co-Sm2Co17 or Sm2Co17-Sm2Co7) were observed when the ratio is deviated from the stoichiometric. Magnetic saturation (Ms ) of the synthesized fibers monotonically decreased with an increased in Sm content. In contrast, coercivity (Hci) monotonically increased with an increase in Sm content.

Use of a smartphone application to screen for depression and suicide in South Korea.

OBJECTIVE: This is a cross-sectional study using a free depression and suicide screening smartphone application, which contains the data from the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression (CES-D) and a Suicide Behaviors Questionnaire-Revised (SBQ-R). METHOD: The free application was downloaded worldwide from Apple's App Store and Android Market, and the participants who downloaded the application were actively measured. RESULTS: The subjects totaled 208,683 men and women. 72.6% of the subjects were females, and 81.4% of the subjects were aged between 10 and 29years. In total, 25.7% of the participants were recorded CES-D positive, and there were differences among the groups based on sex (χ2=1065.82, p<0.001), age (χ2=1420.75, p<0.001), and psychiatric history (χ2=1502.21, p<0.001). The highest score of CES-D, 40.69±15.79 and that of SBQ-R, 13.68±4.97 was reported by the participants with a history of schizophrenia. The characteristics associated with suicide were as follows: depression (OR 8.92, 95% CI: 8.71-9.13), female (OR 1.39, 95% CI: 1.36-1.43), 30-49 age group (OR 2.51, 95% CI: 2.29-2.72), 50 or older age group (OR 1.48, 95% CI: 1.35-1.61), and psychiatric history (OR 1.98, 95% CI: 1.89-2.06). CONCLUSION: The smartphone application may be a useful tool for screening depression and suicide.