Monitoring in animal breeding in response to nuclear or radiological emergencies: Chernobyl experience.

The main techniques of animal product sampling used in different time periods after the Chernobyl accident are summarised and lessons learned from this analysis are presented. It was shown that simple instruments for measurement γ-radiation in the environment can also be effectively implemented for measurement of γ-emitters in animal products even though these were not originally developed to measure radioactivity in food. The lessons learned related to the major tasks of the monitoring such "what to sample", "where to sample" and "when to sample". The role and example of application of supplementary data on radionuclide of concern properties for sampling planning are also discussed. Based on the statistical analysis of the data obtained in the affected settlement it was shown that radionuclide concentration in the animal products can be fitted by the log-normal distributions whilst the dispersion of the logarithms of the activity 137Cs concentrations in milk is not dependent on the local settlement specific factors. Based on these findings the novel approach for justification of the number of samples that should to be taken to obtain the GM estimate with predefined precision for given variability of the data is suggested.

[The Evaluation of Metagenome and Detection of Functionally Significant Polymorphisms of Prokaryotes of Soil by Method of Pyrosequencingl].

It was evaluated the metagenome and functionally significant phylogenetic and taxonomic polymorphisms of prokaryotes of typical chernozem in agrocenoses of winter wheat by the method of pyrosequencing. Have been received 1708 operational taxonomic units and identified 335 taxons of prokaryotes. It was established, that the structure of prokaryotes metagenome of typical chernozem includes the representatives of the 2 Archaea and 22 Bacteria phylums, and absolutely dominants among them were Proteobacteria - 79.6 % and Actinobacteria - 12.9 %. The polymorphism of representation of prokaryotic taxons was observed at the level of families, and the dominants were Alcaligenaceae, Pseudomonadaceae, Solirubrobacteraceae, Gaiellaceae, Nitrososphaeraceae. It is shown phylogenetic links between the main representatives of prokaryotes' metagenome of typical chernozem in agrocenoses of winter wheat. Thus, the use of pyrosequencing, in addition to estimation of structure and diversity, opens new perspectives for the study of functional component of prokaryotes' metagenome of soil.

[Effect of lumbar (perirenal) procaine blockade on microcirculation and exchange proteoglycans with experimental gonarthrosis].

Experimental studies on guinea pigs of both sexes (n = 30). Experimental animals are awicea into equal groups oJ 10 animals: 1--the control group (intact animals), 2--the comparison group (modelling of gonarthrosis by crossing his own patellar ligament has been made, exposure 6 months), 3--the main group (animals with gonarthrosis treatment was carried out by performing lumbar procaine blockade (LPB) with an interval of 3-5 days three times). We establish that after a course of LPB in gonarthrosis marked increase in the density of the injected channel in the articular and periarticular structures, which reflects a growth in the microcirculation, and more intense accumulation in the basic substance of epiphyseal cartilage PAS (+) indicates the material to increase the level of proteoglycan in articular cartilage.

[The pathogenesis of combined maxillocerebral trauma]. / O patogeneze sochetannoi cheliustno-mozgovoi travmy.

Study of the systemic and regional blood pressure in various parts of the maxillofacial area and of microcirculation in tissues and fundus oculi in patients with maxillofacial injuries showed that such traumas involve brain injuries in 100% of cases and are therefore combined. The authors emphasize that this patient population is to be treated for brain injuries.

[The effect of multimodal pathogenetic therapy on microcirculatory function in combined craniocerebral trauma]. / Vliianie kompleksnoi patogeneticheskoi terapii na sostoianie mikrotsirkuliatsii pri sochetannoi cheliustno-mozgovoi travme.

It is known that severe combined maxillocranial trauma causes impairment of microcirculatory vessels of bulbar conjunctiva as well as changes of local (cervical) and systemic blood flow, prevailing on the side of injury. New trigeminosympathetic regional block was used to produce chemical neurotomy of sympathetic and parasympathetic portions of autonomous nervous system in the neck. This blockade induced positive changes of minute CBF and microcirculation of CNS and facial area. Modified trigeminal sympathetic regional blockade along with intravenous infusion of dimephosphone improves both microcirculation and reparative-proliferative process in impacted area.

[Substantiation of the thoracic duct drainage in diseases of the liver and biliary tract]. / Obosnovanie drenirovaniia grudnogo protoka pri zabolevaniiakh pecheni i zhelchevyvodiashchikh putei.

Morphological study of the hepatic lymph vessels in 16 patients with diseases of the liver and biliary tract and the thoracic duct in individuals of different ages showed that the number and diameter of the lymphatic vessels and the diameter of the thoracic duct increase in the phase of inflammation, Proliferation of connective tissue in cirrhosis reduces the number of lymph vessels, induces valvular incompetence in the thoracic duct attended by ascites. Sixteen patients with diseases of the liver and biliary tract underwent operation for drainage of the thoracic duct. Biochemical parameters and the flow of lymph indicated that the diminished lymph issue is attended on the second day by decrease of the intoxication indices by one third, which is revealed by endotoxin--bile acids, bilirubin, the liver reduces in size and pruritus disappears. The results of the study substantiate the operation for drainage of the thoracic duct and show its importance as a method for the prevention of hepatic insufficiency and for detoxification.

[A pathogenetic classification of closed thoracic trauma]. / Patogeneticheskaia klassifikatsiia zakrytoi torakal'noi travmy.

Based on experimental and clinical data the authors propose a classification of closed thoracic traumas which allow to form relatively similar groups among patients with closed thoracic traumas having orientation of the leading pathogenetic factor. The proposed classification allows to form rational curative programs as early as at the prehospital and early hospital stages.

[Hemostasis in deep injuries of the liver]. / Gemostaz pri glubokikh raneniiakh pecheni.

Experimental and clinical substantiation of the use of an original alloyed staple with shape memory allowed it to be recommended for closure of deep wounds of the liver when all other known methods and constructions are ineffective. The staple causes a lesser zone of necrosis than that produced by catgut in closure of a similar wound, and it can be removed with no loss of blood. Consequently, its application is a method of today, causes little injury, and is promising.

[Changes in central lymph flow dynamics in the acute period of experimental severe closed chest injury]. / Izmeneniia tsentral'noi limfodinamiki v ostrom periode tiazheloi zakrytoi travmy grudi v éksperimente.

Experimental study of changes in central lymph flow dynamics in closed chest injury (CCI) showed that the lymphatic system responds mainly by increasing the rate of lymph escape. Progressive diminution of the lymph flow in encountered only in the cardial type of CCI. In the hemorrhagic form of CCI the lymph flow increased in the first minutes after the trauma in half of the cases and then reduced (below the initial values). Increase of the resorption-transport function of the lymphatic system in CCI is considered as a compensatory-adaptational mechanism directed at maintaining interstitial homeostasis. Reduction of the rate of lymph flow in the cardial and hemorrhagic forms of CCI is likely to suggest the development of insufficiency of lymph flow dynamics. A correlation analysis revealed a relationship of the rate of lymph flow to the central hemodynamic and external respiratory parameters.

[Clinico-anatomical basis of the mechanism of blunt trauma to the kidneys and the prevention of adrenal insufficiency during left-sided nephrectomy]. / Kliniko-anatomicheskoe obosnovanie mekhanizmy tupoi travmy pochek i profilaktika nadpochechnikovoi nedostatochnosti pri levostoronnei nefréktomii.

The work presents clinico-anatomical grounds of the mechanism of blunt trauma of the kidneys. The variant anatomy of the venous system of the left kidney, adrenals and gonadal veins was studied in 100 adults and children. Morphofunctional investigations were performed in 20 dogs in order to study adrenal functions in left-side nephrectomy. Recommendations for prevention of adrenal insufficiency in left-side nephrectomy are given concerning the level of ligation of the renal vein.

[Structure and histo-topography of meniscoid structures of the atlanto-occipital and atlanto-axial joints]. / Stroenie i gistotopografiia meninskoidnykh struktur atlantozatylochnogo i atlantoosevykh sustavov.

Anatomical preparation, Pirogov's saw-cuts and serial histotopographic sections, made across the atlantooccipital and atlantoaxial joints in the sagittal, frontal and horizontal planes in 35 corpses have been used in reconstructing and studying the meniscoid structures in the area of the joints mentioned. The meniscoids are composed of fine fibrillar connective tissue with a large amount of fat and vessels. The meniscoid has a triangle form, its base consisting of collagenous fibers, gradually transfers into the articular capsule, and its apex is directed into the articular cavity. The meniscoid, surrounding the tooth of the axial vertebra, at the sides passes into the medial parts of the atlantoocipital and lateral atlantoaxial joints, forming a single meniscoid complex of the joints studied. A tight connection is stated between the meniscoids and the perineural formations of the I and II cervical nerves and with the vertebral vessels.

[Functional significance of the left adrenal vein and the gonadal veins]. / Funktsional'noe znachenie levoi nadpochechnikovoi veny i ven polovykh zhelez.

Owing to the investigation of changeability variants of the left adrenal, anastomosis of the inferior diaphragmatic and ovarian (testicular) veins--tributaries of the human left renal vein, three variants in inflow of the left adrenal vein in comparison to the left ovarian (testicular) vein have been revealed. In the first variant, that occurs in 70% of cases, the left adrenal vein flows into the left renal vein by 15 cm more medially from the ostium of the ovarial (testicular) vein. The second variant occurs in 11%. The left adrenal and ovarian (testicular) ostia are situated at the same level. The distance from the hilus renalis to the place, where the ostia mentioned get into the renal vein, is about 39 mm. In the third variant (19%) the left adrenal vein gets into the left renal vein nearer to the hilus renalis than the ovarian (testicular) veins. An average distance from the hilus renalis to the ostium of the left adrenal vein is 33 mm. The second variant, when the left adrenal vein gets into the left renal vein, contributes to appearance of the primary varicocele at the left. When the operation for nephrectomy is made at the left, our data make it possible to recommend a purposeful ligation of the left renal vein more laterally to the ostium of the ovarian (testicular) vein. In 80% this ligation will not disturb the function of the left adrenal vein.