The association between team job crafting and work engagement among nurses: a prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Team-level job crafting has been put forward as a method to promote nurses' mental health. However, a longitudinal association is unclear. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the association between team job crafting at baseline and work engagement, work performance, psychological distress, and intention to leave at three-month and six-month follow-ups among Japanese hospital nurses. Also, whether an increase in the team job crafting during 3 or 6 months was associated with an increase in the work engagement during 3 or 6 months of individual nurses was examined. METHODS: A multilevel prospective cohort study was conducted. Data were collected from nurses of five hospitals in Japan at baseline (T1) and follow-ups at 3-months (T2) and 6-months (T3). A total of 2,478 nurses were included. The team job crafting scale for nurses and its three subscales were measured for the independent variables. Ward-means were used as ward-level variables. The dependent variables were work engagement, work performance, psychological distress, and intention to leave. Hierarchical Linear Modeling (HLM) was used to examine the multilevel association. The study protocol was registered at the UMIN Clinical Trials Registry (ID = UMIN000047810) (May 22, 2022). RESULTS: A total of 460 nurses completed the T1 survey (response rate = 18.6%), and data from 391 nurses nested in 30 wards were included in the analyses. The intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) at T1 were 0.02 for work engagement and 0.07 for team job crafting. The HLM revealed that ward-level team job crafting at T1 was not significantly associated with work engagement, work performance, psychological distress, and intention to leave at T2 or T3. The ward-level change (T3-T1) of "crafting for the task considering the team's growth" (subscale for team job crafting) was significantly and positively associated with the change (T3-T1) in work engagement. CONCLUSIONS: Ward-level team job crafting at baseline did not predict nurses' work engagement, work performance, psychological distress, or intention to leave at a three-month or six-month follow-up. The impact of ward-level team job crafting may attenuate over several months.

Association between adverse childhood experience and unintended pregnancy among Japanese women: a large-scale cross-sectional study.

Unintended pregnancy (UP) can negatively impact the health of mothers, children, and families. While Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) are increasingly known to affect sexual health, the influence on pregnancy intention is not fully understood. This study examines the relationship between ACEs and UP and explores other related factors, using 5049 pregnant and postpartum women data from the Japan COVID-19 and Society Internet Survey (JACSIS). We measured participants' pregnancy intentions, ACEs, family functioning, and social network size. Logistic regression analysis provided odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CI). The prevalence of UP was approximately 16.5% (n = 893). Cumulative ACEs were consistently associated with UP, even after adjusting for intermediate variables in adulthood. The odds ratio for UP with a single ACE was 1.00 (CI: 0.82-1.21) but rose significantly with multiple ACEs: 1.39 (CI: 1.10-1.76) with double, 1.38 (CI: 1.02-2.86) with triple, and 1.81 (CI: 1.37-2.39) with more. Additionally, bad family functioning and lack of social networks emerged as contributors to UP. In conclusion, this study showed that ACEs are potentially correlated with UP. A deeper understanding of the transition from childhood experiences to UP is important for health interventions, necessitating further investigation.

A proposed definition of participatory organizational interventions.

Participatory organizational interventions offer an effective way to promote occupational safety and health. Despite an increasing number of studies, a common definition of participatory organizational interventions has yet to be established. Therefore, we aimed to form a definition using the following process. First, we developed a tentative draft definition of organizational interventions and participatory elements, based on the relevant literature. The tentative definition was revised in several rounds of an extensive discussion by the authors. This resulted in the draft definition. We asked 15 selected international experts in occupational safety and health to review and comment on the draft definition. We carefully reviewed their comments, and formulated our final proposed definition. To summarize the key points of the final version of the definition, organizational interventions are planned actions that primarily directly target working conditions with the aim of promoting and maintaining of the highest degree of physical, mental, and social well-being of workers in all occupations. In addition, as participatory elements of organizational interventions in the final definition, ideally, all workers participate in every step of the intervention, while participating in part of the steps of the intervention in some cases. Furthermore, in principle, all workers participate in each step of intervention, while it is also acceptable that only elected representatives among workers participate in the intervention.

Usage of the Brief Job Stress Questionnaire: A Systematic Review of a Comprehensive Job Stress Questionnaire in Japan from 2003 to 2021.

The Brief Job Stress Questionnaire (BJSQ) is used widely in occupational health studies and practice. Summarizing scientific production based on measurement is crucial. This study aimed to systematically review observational studies that used the BJSQ and the New BJSQ to show their usability. A systematic search was conducted for studies investigating relationships between the BJSQ or the New BJSQ subscales and other validated measurements on 13 September 2021, in various literature databases. The BJSQ subscales, scoring methods, and other validated measurements in the studies were qualitatively summarized. In total, 145 published reports between 2003 and 2021 were included. Among the BJSQ subscales, job stressors (n = 95) such as quantitative job overload (n = 65) and job control (n = 64) were most often used. The subscales were utilized to investigate the relationships with several other measurements. Five reports used subscales from the New BJSQ. In the last two decades, the BJSQ and the New BJSQ help measure psychosocial factors (PF) at work and contribute to the publication of scientific papers in the occupational health field. This study would encourage the utilization of the questionnaires for future research and practice.

Adolescent cannabis use and the later onset of bipolar disorder: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies.

BACKGROUND: Cannabis is used by adolescents worldwide. Adolescents are more susceptible to the psychological effects of cannabis because their brains are still developing. Cannabis use in adolescents has been reportedly associated with later onset of bipolar disorder. AIMS: The purpose of this study is to systematically review and analyze longitudinal prospective cohort studies of cannabis use during adolescence and evaluate the risk of developing bipolar disorder. METHODS: We defined the participants, exposures, comparisons, and outcomes (PECO) as follows: (P) adolescents in the 10-19-year age group at the baseline survey; (E) cannabis use at least once during lifetime; (C) never-used cannabis over lifetime; and (O) the onset of bipolar disorder. A systematic search for published prospective cohort studies will be conducted by using the following electronic databases: PubMed, EMBASE, PsycINFO, and Japan Medical Abstracts Society. The quality assessment will be performed by using Risk Of Bias In Non-randomized Studies - of Interventions. Meta-analysis will be done if the included studies that exist are more than three. Heterogeneity will be assessed using Cochran's Q test and I2 . Funnel plots and Egger's test will be done to assess publication bias. DISCUSSION: This study will clarify the association between adolescent cannabis use and the subsequent development of bipolar disorder, which could be useful for future research directions and policy making.

The impact of workplace psychosocial factors on menstrual disorders and infertility: a protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Workplace environment, especially psychosocial factors at work such as job strain, workplace social support, and shift work, may affect the menstrual abnormalities and fertility of female workers. However, the association between psychosocial factors at work and menstrual abnormalities or fertility is not well understood. To address this relationship, we will conduct a systematic review and a meta-analysis of the literature that has utilized a longitudinal or prospective cohort design. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: The inclusion criteria for this systematic review and meta-analysis are defined as follows: (P) adult female workers (over 18 years old), (E) the presence of adverse psychosocial factors at work, (C) the absence of adverse psychosocial factors at work, and (O) any menstrual cycle disorders, menstrual-related symptoms, or fertility. The MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, PsycArticles, and Japan Medical Abstracts Society electronic databases will be used to search for published studies. The statistical synthesis of the studies included in the meta-analysis will be conducted to estimate pooled coefficients and 95% CIs. For the main analysis, we will synthesize measures of association between psychosocial factors at work and menstrual-related disorders/symptoms. At least three eligible studies will have to be gathered to conduct a meta-analysis; otherwise (i.e., if only one or two studies will be eligible and included), the results will be presented in a narrative table. We will use the Risk of Bias in Non-randomized Studies of Interventions (ROBINS-I) to determine the quality of selected studies. To assess meta-bias, Egger's test, along with a funnel plot, will be used to check for publication bias. Lastly, we will examine heterogeneity using the χ2 test with Cochran's Q statistic and I2. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The results and findings will be submitted and published in a scientific peer-reviewed journal and will be disseminated broadly to researchers and policymakers interested in the translatability of scientific evidence into good practices. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: The study protocol was registered at the UMIN registry (registration number: UMIN000039488). The registration date is on 14 Feb 2020. URL: https://upload.umin.ac.jp/cgi-bin/ctr/ctr_view_reg.cgi?recptno=R000044704.

STRENGTH AND LIMITATIONS OF THIS STUDY: • This systematic review and a meta-analysis will investigate the associations between psychosocial factors at work and menstrual abnormalities or fertility. • This review will include only the literature that has utilized a longitudinal design. • Various outcomes related to reproductive health in female workers will be examined (e.g., fertility, premenstrual symptoms, cycle disorders, menopausal symptoms).

COVID-19-Related Workplace Bullying and Customer Harassment Among Healthcare Workers Over the Time of the COVID-19 Outbreak: A Eight-Month Panel Study of Full-Time Employees in Japan.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalences of COVID-19-related workplace bullying and harassment (WBH) and customer harassment among healthcare workers (HCWs) compared to non-HCWs during COVID-19 outbreaks. METHODS: A baseline (March 2020) and follow-up surveys (May, August, and November 2020) were conducted of full-time employees, with an online questionnaire that included items on COVID-19-related WBH and customer harassment. The prevalences were compared between HCWs and non-HCWs using generalized linear models with repeated measures. RESULTS: A total of 800 (56%) respondents completed all the surveys. Prevalences of WBH and customer harassment were 5% to 10% and 10% to 13%, respectively, among HCWs during the follow-up. HCWs had a significantly higher prevalence of WBH in May (Adjusted OR = 2.3) and customer harassment in November (Adjusted OR = 2.7), compared to non- HCWs. CONCLUSIONS: HCWs remained at high risk of COVID-19-related WBH and customer harassment during the pandemic.

Effects of gratitude intervention on mental health and well-being among workers: A systematic review.

OBJECTIVES: Gratitude intervention, which requires participants to engage regularly in brief activities designed to cultivate a sense of gratefulness, is known as one of the most effective positive psychological interventions. Although numerous meta-analyses and systematic reviews have been conducted on gratitude intervention, no studies have focused on the working population. This study aimed to systematically summarize the effectiveness of gratitude interventions on workers' mental health and well-being. METHODS: Systematic search was conducted in February 2021 using five databases. Eligible studies included randomized controlled trials implementing gratitude activities among healthy workers and measuring mental health or well-being indicators and original articles or thesis in English. RESULTS: Nine out of 1957 articles met the inclusion criteria. Eight studies adopted gratitude list interventions, showing a significant improvement in perceived stress and depression; however, the effects on well-being were inconsistent. Interventions with gratitude list four times or less did not report significant changes in any outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Most gratitude interventions incorporated a gratitude list, and some studies included gratitude activities as a part of the combined program. On the other hand, no studies focused on only behavioral gratitude expression among workers. Gratitude interventions might be effective in improving mental health, but their effects on well-being remain unclear. The total number of gratitude lists and reflections might influence the effect on mental health and well-being; however, due to the high heterogeneity of the studies, further studies are needed.

Development and validation of the Japanese version of the team job crafting scale for nurses.

Team job crafting, which refers to designing the task, relational, and cognitive aspects of a job, is thought to be beneficial for nurses working in the ward. There are no scales to assess team job crafting among nurses. This study aimed to develop and examine the reliability and validity of a scale to measure team job crafting. Based on literature reviews and interviews, potential items were created. A total of 293 nurses working on 19 wards in two hospitals in Japan were asked to complete a questionnaire twice. A series of exploratory factor analyses (EFAs) were conducted to select the final items. For convergent validity, multilevel correlations were calculated. Cronbach's α and intra-class correlation coefficients (ICCs) were calculated for reliability. A total of 190 participants responded to the baseline survey and 152 responded to the retest. The EFAs yielded a three-factor structure comprising 13 items. The three factors are task crafting considering the team's growth, cognitive crafting for members' respect and reflection of meaningfulness of work, and relational crafting for smooth information sharing. Cronbach's α ranged from .810 to .831, and test-retest ICCs ranged from 0.571 to 0.710. At the individual level, team job crafting had small-to-moderate correlations with individual levels of job crafting, job control, supervisor support, co-worker support, job satisfaction, workplace social capital, and work engagement. The ICC of the team job crafting scores of 0.125 indicated meaningful variation across wards. At the ward-level, nonsignificant but strong correlations were found with workplace social capital, job satisfaction, and psychological distress. This scale showed acceptable levels of reliability and validity. It would be useful in monitoring and improving team job crafting to increase team members' well-being and performance.

Construct validity and test-retest reliability of the World Mental Health Japan version of the World Health Organization Health and Work Performance Questionnaire Short Version: a preliminary study.

The aim of the study was to investigate test-retest reliability and construct validity of the World Mental Health Japan (WMHJ) version of World Health Organization Health and Performance Questionnaire (WHO-HPQ) short version according the COSMIN standard. We conducted two consecutive surveys of 102 full-time employees recruited through an Internet survey company in Japan, with a two-week interval in 2018. We calculated Pearson's correlation (r) of measures of the WHO-HPQ with other presenteeism scales (Stanford Presenteeism Scale, Work Functioning Impairment Scale, and perceived relative presenteeism), health and psychosocial job conditions. We tested the test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation, ICC) among those who reported no change of job performance during the follow-up. Among 92 (90%) respondents, the absolute presenteeism significantly correlated with WFun and perceived relative presenteeism (r=-0.341 and -0.343, respectively, p=0.001) and psychological distress (r=-0.247, p=0.018). The absolute/relative absenteeism did not significantly correlate with the other covariates. The test-retest reliability over a two-week period was high for the WHO-HPQ absolute presenteeism (ICC, 0.73), while those for absolute/relative absenteeism measures were moderate. The study found an adequate level of test-retest reliability, but limited support for the construct validity of the absolute presenteeism measure of the WMHJ version of the WHO-HPQ. Further research is needed to investigate the construct validity of the WHO-HPQ measures in a larger sample.

The Association Between Unit-Level Workplace Social Capital and Intention to Leave Among Employees in Health Care Settings: A Cross-Sectional Multilevel Study.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the multilevel association between workplace social capital and intention to leave among employees in health care settings in Japan. METHODS: This study was a secondary data analysis of the cross-sectional data. A sample of 658 Japanese employees in health care settings with 17 facilities were recruited using a self-administered questionnaire. Multilevel linear regression analysis of intention to leave on unit-level workplace social capital (average score for each unit) was conducted. RESULTS: Among 317 respondents from 49 units, after adjusting for demographic and work-related variables, both unit-level and individual-level workplace social capital were significantly negatively associated with intention to leave (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The current study found that there was a significant negative association between unit-level workplace social capital and intention to leave in the health care field.

Personal values in adolescence and psychological distress in adults: A cross-sectional study based on a retrospective recall.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between personal values in adolescence retrospectively assessed and psychological distress in adults in a representative sample of community adults in Japan. METHODS: We used the J-SHINE data collected in 2010 and 2017. Personal values in adolescence were retrospectively measured in the 2017 survey in two ways: (1) value priorities developed from Schwartz's theory of basic values; and (2) commitment to values measured by Personal Values Questionnaire II (PVQ-II). Psychological distress was measured by using K6 in 2010. Multiple regression analysis was conducted to clarify the association between personal values in adolescence and psychological distress in adults, adjusting for sociodemographic variables, smoking, alcohol drinking, and economic status at age 15. RESULTS: Enduring active challenging, cherishing family and friends, and the commitment to values were significantly and negatively associated with psychological distress in adults. Pursuing one's interest was significantly and positively associated with psychological distress. CONCLUSIONS: Having a value priority of enduring active challenging, cherishing family and friends, and the commitment to values in adolescence may reduce psychological distress in adults.

Effects of an internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy (iCBT) intervention on improving depressive symptoms and work-related outcomes among nurses in Japan: a protocol for a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Depression is a major problem among nurses; hence, it is important to develop a primary prevention strategy to manage depression among nurses. This randomized controlled trial (RCT) study aims to investigate the effects of a newly developed internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy (iCBT) program on depressive symptoms, measured at baseline and three- and six-month follow-ups, among nurses in Japan. METHODS: Nurses working at three university hospitals, one public hospital, and twelve private hospitals who meet inclusion criteria will be recruited and randomized either to the intervention group or the control group (planned N = 525 for each group). The newly developed iCBT program for nurses consists of six modules, which cover different components of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT); transactional stress model (in module 1), self-monitoring skills (in module 2), behavioral activation skills (in module 3), cognitive restructuring skills (in modules 4 and 5), relaxation skills (in module 5), and problem-solving skills (in module 6). Participants in the intervention group will be asked to read these modules within 9 weeks. The primary outcome will be depressive symptoms as assessed by the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) at baseline, three-, and six-month follow-ups. DISCUSSION: The greatest strength of this study is that it is the first RCT to test the effectiveness of the iCBT program in improving depressive symptoms among nurses. A major limitation is that all measurements, including major depressive episodes, are self-reported and may be affected by situational factors at work and participants' perceptions. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This trial was registered at the University Hospital Medical Information Network clinical trials registry (UMIN-CTR; ID = UMIN000033521 ) (Date of registration: August 1, 2018).