Maternal malnutrition during pregnancy among women with sickle cell disease.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to compare the nutritional status and dietary intake of pregnant women with sickle cell disease (SS hemoglobinopathy and SC hemoglobinopathy) to healthy controls and report the maternal and perinatal outcomes. METHODS: This is a prospective, longitudinal cohort study. Pregnant women with a diagnosis of sickle cell disease and control group were recruited in an outpatient clinic of a tertiary care hospital in São Paulo, Brazil. Maternal anthropometric data and dietary intake data were collected at the second and third trimesters. RESULTS: A total of 49 pregnancies complicated by sickle cell disease were included. Prepregnancy body mass index was significantly lower in the SS hemoglobinopathy group (n=26, median 20.3 kg/m2) than the SC hemoglobinopathy group (n=23, 22.7 kg/m2) or control group (n=33, 23.2 kg/m2, p<0.05). The prepregnancy nutritional status revealed significantly more women classified as underweight in the SS hemoglobinopathy group (15.4%) than in the SC hemoglobinopathy group (4.4%) and control group (1.6%, p=0.009). In the second trimester, maternal protein intake was significantly lower in SS hemoglobinopathy (73.2 g/day) and SC hemoglobinopathy (68.8 g/day) than in the control group (95.7 g/day, p=0.004). In the third trimester, only SS hemoglobinopathy mothers showed dietary intake of protein significantly lower than that of the controls (67.5 g/day vs. 92.8 g/day, p=0.02). Vitamin A and E consumption was also reduced in the third trimester in the SS hemoglobinopathy group (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The nutritional status of pregnant women with SS hemoglobinopathy is characterized by a state of undernutrition. The lower protein intake in the second and third trimesters of pregnant women with SS hemoglobinopathy may contribute to this condition. Undernourishment is a serious complication of sickle cell disease, primarily during pregnancy, and it should be addressed during the prenatal period.

Venous thromboembolism risk score during hospitalization in pregnancy: results of 10694 prospective evaluations in a clinical trial.

OBJECTIVES: Hospitalization during pregnancy and childbirth increases the risk of Venous Thromboembolism Risk (VTE). This study applied a VTE risk score to all hospitalized pregnant women to ascertain its effectiveness in preventing maternal death from VTE until 3 months after discharge. METHODS: In this interventional study, patients were classified as low- or high-risk according to the VTE risk score (Clinics Hospital risk score). High-risk patients (score ≥ 3) were scheduled for pharmacological Thromboprophylaxis (TPX). Interaction analysis of the main risk factors was performed using Odds Ratio (OR) and Poisson regression with robust variance. RESULTS: The data of 10694 cases (7212 patients) were analyzed; 1626 (15.2%, 1000 patients) and 9068 (84.8%, 6212 patients) cases were classified as high-risk (score ≥ 3) and low-risk (score < 3), respectively. The main risk factors (Odds Ratio, 95% Confidence Interval) for VTE were age ≥ 35 and < 40 years (1.6, 1.4-1.8), parity ≥ 3 (3.5, 3.0-4.0), age ≥ 40 years (4.8, 4.1-5.6), multiple pregnancies (2.1, 1.7-2.5), BMI ≥ 40 kg/m2 (5.1, 4.3-6.0), severe infection (4.1, 3.3-5.1), and cancer (12.3, 8.8-17.2). There were 10 cases of VTE: 7/1636 (0.4%) and 3/9068 (0.03%) in the high- and low-risk groups, respectively. No patient died of VTE. The intervention reduced the VTE risk by 87%; the number needed to treat was 3. CONCLUSIONS: This VTE risk score was effective in preventing maternal deaths from VTE, with a low indication for TPX. Maternal age, multiparity, obesity, severe infections, multiple pregnancies, and cancer were the main risk factors for VTE.

Venous thromboembolism risk score during hospitalization in pregnancy: results of 10694 prospective evaluations in a clinical trial

Abstract Objectives Hospitalization during pregnancy and childbirth increases the risk of Venous Thromboembolism Risk (VTE). This study applied a VTE risk score to all hospitalized pregnant women to ascertain its effectiveness in preventing maternal death from VTE until 3 months after discharge. Methods In this interventional study, patients were classified as low- or high-risk according to the VTE risk score (Clinics Hospital risk score). High-risk patients (score ≥ 3) were scheduled for pharmacological Thromboprophylaxis (TPX). Interaction analysis of the main risk factors was performed using Odds Ratio (OR) and Poisson regression with robust variance. Results The data of 10694 cases (7212 patients) were analyzed; 1626 (15.2%, 1000 patients) and 9068 (84.8%, 6212 patients) cases were classified as high-risk (score ≥ 3) and low-risk (score < 3), respectively. The main risk factors (Odds Ratio, 95% Confidence Interval) for VTE were age ≥ 35 and < 40 years (1.6, 1.4-1.8), parity ≥ 3 (3.5, 3.0-4.0), age ≥ 40 years (4.8, 4.1-5.6), multiple pregnancies (2.1, 1.7-2.5), BMI ≥ 40 kg/m2 (5.1, 4.3-6.0), severe infection (4.1, 3.3-5.1), and cancer (12.3, 8.8-17.2). There were 10 cases of VTE: 7/1636 (0.4%) and 3/9068 (0.03%) in the high- and low-risk groups, respectively. No patient died of VTE. The intervention reduced the VTE risk by 87%; the number needed to treat was 3. Conclusions This VTE risk score was effective in preventing maternal deaths from VTE, with a low indication for TPX. Maternal age, multiparity, obesity, severe infections, multiple pregnancies, and cancer were the main risk factors for VTE.

Maternal malnutrition during pregnancy among women with sickle cell disease

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to compare the nutritional status and dietary intake of pregnant women with sickle cell disease (SS hemoglobinopathy and SC hemoglobinopathy) to healthy controls and report the maternal and perinatal outcomes. METHODS: This is a prospective, longitudinal cohort study. Pregnant women with a diagnosis of sickle cell disease and control group were recruited in an outpatient clinic of a tertiary care hospital in São Paulo, Brazil. Maternal anthropometric data and dietary intake data were collected at the second and third trimesters. RESULTS: A total of 49 pregnancies complicated by sickle cell disease were included. Prepregnancy body mass index was significantly lower in the SS hemoglobinopathy group (n=26, median 20.3 kg/m2) than the SC hemoglobinopathy group (n=23, 22.7 kg/m2) or control group (n=33, 23.2 kg/m2, p<0.05). The prepregnancy nutritional status revealed significantly more women classified as underweight in the SS hemoglobinopathy group (15.4%) than in the SC hemoglobinopathy group (4.4%) and control group (1.6%, p=0.009). In the second trimester, maternal protein intake was significantly lower in SS hemoglobinopathy (73.2 g/day) and SC hemoglobinopathy (68.8 g/day) than in the control group (95.7 g/day, p=0.004). In the third trimester, only SS hemoglobinopathy mothers showed dietary intake of protein significantly lower than that of the controls (67.5 g/day vs. 92.8 g/day, p=0.02). Vitamin A and E consumption was also reduced in the third trimester in the SS hemoglobinopathy group (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The nutritional status of pregnant women with SS hemoglobinopathy is characterized by a state of undernutrition. The lower protein intake in the second and third trimesters of pregnant women with SS hemoglobinopathy may contribute to this condition. Undernourishment is a serious complication of sickle cell disease, primarily during pregnancy, and it should be addressed during the prenatal period.

Risk assessment of venous thromboembolism and thromboprophylaxis in pregnant women hospitalized with cancer: Preliminary results from a risk score.

OBJECTIVES: Hospitalized patients with cancer are at high risk of developing venous thromboembolism, and the risk increases with pregnancy. The aim of this study was to apply a thromboprophylaxis protocol with a venous thromboembolism risk score for hospitalized pregnant women with cancer and to evaluate the effects on maternal morbidity and mortality. METHODS: A longitudinal and prospective study was conducted from December 2014 to July 2016. The venous thromboembolism risk score was modified from the guidelines of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Patients were classified as low (score <3) or high risk (score ≥3). The high-risk group received thromboprophylaxis with low-molecular-weight heparin, unless the patient had a contraindication for anticoagulation. One patient could have undergone more than one evaluation. RESULTS: Fifty-two ratings were descriptively analyzed: 34 (65.4%) were classified as high risk, and 28/34 (82.3%) received low-molecular-weight heparin, 1 received unfractionated heparin, and 5 did not receive intervention. Most patients (23/52; 44.2%) had breast cancer. The main risk factors for venous thromboembolism in the high-risk group were chemotherapy (within 6 months; 22/34; 64.7%). No patient exhibited venous thromboembolism, adverse effects of anticoagulation or death up to three months after hospitalization. CONCLUSIONS: Most pregnant women with cancer had a high risk for venous thromboembolism at the time of hospitalization. Breast cancer was the most prevalent cancer, and recent chemotherapy was the main risk factor for anticoagulation. The application of a thromboprophylaxis protocol and determination of a venous thromboembolism risk score for these patients was useful for the prevention of maternal morbidity and mortality due to venous thromboembolism.

Risk assessment of venous thromboembolism and thromboprophylaxis in pregnant women hospitalized with cancer: Preliminary results from a risk score

OBJECTIVES: Hospitalized patients with cancer are at high risk of developing venous thromboembolism, and the risk increases with pregnancy. The aim of this study was to apply a thromboprophylaxis protocol with a venous thromboembolism risk score for hospitalized pregnant women with cancer and to evaluate the effects on maternal morbidity and mortality. METHODS: A longitudinal and prospective study was conducted from December 2014 to July 2016. The venous thromboembolism risk score was modified from the guidelines of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Patients were classified as low (score <3) or high risk (score ≥3). The high-risk group received thromboprophylaxis with low-molecular-weight heparin, unless the patient had a contraindication for anticoagulation. One patient could have undergone more than one evaluation. RESULTS: Fifty-two ratings were descriptively analyzed: 34 (65.4%) were classified as high risk, and 28/34 (82.3%) received low-molecular-weight heparin, 1 received unfractionated heparin, and 5 did not receive intervention. Most patients (23/52; 44.2%) had breast cancer. The main risk factors for venous thromboembolism in the high-risk group were chemotherapy (within 6 months; 22/34; 64.7%). No patient exhibited venous thromboembolism, adverse effects of anticoagulation or death up to three months after hospitalization. CONCLUSIONS: Most pregnant women with cancer had a high risk for venous thromboembolism at the time of hospitalization. Breast cancer was the most prevalent cancer, and recent chemotherapy was the main risk factor for anticoagulation. The application of a thromboprophylaxis protocol and determination of a venous thromboembolism risk score for these patients was useful for the prevention of maternal morbidity and mortality due to venous thromboembolism.

[Pregnancy outcome and thrombophilia of women with recurrent fetal death]. / Resultados gestacionais e trombofilias em mulheres com historia de obito fetal de repeticao.

PURPOSE: To evaluate pregnancy outcome and thrombophilia frequency in women with recurrent fetal death. METHODS: Evaluation of obstetric outcomes in a retrospective cohort of pregnant women with recurrent stillbirth after the 20th week, from 2001 to 2013. Antithrombin activity, protein C and S activity, factor V Leiden, prothrombin gene mutation and antiphospholipid syndrome were analyzed. RESULTS: We included 20 patients who had recurrent fetal death. Thrombophilia were found in 11 of them, 7 diagnosed with antiphospholipid syndrome, 3 with protein S deficiency and 1 with prothrombin gene mutation. All of them were treated with subcutaneous heparin (unfractionated heparin or enoxaparina) and 14 of them with acetylsalicylic acid (AAS) during pregnancy. Obstetric complications occurred in 15 patients and included: intrauterine fetal growth restriction (25%), placenta previa (15%), reduced amniotic fluid index (25%), severe preeclampsia (10%), fetal distress (5%), and stillbirth (5%). The mean gestational age at delivery was 35.8 ± 3.7 weeks and newborn weight averaged 2,417.3 ± 666.2 g. CONCLUSION: Thrombophilia screening should be performed in all pregnant women with recurrent fetal death after the 20th week as a way to identify possible causal factors suitable for treatment.

Resultados gestacionais e trombofilias em mulheres com historia de obito fetal de repeticao / Pregnancy outcome and thrombophilia of women with recurrent fetal death

OBJETIVO: Descrever desfechos obstétricos e frequência de trombofilias em gestantes com óbito fetal de repetição após a 20a semana de gravidez. MÉTODOS: Avaliação de desfechos obstétricos em uma série de casos de gestantes com óbito fetal de repetição após a 20a semana de gestação, acompanhadas de 2001 a 2013. A atividade de antitrombina, atividade da proteína C e S, presença de fator V de Leiden, presença da mutação do gene de protrombina e presença de síndrome antifosfolípide foram avaliadas nessas pacientes. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídas 20 pacientes que tinham óbito fetal de repetição. Trombofilias foram encontradas em 11 delas, sendo 7 diagnosticadas como síndrome antifosfolípide, 3 como deficiência de proteína S e 1 como mutação do gene da protrombina. Todas foram tratadas com heparina subcutânea (heparina não fracionada ou enoxaparina) e 14 delas com ácido acetilsalicílico (AAS) durante toda a gestação. Complicações obstétricas ocorreram em 15 pacientes e incluíram: restrição de crescimento fetal intrauterino (25%), placenta prévia (15%), índice de líquido amniótico diminuído (25%), pré-eclâmpsia grave (10%), sofrimento fetal (5%) e óbito fetal (5%). A idade gestacional média do parto foi de 35,8±3,7 semanas e o peso dos recém-nascidos foi, em média, de 2.417,3±666,2 g. CONCLUSÃO: A pesquisa de trombofilias deve ser realizada em todas as gestantes com óbitos fetais de repetição após a 20a semana de gestação, como forma de identificar possíveis fatores causas passíveis de tratamento. .

PURPOSE: To evaluate pregnancy outcome and thrombophilia frequency in women with recurrent fetal death. METHODS: Evaluation of obstetric outcomes in a retrospective cohort of pregnant women with recurrent stillbirth after the 20th week, from 2001 to 2013. Antithrombin activity, protein C and S activity, factor V Leiden, prothrombin gene mutation and antiphospholipid syndrome were analyzed. RESULTS: We included 20 patients who had recurrent fetal death. Thrombophilia were found in 11 of them, 7 diagnosed with antiphospholipid syndrome, 3 with protein S deficiency and 1 with prothrombin gene mutation. All of them were treated with subcutaneous heparin (unfractionated heparin or enoxaparina) and 14 of them with acetylsalicylic acid (AAS) during pregnancy. Obstetric complications occurred in 15 patients and included: intrauterine fetal growth restriction (25%), placenta previa (15%), reduced amniotic fluid index (25%), severe preeclampsia (10%), fetal distress (5%), and stillbirth (5%). The mean gestational age at delivery was 35.8±3.7 weeks and newborn weight averaged 2,417.3±666.2 g. CONCLUSION: Thrombophilia screening should be performed in all pregnant women with recurrent fetal death after the 20th week as a way to identify possible causal factors suitable for treatment. .

Acute splenic sequestration in a pregnant woman with homozygous sickle-cell anemia.

CONTEXT: Homozygous (SS) sickle-cell anemia complicated by acute splenic sequestration in adults is a rare event, and it has never been reported during pregnancy. CASE REPORT: A 25-year-old woman with homozygous (SS) sickle-cell disease was hospitalized at 32 weeks' of gestation presenting weakness, abdominal pain, fever and hemoglobin of 2.4 g/dl. Abnormal fetal heart rate was detected by means of cardiotocography, and 5 units of packed red cells were transfused. Cesarean was performed at 37 weeks. Both mother and baby were discharged in a good general condition. CONCLUSION: This case report demonstrates the importance of immediate blood transfusion for treatment of fetal distress in cases of splenic sequestration during pregnancy. This treatment is essential for avoiding maternal and fetal complications.

Clinical and obstetrical management of pregnant women with autoimmune hepatitis complicated by moderate or severe thrombocytopenia.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the management of prenatal care and delivery in patients bearing autoimmune hepatitis associated with moderate or severe thrombocytopenia. METHODS: This study was performed in a tertiary level university hospital. Thirteen pregnancies in ten patients diagnosed with autoimmune hepatitis, complicated by thrombocytopenia, were retrospectively analyzed. The inclusion criteria were as follows: clinical diagnosis of autoimmune hepatitis, moderate or severe thrombocytopenia (platelet count < 100 x 103/mm3), gestational age at birth over 22 weeks, and patient followed-up by a specialized team at the institution. The variables studied were: maternal age, parity, treatment regimen, platelet count, examinations for investigation of hepatic function, type of delivery, weight at birth, and gestational age at the time of delivery. RESULTS: The average maternal age was 24.5 years (SD = 5.3) and six (50%) occurred in nulliparous women. During pregnancy, monotherapy with prednisone was adopted in 11 cases (92%). According to the autoantibody profiles, seven pregnancies (58%) had the autoimmune hepatitis type I diagnosis, two pregnancies had type II (17%), and three pregnancies (25%) had cryptogenic chronic hepatitis (undetectable titers of autoantibodies). Portal hypertension was featured in 11 pregnancies (92%). The average gestational age at delivery was 36.9 weeks (SD = 1.5 weeks), with an average weight at birth of 2,446 g (SD = 655 g). Eight infants (67%) were small for gestational age. At the time of delivery, severe thrombocytopenia was featured in four cases (33%) and cesarean surgery was performed in seven cases (58%). Complications at delivery occurred in three cases (25%), one patient presented uterine atony, and two patients presented perineal bruising. There was no perinatal or maternal death. CONCLUSION: The complications of thrombocytopenic patients with autoimmune hepatitis are elevated; nevertheless, with appropriate attention and care, they can be resolved. The association between two severe pathologies appears to increase the risk of prematurity and fetal growth restriction, demanding specialized prenatal care, as well as surveillance of newborn well-being.

Manejo clínico e obstétrico em gestantes portadoras de hepatite autoimune complicada pela plaquetopenia moderada ou grave / Clinical and obstetrical management of pregnant women with autoimmune hepatitis complicated by moderate or severe thrombocytopenia

OBJETIVO: O presente trabalho tem como objetivo descrever o manejo do pré-natal e do parto em pacientes portadoras de hepatite autoimune associada à plaquetopenia moderada ou grave. MÉTODOS: Este trabalho foi realizado em hospital universitário, de nível terciário. Foram analisadas, retrospectivamente, 13 gestações em dez pacientes com diagnóstico de hepatite autoimune complicadas pela plaquetopenia. Os critérios de inclusão foram: diagnóstico clínico de hepatite autoimune, plaquetopenia moderada ou grave (contagem de plaquetas < 100 x 103/mm3), idade gestacional ao nascimento acima de 22 semanas e pacientes acompanhadas por equipe especializada da instituição. As variáveis estudadas incluíram idade materna, paridade, os regimes de tratamento, contagem de plaquetas, exames para investigação da função hepática, tipo de parto, peso ao nascer e idade gestacional no momento do parto. RESULTADOS: A média da idade materna foi de 24,5 anos (DP = 5,3) e seis (50%) ocorreram em nulíparas. Durante a gravidez, a monoterapia com prednisona foi adotada em 11 (92%) casos. De acordo com o perfil de autoanticorpos, sete (58%) gestações possuíam diagnóstico de hepatite autoimune tipo I, duas (17%) do tipo II e três (25%) eram portadoras de hepatite crônica criptogênica (títulos de autoanticorpos indetectáveis). A hipertensão portal foi caracterizada em 11 (92%) gestações. A idade gestacional média no parto foi de 36,9 semanas (DP = 1,5 semana), com média de peso ao nascer de 2446g (DP = 655g), sendo oito (67%) pequenos para a idade gestacional. No momento do parto, a plaquetopenia grave foi caracterizada em quatro (33%) casos e a cesárea foi realizada em sete (58%). As complicações no parto ocorreram em três casos (25%), uma paciente apresentou atonia uterina e duas, hematoma perineal. Não houve morte materna ou perinatal. CONCLUSÃO: As complicações em pacientes plaquetopênicas com hepatite autoimune são elevadas, no entanto, com os cuidados e atenção necessários, podem ser contornáveis. A associação de duas patologias graves parece aumentar o risco de prematuridade e restrição do crescimento fetal, demandando atenção pré-natal especializada, bem como vigilância do bem-estar do concepto.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the management of prenatal care and delivery in patients bearing autoimmune hepatitis associated with moderate or severe thrombocytopenia. METHODS: This study was performed in a tertiary level university hospital. Thirteen pregnancies in ten patients diagnosed with autoimmune hepatitis, complicated by thrombocytopenia, were retrospectively analyzed. The inclusion criteria were as follows: clinical diagnosis of autoimmune hepatitis, moderate or severe thrombocytopenia (platelet count < 100 x 103/mm3), gestational age at birth over 22 weeks, and patient followed-up by a specialized team at the institution. The variables studied were: maternal age, parity, treatment regimen, platelet count, examinations for investigation of hepatic function, type of delivery, weight at birth, and gestational age at the time of delivery. RESULTS: The average maternal age was 24.5 years (SD = 5.3) and six (50%) occurred in nulliparous women. During pregnancy, monotherapy with prednisone was adopted in 11 cases (92%). According to the autoantibody profiles, seven pregnancies (58%) had the autoimmune hepatitis type I diagnosis, two pregnancies had type II (17%), and three pregnancies (25%) had cryptogenic chronic hepatitis (undetectable titers of autoantibodies). Portal hypertension was featured in 11 pregnancies (92%). The average gestational age at delivery was 36.9 weeks (SD = 1.5 weeks), with an average weight at birth of 2,446 g (SD = 655 g). Eight infants (67%) were small for gestational age. At the time of delivery, severe thrombocytopenia was featured in four cases (33%) and cesarean surgery was performed in seven cases (58%). Complications at delivery occurred in three cases (25%), one patient presented uterine atony, and two patients presented perineal bruising. There was no perinatal or maternal death. CONCLUSION: The complications of thrombocytopenic patients with autoimmune hepatitis are elevated; nevertheless, with appropriate attention and care, they can be resolved. The association between two severe pathologies appears to increase the risk of prematurity and fetal growth restriction, demanding specialized prenatal care, as well as surveillance of newborn well-being.

[Maternal and perinatal outcomes in pregnant women with leukemia]. / Resultados maternos e perinatais em gestantes portadoras de leucemia.

PURPOSE: To describe the maternal and perinatal outcomes of pregnant women diagnosed with leukemia who were followed up for prenatal care and delivery at a university hospital. METHODS: A retrospective study of the period from 2001 to 2011, which included 16 pregnant women with a diagnosis of leukemia followed by antenatal care specialists in hematological diseases and pregnancy. For acute leukemia diagnosed after the first trimester, the recommendation was to perform chemotherapy despite the current pregnancy. For chronic leukemia, patients who were controlled in hematological terms were maintained without medication during pregnancy, or chemotherapy was introduced after the first trimester. We analyzed the maternal and perinatal outcome. RESULTS: Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) was diagnosed in five cases (31.3%), acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in two cases (12.5%) and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) in nine cases (56.3%). Of the cases of acute leukemia, two (28.6%) were diagnosed in the first trimester, two (28.6%) in the second and three (42.9%) in the third. Two patients with ALL diagnosed in the first trimester opted for therapeutic abortion. Four patients with acute leukemia received chemotherapy during pregnancy, with a diagnosis established after the 20th week. In one case of ALL with a late diagnosis (30 weeks), chemotherapy was started after delivery. All pregnant women with acute leukemia developed anemia and thrombocytopenia, and four (57.1%) developed febrile neutropenia. Of nine pregnant women with CML, four were treated with imatinib mesylate when they became pregnant, with treatment being interrupted in the first trimester in three of them and in the second trimester in one. During pregnancy, three patients (33.3%) required no chemotherapy after discontinuation of imatinib, and six (66.7%) were treated with the following drugs: interferon (n=5) and/or hydroxyurea (n=3 ). In the group of pregnant women with CML, anemia occurred in four (44.4%) cases and thrombocytopenia in one (11.1%). The perinatal outcomes of pregnancies complicated by acute leukemia were as follows: mean gestational age at delivery was 32 weeks (standard deviation - SD=4.4) and the mean birth weight was 1476 g (SD=657 g), there were 2 (40.0%) perinatal deaths (a fetal one and a neonatal one). In pregnancies complicated by CML, the mean gestational age at delivery was 37.6 weeks (SD=1.1) and the mean birth weight was 2870 g (SD=516 g). There was no perinatal death and no fetal abnormality was detected. CONCLUSIONS: Maternal and fetal morbidity is high in pregnancies complicated by acute leukemia. Whereas, in pregnancies complicated by CML, the maternal and fetal prognosis appears to be more favorable, with greater ease in management of complications.

Avaliação da vitalidade fetal em gestações complicadas pela plaquetopenia materna moderada ou grave / Assessment of fetal well-being in pregnancies complicated by maternal moderate to severe thrombocytopenia

OBJETIVO: Analisar os resultados da avaliação da vitalidade fetal em gestações complicadas por plaquetopenia materna moderada ou grave. MÉTODOS: No período de abril de 2001 a julho de 2011, foram analisados, retrospectivamente, os dados de prontuários de 96 gestantes com diagnóstico de plaquetopenia na gestação. Foram analisados os seguintes exames de avaliação da vitalidade fetal realizados no período anteparto: cardiotocografia, perfil biofísico fetal, índice de líquido amniótico e doplervelocimetria das artérias umbilicais. RESULTADOS: Foram analisadas 96 gestações com os seguintes diagnósticos: plaquetopenia gestacional (n=37, 38,5 por cento), hiperesplenismo (n=32, 33,3 por cento), púrpura trombocitopenica imune (PTI, n=14, 14,6 por cento), plaquetopenia imune secundária (n=6, 6,3 por cento), aplasia medular (n=3, 3,1 por cento) e outros (n=4, 4,1 por cento). A cardiotocografia apresentou resultado normal em 94 por cento dos casos, o perfil biofísico fetal com índice 8 ou 10 em 96,9 por cento e o índice de líquido amniótico >5,0 cm em 89,6 por cento. A doplervelocimetria da artéria umbilical apresentou resultado normal em 96,9 por cento. Na análise dos principais grupos de plaquetopenia, constatou-se que o diagnóstico de oligohidrâmnio foi significativamente mais frequente no grupo com PTI (28,6 por cento) quando comparado aos demais (gestacional: 5,4 por cento e hiperesplenismo: 9,4 por cento, p=0,04). CONCLUSÕES: O presente estudo permitiu concluir que, nas gestações complicadas pela plaquetopenia materna moderada ou grave, apesar do bem-estar fetal manter-se preservado na grande maioria dos casos, em gestantes com PTI é importante o seguimento da vitalidade fetal com ênfase na avaliação do volume de líquido amniótico, devido à sua associação com a oligohidramnia.

PURPOSE: To analyze the results of assessment of fetal well-being in pregnancies complicated by moderate or severe maternal thrombocytopenia. METHODS: Data from April 2001 to July 2011 of 96 women with a diagnosis of thrombocytopenia in pregnancy were retrospectively analyzed. We analyzed the following tests performed during the antepartum period for fetal assessment: cardiotocography, fetal biophysical profile, amniotic fluid index and umbilical artery Doppler velocimetry. RESULTS: A total of 96 pregnancies with the following diagnoses were analyzed: gestational thrombocytopenia (n=37, 38.5 percent) hypersplenism (n=32, 33.3 percent), immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP, n=14, 14.6 percent), secondary immune thrombocytopenia (n=6, 6.3 percent), bone marrow aplasia (n=3, 3.1 percent), and others (n=4, 4.1 percent). Cardiotocography showed normal results in 94 percent of cases, a fetal biophysical profile with an index of 8 or 10 in 96.9 percent and an amniotic fluid index >5.0 cm in 89.6 percent. Doppler umbilical artery velocimetry showed normal results in 96.9 percent of cases. In the analysis of the major groups of thrombocytopenia, the diagnosis of oligohydramnios was found to be significantly more frequent in the group with ITP (28.6 percent) compared to the other groups (gestational thrombocytopenia: 5.4 percent and hypersplenism: 9.4 percent, p=0.04). CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates that in pregnancies complicated by moderate or severe maternal thrombocytopenia, even though the fetal well-being remains preserved in most cases, fetal surveillance is important in pregnant women with ITP, with emphasis on amniotic fluid volume evaluation due to its association with oligohydramnios.

Resultados maternos e perinatais em gestantes portadoras de leucemia / Maternal and perinatal outcomes in pregnant women with leukemia

RESUMO OBJETIVO: Descrever as complicações maternas e os resultados perinatais entre as gestantes com diagnóstico de leucemia que foram acompanhadas no pré-natal e no parto em hospital universitário. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo do período de 2001 a 2011, que incluiu 16 gestantes portadoras de leucemia acompanhadas pela equipe de pré-natal especializado em hemopatias e gestação. Nas leucoses agudas, diagnosticadas após o primeiro trimestre, a recomendação foi realizar a quimioterapia apesar da gestação em curso. Nas gestantes com leucoses crônicas, quando controladas do ponto de vista hematológico, foram mantidas sem medicação durante a gravidez, ou, foi introduzida terapêutica antineoplásica após o primeiro trimestre. Foram analisadas as complicações maternas e os resultados perinatais. RESULTADOS: A leucemia linfoide aguda (LLA) foi diagnosticada em cinco casos (31,3 por cento), a leucemia mieloide aguda (LMA) em dois casos (12,5 por cento) e a leucemia mieloide crônica (LMC) em nove casos (56,3 por cento). Nos casos de leucemias agudas, dois (28,6 por cento) casos foram diagnosticados no primeiro trimestre, dois (28,6 por cento) no segundo e três (42,9 por cento) no terceiro. Duas gestantes com LLA diagnosticada no primeiro trimestre optaram pelo aborto terapêutico. Quatro casos de leucemia aguda receberam tratamento quimioterápico na gestação, com diagnóstico estabelecido após a 20ª semana. Em um caso de LLA com diagnóstico tardio (30ª semana) a quimioterapia foi iniciada após o parto. Todas as gestantes com leucemia aguda evoluíram com anemia e plaquetopenia, quatro casos (57,1 por cento) evoluíram com neutropenia febril. Das gestantes com LMC, quatro utilizavam mesilato de imatinibe quando engravidaram, três delas suspenderam no primeiro trimestre e uma no segundo. Durante a gravidez, três (33,3 por cento) não necessitaram de terapêutica antineoplásica após suspensão do imatinibe; e em seis (66,7 por cento) foram utilizadas as seguintes drogas: interferon (n=5) e/ou hidroxiureia (n=3). No grupo de gestantes com LMC, verificou-se a ocorrência de anemia em quatro casos (44,4 por cento) e plaquetopenia em um (11,1 por cento). Quanto aos resultados perinatais, nas gestações complicadas pela leucemia aguda, a média da idade gestacional no parto foi de 32 semanas (desvio padrão - DP=4,4) e a média do peso do recém-nascido foi 1476 g (DP=657 g). Houve 2 (40,0 por cento) óbitos perinatais (um fetal e um neonatal). Nas gestações complicadas pela LMC, a média da idade gestacional no parto foi de 37,6 semanas (DP=1,1) e a média do peso do recém-nascido foi 2870 g (DP=516 g); não houve morte perinatal e nenhuma anomalia fetal foi detectada. CONCLUSÕES: É elevada a morbidade materna e fetal nas gestações complicadas pela leucemia aguda; enquanto que, nas complicadas pela LMC, o prognóstico materno e fetal parece ser mais favorável, com maior facilidade no manejo das complicações.

PURPOSE: To describe the maternal and perinatal outcomes of pregnant women diagnosed with leukemia who were followed up for prenatal care and delivery at a university hospital. METHODS: A retrospective study of the period from 2001 to 2011, which included 16 pregnant women with a diagnosis of leukemia followed by antenatal care specialists in hematological diseases and pregnancy. For acute leukemia diagnosed after the first trimester, the recommendation was to perform chemotherapy despite the current pregnancy. For chronic leukemia, patients who were controlled in hematological terms were maintained without medication during pregnancy, or chemotherapy was introduced after the first trimester. We analyzed the maternal and perinatal outcome. RESULTS: Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) was diagnosed in five cases (31.3 percent), acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in two cases (12.5 percent) and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) in nine cases (56.3 percent). Of the cases of acute leukemia, two (28.6 percent) were diagnosed in the first trimester, two (28.6 percent) in the second and three (42.9 percent) in the third. Two patients with ALL diagnosed in the first trimester opted for therapeutic abortion. Four patients with acute leukemia received chemotherapy during pregnancy, with a diagnosis established after the 20th week. In one case of ALL with a late diagnosis (30 weeks), chemotherapy was started after delivery. All pregnant women with acute leukemia developed anemia and thrombocytopenia, and four (57.1 percent) developed febrile neutropenia. Of nine pregnant women with CML, four were treated with imatinib mesylate when they became pregnant, with treatment being interrupted in the first trimester in three of them and in the second trimester in one. During pregnancy, three patients (33.3 percent) required no chemotherapy after discontinuation of imatinib, and six (66.7 percent) were treated with the following drugs: interferon (n=5) and/or hydroxyurea (n=3 ). In the group of pregnant women with CML, anemia occurred in four (44.4 percent) cases and thrombocytopenia in one (11.1 percent). The perinatal outcomes of pregnancies complicated by acute leukemia were as follows: mean gestational age at delivery was 32 weeks (standard deviation - SD=4.4) and the mean birth weight was 1476 g (SD=657 g), there were 2 (40.0 percent) perinatal deaths (a fetal one and a neonatal one). In pregnancies complicated by CML, the mean gestational age at delivery was 37.6 weeks (SD=1.1) and the mean birth weight was 2870 g (SD=516 g). There was no perinatal death and no fetal abnormality was detected. CONCLUSIONS: Maternal and fetal morbidity is high in pregnancies complicated by acute leukemia. Whereas, in pregnancies complicated by CML, the maternal and fetal prognosis appears to be more favorable, with greater ease in management of complications.