Neurocritical Care in Nigeria.

Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa with an estimated 206 million inhabitants served by less than 300 neurologists and 131 neurosurgeons. Neurological conditions account for approximately 18% of all medical emergencies. Neurocritical care challenges in Nigeria are as complex as they are in other low-to-middle-income countries (LMICs). These include high burden of neurological diseases, poor pre-hospital care, delays in transfer, lack of neurocritical care equipment, and inadequate rehabilitative capacity. Neurocritical care units in Nigeria offer mostly limited multimodal monitoring due to out-of-pocket payment, and the success of repeat radiological imaging and blood work is low. Data gathering and outcome research in neurocritical conditions can help in clinical decision-making and enhance cost-effective clinical care. The concept of allocation requires that when medical resources are scarce, they must be efficiently utilized in the most judicious way so as to achieve the greatest possible benefit. A high degree of transparency is needed with regard to the principles, values and criteria employed to facilitate such triage decisions. Proper funding will help improve availability of equipment and drugs resulting in a higher quality of care and, subsequently, improvement in mortality. There is ample evidence that neurocritical care improves overall prognosis in neurocritically-ill patients. Neurocritical care units (NCCUs) are mostly unavailable in Nigeria, often resulting in poorer prognosis for patients. What is already known: Nigeria has an unacceptably huge deficit in the overall capacity for neurocritical care. The inadequacies affect a wide range of components - facilities, quantity and quality of personnel, and the unbearably high cost, among others. What this study adds: This article attempts to condense the challenges in one piece while highlighting previously obscure ones, with the aim of providing possible solutions to the lingering challenges in neurocritical care in Nigeria and, invariably, other LMICs. How this study might affect practice, policies or research: We envisage this article will stimulate the initial steps in a multipronged and data-driven approach to bridging the gap by government and relevant healthcare administrators.

Le Nigeria est le pays le plus peuplé d'Afrique avec une population estimée à 206 millions d'habitants et à peine moins de 300 neurologues et 131 neurochirurgiens au service de cette population. Les urgences neurologiques représentent environ 18 % de toutes les urgences médicales. Les défis posés par les soins neurocritiques au Nigeria sont aussi complexes que dans d'autres pays à revenu faible ou intermédiaire (PRFI). Il s'agit notamment du lourd fardeau des maladies neurologiques, de la médiocrité des soins préhospitaliers, des retards de transfert, du manque d'équipements de soins neurocritiques et d'une capacité de réadaptation réduite. Les unités de soins neurocritiques au Nigeria disposent d'une surveillance multimodale limitée en raison du paiement direct, et le succès de la répétition de l'imagerie radiologique et des analyses sanguines est faible. La collecte de données et la recherche sur les résultats dans les conditions neurocritiques peuvent aider à la prise de décision clinique et améliorer la rentabilité des soins cliniques. Selon le concept d'allocation, lorsque les ressources médicales sont rares, elles doivent être utilisées efficacement et de la manière la plus judicieuse possible afin d'obtenir le plus grand bénéfice possible. Un degré élevé de transparence est nécessaire en ce qui concerne les principes, les valeurs et les critères utilisés pour faciliter ces décisions de triage. Un financement adéquat permettra d'améliorer la disponibilité des équipements et des médicaments, ce qui se traduira par une meilleure qualité des soins et, par la suite, par une réduction de la mortalité. Il existe de nombreuses preuves que les soins neurocritiques améliorent le pronostic général des patients en état neurocritique. Les unités de soins neurocritiques (NCCU) sont pour la plupart indisponibles au Nigeria, ce qui entraîne un pronostic plus défavorable. Ce que l'on sait déjà : Le Nigeria souffre d'un déficit inacceptable en matière de capacité globale de soins neurocritiques. Les insuffisances touchent un large éventail d'éléments - installations, quantité et qualité du personnel, et coût insupportablement élevé, entre autres. Ce que cette étude apporte : Cet article tente de condenser les défis en un seul élément tout en mettant en lumière ceux qui étaient auparavant obscurs, dans le but de fournir des solutions possibles aux défis persistants des soins neurocritiques au Nigeria et invariablement dans les pays à faible revenu intermédiaire. Comment cette étude pourrait-elle affecter la pratique, les politiques ou la recherche ? Nous pensons que cet article stimulera les premières étapes d'une approche multidimensionnelle et axée sur les données pour combler le fossé par le gouvernement et les administrateurs de soins de santé concernés. Mots-clés: Soins Neurocritiques, Nigeria, Maladies neurologiques.

Knowledge, Perceptions and Levels of Utilisation of E-Learning among Medical Students in Nigeria.

BACKGROUND: Globally, electronic learning (e-learning) is being embraced in all spheres, including the field of Medicine, where it has an engrained role in both medical education and practice. OBJECTIVES: The study aimed to assess the knowledge, perception and factors influencing the utilisation of e-learning amongst medical students in Nigeria. METHODS: It was a descriptive, cross-sectional survey. The study involved public and private medical schools across the six geopolitical zones of Nigeria. Five hundred and thirty (530) medical students responded to the online questionnaire (Google forms). Data were analyzed using SPSS version 23.0. RESULTS: The mean age of the participants was 21.5 ± 3.1 years, with 60.8% being females. About three-fifths (59.5%) of the respondents were in public universities, while the remaining were in private universities. Nearly all the respondents (98.1%) were aware of e-learning. The majority believed that e-learning would be useful for lectures and seminars, but not for laboratory demonstrations, clinical demonstrations, and bedside teaching. Class of study (p = 0.002), school ownership (p = 0.034), institutions having e-learning platform (p <0.001); having received e-learning training (p <0.001)) and institution encouraging e-learning for students (p <0.001) were significant predictors of utilization of e-learning. High cost and poor internet connectivity were the most cited disadvantages of e-learning. CONCLUSION: This study showed that e-learning is well known among Nigerian medical students, although some had never utilized it. The high financial costs, poor internet connectivity, and irregular electricity were among the major constraints to the utilization of e-learning.

CONTEXTE: Dans le monde entier, l'apprentissage électronique (elearning) est adopté dans toutes les sphères, y compris dans le domaine de la médecine, où il joue un rôle important dans l'enseignement et la pratique de la médecine. OBJECTIFS: L'étude visait à évaluer la connaissance, la perception et les facteurs influençant l'utilisation de l'apprentissage électronique chez les étudiants en médecine au Nigeria. MÉTHODES: Il s'agissait d'une enquête descriptive et transversale. L'étude a impliqué des écoles de médecine publiques et privées dans les six zones géopolitiques du Nigeria. Cinq cent trente (530) étudiants en médecine ont répondu au questionnaire en ligne (Google forms). Les données ont été analysées à l'aide de SPSS version 23.0. RÉSULTATS: L'âge moyen des participants était de 21,5 ± 3,1 ans,60,8 % étant des femmes. Environ trois cinquièmes (59,5 %) des répondants étaient dans des universités publiques, tandis que les autres étaient dans des universités privées. Presque tous les répondants (98,1 %) connaissaient l'apprentissage en ligne. La majorité d'entre eux pensaient que l'apprentissage en ligne serait utile pour les cours magistraux et les séminaires, mais pas pour les démonstrations en laboratoire, les démonstrations cliniques et l'enseignement au chevet des patients. La classe d'étude (p = 0,002), la propriété de l'école (p= 0,034), les institutions disposant d'une plateforme d'apprentissage électronique (p <0,001), ayant reçu une formation à l'apprentissage électronique (p <0,001)) et les institutions encourageant l'apprentissage électronique pour les étudiants (p <0,001) étaient des prédicteurs significatifs de l'utilisation de l'apprentissage électronique. Le coût élevé et la faible connectivité à internet étaient les inconvénients les plus cités de l'apprentissage en ligne. CONCLUSION: Cette étude a montré que l'apprentissage en ligne est bien connu parmi étudiants en médecine nigérians, même si certains ne l'ont jamais utilisé. Les coûts financiers élevés, la mauvaise connectivité à internet et l'irrégularité de l'électricité sont parmi les principales contraintes à l'utilisation de l'apprentissage en ligne. Mots Clés: Apprentissage en ligne, Connaissances, Étudiants en médecine, Nigeria, Utilisation.

Challenges to Thrombolysis in A Resource-Poor Setting- A Case Report.

A major complication of acute ischemic stroke is death and disability. The emergence of reperfusion therapy in form of thrombolysis and endovascular thrombectomy has led to the reversal of this trend in high-income countries. Low- and middle-income countries are yet to benefit maximally from these time-bound treatment options due to some limitations. We intend to highlight some of these in this report. We report an 80-year-old male patient with hypertension and firstdegree AV block admitted 3 hours after the onset of stroke with National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score of 13 and Medical Research Council (MRC) muscle power grade 3 in both the left upper and lower limb. Urgent non-contrast brain CT revealed no evidence of hemorrhage. Intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) was administered at a dose of 0.6 mg/kg 9 hours after symptom onset. He made significant improvement afterward and was discharged. The challenges encountered in his management include prehospital and intrahospital delay, and unavailability of tissue plasminogen activator. There is a need for an improved healthcare delivery system in order to reduce the morbidity associated with acute ischemic stroke.

Une complication majeure de l'accident vasculaire cérébral ischémique aigu est le décès et l'invalidité. L'émergence de la thérapie de reperfusion sous forme de thrombolyse et de thrombectomie endovasculaire a conduit à l'inversion de cette tendance dans les pays à revenu élevé. Les pays à revenu faible et moyen n'ont pas encore pleinement bénéficié de ces options de traitement limitées dans le temps en raison de certaines limitations. Nous avons l'intention de mettre en lumière certaines de ces limitations dans ce rapport. Nous rapportons le cas d'un homme de 80 ans, connu pour son hypertension et un bloc auriculo-ventriculaire de premier degré, admis 3 heures après le début de l'accident vasculaire cérébral avec un score de 13 à l'échelle d'AVC des National Institutes of Health (NIHSS) et une force musculaire du Medical Research Council (MRC) de grade 3 dans les membres supérieurs et inférieurs gauches. Une tomodensitométrie cérébrale urgente sans produit de contraste n'a révélé aucune preuve d'hémorragie. De l'activateur tissulaire du plasminogène (tPA) par voie intraveineuse a été administré à une dose de 0,6 mg/kg 9 heures après le début des symptômes. Il a ensuite connu une amélioration significative et a été autorisé à quitter l'établissement. Les défis rencontrés dans sa prise en charge comprenaient des retards préhospitaliers et intrahospitaliers, ainsi que l'indisponibilité de l'activateur tissulaire du plasminogène. Il est nécessaire d'améliorer le système de prestation de soins de santé afin de réduire la morbidité associée à l'accident vasculaire cérébral ischémique aigu. MOTS-CLÉS: Ischémique, AVC, Thrombolyse, Tissu, Plasminogène, Thrombectomie.

10-Year Risk of Developing Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Survey of Rural Communities in Southern Nigeria.

BACKGROUND: The exponential rise in the prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes (T2DM) necessitates the introduction of strategies for early diagnosis to reduce the burden of the disease. This study assessed the prevalence of prediabetes and also determined the 10-year risk of developing T2DM in Southern Nigerian rural communities by adopting the validated Finnish Diabetes Risk Score (FINDRISC) tool. METHODS: 273 participants from 3 Southern rural communities aged 18 years and older were recruited in this cross-sectional study. Data in the FINDRISC stratification tool and Random Blood Glucose (RBG) variables were obtained for the participants. IBM SPSS version 21 was used to analyze the data with a level of significance put at p < 0.05. RESULTS: The participants' mean age was 54.20±16.61 years. The prevalence of prediabetes among the study participants based on RBG was 4.8% (3.8% of males and 6.6% of females, respectively). Most of the study participants (41%) had a low risk of developing T2DM which meant that 1 in 100 participants would become diabetic in a 10-year period, based on the FINDRISC scale. Amongst the male participants, the Total Diabetes Risk Score (TDRS) showed significant positive correlation with the RBG (r=0.315, p=0.001); similarly, a weak positive correlation between TDRS and RBG was noted among female participants. CONCLUSION: The propensity of developing T2DM in 10 years was indisputably low amongst rural dwellers in the Southern Nigerian rural communities studied. Further studies to compare the risk of developing T2DM between rural and urban communities would be required.

CONTEXTE: L'augmentation exponentielle de la prévalence du diabète de type 2 (DT2) nécessite l'introduction de stratégies de diagnostic précoce pour réduire le fardeau de la maladie. Cette étude évalue la prévalence du prédiabète et détermine également le risque sur 10 ans de développer un DT2 dans les communautés rurales du sud du Nigeria en adoptant l'outil validé FINDRISC (Finnish Diabetes Risk Score). MÉTHODES: 273 participants de 3 communautés rurales du sud du pays âgés de 18 ans et plus ont été recrutés dans cette étude transversale. Les données de l'outil de stratification FINDRISC et les variables de la glycémie aléatoire (RBG) ont été obtenues pour les participants. IBM SPSS version 21 a été utilisé pour analyser les données avec un niveau de signification mis à p < 0,05. RÉSULTATS: L'âge moyen des participants était de 54,20±16,61 ans. La prévalence du prédiabète parmi les participants à l'étude, basée sur le RBG, était de 4,8% (3,8% des hommes et 6,6% des femmes respectivement). La plupart des participants à l'étude (41%) présentaient un faible risque de développer un DT2, ce qui signifie que 1 participant sur 100 deviendrait diabétique sur une période de 10 ans, selon l'échelle FINDRISC. Chez les hommes, le score total de risque de diabète (TDRS) a montré une corrélation positive significative avec le RBG (r=0,315, p=0,001) ; de même, une faible corrélation positive entre le TDRS et le RBG a été notée chez les femmes. CONCLUSION: La propension à développer un DT2 en 10 ans est indiscutablement faible chez les habitants des communautés rurales du sud du Nigeria étudiées. D'autres études visant à comparer le risque de développer un DT2 entre les communautés rurales et urbaines seraient nécessaires. Mots clés: FINDRISC, Nigeria, TDRS, Diabète de type 2, Prédiabète, Habitants ruraux.

Nigerian resident doctors' work schedule: A national study.

Background and Aim: The deleterious effects of Resident Doctors' (RDs') long duty hours are well documented. Driven by concerns over the physician's well-being and patient safety, the RDs' duty hours in many developed countries have been capped. However, in Nigeria and many African countries, there are no official regulations on work hours of RDs. This study evaluated the work schedule of Nigerian RDs and its impact on their wellbeing and patient safety. Subjects and Methods: A national survey of 1105 Nigerian RDs from all specialties in 59 training institutions was conducted. With an electronic questionnaire designed using Google Forms, data on the work activities of RDs were obtained and analyzed using the IBM SPSS software version 24. The associations were compared using Chi-squared test with the level of significance set at < 0.05. Results: The mean weekly duty hours (h) of the RDs was 106.5 ± 50.4. Surgical residents worked significantly longer hours than non-surgical residents (122.7 ± 34.2 h vs 100.0 ± 43.9 h; P < 0.001). The modal on-call frequency was two weekday on-calls per week (474, 42.9%) and two weekend on-calls per month (495, 44.8%), with the majority of RDs working continuously for up to 24 hours during weekday on-calls (854, 77.3%) and 48-72 hours during weekend on-calls (568, 51.4%), sleeping for an average of only four hours during these on-calls. The majority of RDs had post-call clinical responsibilities (975, 88.2%) and desired official regulation of duty hours (1,031, 93.3%). Conclusion: The duty hours of Nigerian RDs are currently long and unregulated. There is an urgent need to regulate them for patient and physician safety.

Tramadol-Induced Acute Seizures: A Report of Three Cases.

There is a rise in substance abuse in Nigeria and prescription drugs, particularly opioid analgesics, which are increasingly becoming a target of abuse. Abuse of the opiod tramadol has the potential to precipitate seizures. We present 3 cases of tramadol-induced seizures presenting at Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex, Ile-Ife. The three patients were men, aged 22-40 years and abused other drugs including alcohol, cannabis and Rohypnol. This report illustrates the fact that tramadol abuse may be associated with acute seizures and it is reasonable to consider drug/opiod-induced seizure in every case of unexplained first episode of seizure in a young adult.

L'abus de substances psychoactives est en hausse au Nigeria et les médicaments sur ordonnance, en particulier les analgésiques opioïdes, qui deviennent de plus en plus une cible d'abus. L'abus de l'opioïde tramadol a le potentiel de précipiter des crises d'épilepsie. Nous présentons 3 cas de crises d'épilepsie induites par le tramadol se présentant à Complexe hospitalier universitaire Obafemi Awolowo, Ile-Ife. Les trois patients étaient des hommes, âgés de 22 à 40 ans et abusaient d'autres drogues dont l'alcool, le cannabis et le Rohypnol. Ce rapport illustre le fait que l'abus de tramadol peut être associé à des crises aiguës. associé à des crises d'épilepsie aiguës et il est raisonnable d'envisager une crise induite par le médicament ou par une période dans tous les cas de premier épisode de crise inexpliqué chez un jeune adulte. Mots clés: Tramadol, Toxicomanie, Crise d'épilepsie, Opioïde.

Year Risk of Developing Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ­ A Survey of Rural Communities in Southern Nigeria

BACKGROUND: The exponential rise in the prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes (T2DM) necessitates the introduction of strategies for early diagnosis to reduce the burden of the disease. This study assessed the prevalence of prediabetes and also determined the 10-year risk of developing T2DM in Southern Nigerian rural communities by adopting the validated Finnish Diabetes Risk Score (FINDRISC) tool. METHODS: 273 participants from 3 Southern rural communities aged 18 years and older were recruited in this cross-sectional study.Data in the FINDRISC stratification tool and Random Blood Glucose (RBG) variables were obtained for the participants. IBM SPSS version 21 was used to analyze the data with a level of significance put at p< 0.05. RESULTS: The participants' mean age was 54.20±16.61 years. The prevalence of prediabetes among the study participants based on RBG was 4.8% (3.8% of males and 6.6% of females, respectively).Most of the study participants (41%) had a low risk of developing T2DM which meant that 1 in 100 participants would become diabetic in a 10-year period, based on the FINDRISC scale. Amongst the male participants, the Total Diabetes Risk Score (TDRS) showed significant positive correlation with the RBG (r=0.315, p=0.001); similarly, a weak positive correlation between TDRS and RBG was noted among female participants. CONCLUSION: The propensity of developing T2DM in 10 years was indisputably low amongst rural dwellers in the Southern Nigerian rural communities studied. Further studies to compare the risk of developing T2DM between rural and urban communities would be required

Cardiac autonomic neuropathy in adult epilepsy patients in a tertiary hospital in South-Western Nigeria.

BACKGROUND: Cardiac autonomic neuropathy (CAN) resulting from seizures has been implicated in sudden unexpected death in epilepsy in persons with epilepsy (PWE), however, there are no previous studies of CAN in PWE from Nigeria. OBJECTIVES: This study sought to determine the frequency and pattern of CAN in adult PWE in a tertiary hospital in South-western Nigeria and to determine the relationship between seizure variables and CAN. METHODS: A cross-sectional study of 80 adult PWE and 80 matched controls aged between 18 and 60 years was carried out between March 2012 and June 2013 at the Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital Complex, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. Demographic and clinical data were obtained from all the study participants. Anxiety was excluded using the Hamilton Anxiety Scale. Those with conditions that could affect autonomic function, such as chronic renal failure, heart failure, Parkinson's disease, diabetes mellitus, anxiety, and psychiatric disorders and pregnant women were excluded. Five bedside cardiovascular reflex tests were performed on each subject after baseline heart rate and blood pressure (BP) had been recorded. RESULTS: The mean age of onset of epilepsy was 19 ± 10 years, whereas the mean duration of epilepsy was 10 ± 8 years. The mean seizure frequency was 14 ± 30 per month (median three seizures per month). Of the 80 patients evaluated, 42 (52.5%) had CAN, whereas none of the controls had CAN. Majority (69%) of the PWE with CAN had purely parasympathetic dysfunction, whereas 3% had purely sympathetic dysfunction and 10% had combined autonomic dysfunction. The PWE in this study had significantly lower tilt ratios and diastolic BP change with Isometric Hand grip as well as significantly higher systolic BP change on standing than the controls. Patients who had more than four seizures per month had higher odds of CAN than those with less frequent seizures (odds ratio 0.275, P value 0.023). Also, patients who had received treatment for less than 10 years were found to have greater odds of CAN than those who had received treatment for a longer period (odds ratio 11.676, P value 0.046). CONCLUSION: CAN is common in adult PWE in South-Western Nigeria and the major predictors are short duration of treatment and frequent seizure episodes. Routine screening of these patients may help with early detection of autonomic dysfunction and provide an opportunity for intervention.

Spinal Cord Studies in the African Giant Rat (Cricetomys gambianus, Waterhouse).

The African giant rat, AGR, is known for advantageous behavioural patterns among which are cognition and dexterous locomotion. This study investigated the morphological, morphometric and possible functional aspects of the AGR spinal cord (SC) anatomy. Ten adult (5 males and 5 females) AGR were used to determine the gross and histological features of the SC which were typically of rodent features. The mean SC weight and length given as 2.50±0.24g and 15.87±0.24cm respectively for the male and 2.32±0.16g and 15.40±0.61cm for the female showed no sexual dimorphism. A positive linear relationship between the tail length and SC weight were found in both sexes (r =0.81 males; r =0.95 females) suggesting significant contribution of the filum terminale to SC weight. Forty-three internal structures including nuclear aggregations and tracts were traced. Eight nuclear aggregations of neurons involved in nociception and limb coordination were observed to be prominent and larger than in laboratory rats. Same was noted for the dorsal, ventral and lateral funicular tracts which control the limbic system. This study provides morphometric baseline research information and delineates the functional aspects of the AGR SC anatomy. The information provided further strengthens the drive proposing the AGR as an indigenous research model for regional anaesthesia and locomotor disease.

Physiochemical characteristics of flours of faba bean as influenced by processing methods.

Wet- and dry-processing with and without heating treatments were used to dehull faba beans for preparation of flours from the cotyledons. Flour qualities were assessed by levels of tannin and trypsin inhibitor and other measures of proximate composition. High roasting temperature and shorter process time that improved the recovered cotyledon yields were verified significant by path analysis methodologies. In turn, the higher cotyledon recoveries correlated with higher protein levels and inversely with the measured tannin levels. Ash reductions were correlated to the wet processing options in hull removal while reductions in the insoluble dietary fiber were notably influenced by level of heating temperatures applied. Trypsin inhibitor levels ranged from 42 to 56% of the original with reductions tied to applications of wet and/or heat processing in each case improved by increased durations and temperatures of treatments.