Demonstration of nuclear gamma-ray polarimetry based on a multi-layer CdTe Compton camera.

To detect and track structural changes in atomic nuclei, the systematic study of nuclear levels with firm spin-parity assignments is important. While linear polarization measurements have been applied to determine the electromagnetic character of gamma-ray transitions, the applicable range is strongly limited due to the low efficiency of the detection system. The multi-layer Cadmium-Telluride (CdTe) Compton camera can be a state-of-the-art gamma-ray polarimeter for nuclear spectroscopy with the high position sensitivity and the detection efficiency. We demonstrated the capability to operate this detector as a reliable gamma-ray polarimeter by using polarized 847-keV gamma rays produced by the [Formula: see text]([Formula: see text]) reaction. By combining the experimental data and simulated calculations, the modulation curve for the gamma ray was successfully obtained. A remarkably high polarization sensitivity was achieved, compatible with a reasonable detection efficiency. Based on the obtained results, a possible future gamma-ray polarimetery is discussed.

Updated guidelines for gene nomenclature in wheat.

KEY MESSAGE: Here, we provide an updated set of guidelines for naming genes in wheat that has been endorsed by the wheat research community. The last decade has seen a proliferation in genomic resources for wheat, including reference- and pan-genome assemblies with gene annotations, which provide new opportunities to detect, characterise, and describe genes that influence traits of interest. The expansion of genetic information has supported growth of the wheat research community and catalysed strong interest in the genes that control agronomically important traits, such as yield, pathogen resistance, grain quality, and abiotic stress tolerance. To accommodate these developments, we present an updated set of guidelines for gene nomenclature in wheat. These guidelines can be used to describe loci identified based on morphological or phenotypic features or to name genes based on sequence information, such as similarity to genes characterised in other species or the biochemical properties of the encoded protein. The updated guidelines provide a flexible system that is not overly prescriptive but provides structure and a common framework for naming genes in wheat, which may be extended to related cereal species. We propose these guidelines be used henceforth by the wheat research community to facilitate integration of data from independent studies and allow broader and more efficient use of text and data mining approaches, which will ultimately help further accelerate wheat research and breeding.

Neurodevelopmental outcome after antenatal therapy for fetal supraventricular tachyarrhythmia: 3-year follow-up of multicenter trial.

OBJECTIVES: Although many studies have supported the efficacy of transplacental treatment for fetal supraventricular tachyarrhythmia, the long-term neurodevelopmental outcome after antenatal antiarrhythmic treatment is not well understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the prognosis and neurodevelopmental outcome at 36 months of corrected age and the incidence of tachyarrhythmia after birth, following protocol-defined antenatal therapy for fetal supraventricular tachyarrhythmia. METHODS: This was a 3-year follow-up study of a multicenter trial that evaluated the efficacy and safety of protocol-defined transplacental treatment for fetal supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) and atrial flutter (AFL). The primary endpoints were mortality and neurodevelopmental impairment (NDI) at 36 months of corrected age. NDI was defined as any of the following outcomes: cerebral palsy, bilateral blindness, bilateral deafness or neurodevelopmental delay. Neurodevelopmental delay was evaluated using appropriate developmental quotient scales, mainly the Kyoto Scale of Psychological Development, or examination by pediatric neurologists. The detection rate of tachyarrhythmia at birth and at 18 and 36 months of corrected age was also evaluated as the secondary endpoint. In addition, the association of NDI at 36 months with perinatal and postnatal factors was analyzed. RESULTS: Of 50 patients enrolled in the original trial, one withdrew consent and in two there was fetal death, leaving 47 patients available for enrollment in this follow-up study. Of these, 45 cases were available for analysis after two infants were lost to follow-up. The mortality rate was 2.2% (1/45) during a median follow-up of 3.2 (range, 2.1-9.4) years. The infant died at the age of 2.1 years. Another infant had missing neurodevelopmental assessment data. In the remaining 43 infants, at 36 months of corrected age, NDI was detected in 9.3% (4/43) overall and in two of three (66.7%) cases with fetal hydrops with subcutaneous edema. Cerebral palsy was noted in two infants with severe subcutaneous edema or ascites at an early gestational age. Neurodevelopmental delay was found in two infants with severe congenital abnormalities (one with tuberous sclerosis and the other with heterotaxy syndrome). Tachyarrhythmia was present in 31.9% (15/47) cases in the neonatal period and decreased to 8.9% (4/45) and 4.5% (2/44) at 18 and 36 months of corrected age, respectively. The median ventricular rate at diagnosis was significantly higher in infants with NDI compared to those without (265 vs 229 bpm; P = 0.003). In infants with NDI, compared to those without, fetal hydrops with subcutaneous edema at diagnosis was more common (50.0% vs 2.6%; P = 0.019) and the duration of fetal effusion was longer (median, 10.5 vs 0 days; P = 0.013). Postnatal arrhythmia and physical development abnormalities were not associated with NDI. CONCLUSIONS: This multicenter 3-year follow-up study is the first to demonstrate the long-term mortality and morbidity of infants born following protocol-defined transplacental treatment for fetal SVT and AFL. NDI was associated with the presence of fetal hydrops with subcutaneous edema at diagnosis and longer duration of fetal effusion. Neurodevelopmental delay was detected only in infants with severe congenital abnormalities. Therefore, in infants that have undergone antenatal treatment for fetal tachyarrhythmia and in which there are no comorbidities, the risk of NDI is low. However, in those with fetal hydrops with subcutaneous edema and/or associated severe congenital abnormalities, the risk for long-term neurologic morbidity might be considered somewhat increased. © 2022 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.

A medico-legal definition of femicide.

Femicide refers to the extreme form of violence against someone belonging to the female gender, i.e. the killing of a woman. Research shows that, to date, gender-based violence remains largely a hidden phenomenon with prevalence often being underestimated by official statistics and data missing in numerous countries. It can be argued that the under-reporting may be suggestive of a legislative gap that needs addressing. This work aims to reach a shared medico-legal definition of femicide stemming from a comprehensive review of the current legislation of countries around the world. In addition, it appraises forensic pathology studies focusing on the murder of women as well as the most relevant documents published by prominent international organizations fighting violence against women. Review of the literature shows a scarcity of national legislations concerning specifically femicide, despite the attention given to this phenomenon by international organizations fighting violence against women. Additionally, a non-homogeneous framing of the term femicide arises from the forensic pathology literature and national laws. Starting from one of the funding principle of medical ethics - autonomy - authors propose to define femicide as a murder perpetrated because of a failure to recognize the victim's right to self-determination. This definition would give the forensic pathologist a central role in identifying femicide cases among the murders of women. A shared forensic approach is needed, ideally employing standardized methodology to compare international data and to standardize scientific research in the field.

Association between forest and greenspace walking and stress-coping skills among workers of Tsukuba Science City, Japan: A cross-sectional study.

Objectives: Recently, "sense of coherence" (SOC) as a concept of stress-coping, has been gaining considerable attention. Although many studies have investigated the factors related to strong SOC, we found little evidence about the associations between SOC and habits that are easy to perform in everyday life. The aim our study was to examine the prevalence of workers who engage in forest walking and greenspace walking and examine their association with SOC score. Study design: A cross-sectional study. Methods: An anonymous, self-report web questionnaire was conducted in November 2017. The study population included 19481 workers belonging to the Tsukuba Science City Network and data of 6466 participants (3965 men and 2501 women) were analyzed. Results: The percentage of participants who engage in forest and greenspace walking at least once a year were 55.9% and 75.9%, respectively. Associations between forest/greenspace walking and SOC score were calculated using Chi-squared tests. Multinomial logistic regression analyses with SOC score group (strong/middle/weak) as a dependent variable and forest/greenspace walking as explanatory variables were performed. Statistically significant positive associations were observed between strong SOC and those who engaged in forest/greenspace walking after adjusting for socioeconomic factors. The odds ratios for strong SOC were 3.65 (95% CI â€‹= â€‹1.70-7.85) for forest walking at least once a week and 2.12 for greenspace walking (95% CI â€‹= â€‹1.54-2.92) at least once a week. Conclusions: Our findings suggested that forest/greenspace walking may enhance workers' stress-coping skills.

Deceleration area and capacity during labour-like umbilical cord occlusions identify evolving hypotension: a controlled study in fetal sheep.

OBJECTIVE: Cardiotocography is widely used to assess fetal well-being during labour. The positive predictive value of current clinical algorithms to identify hypoxia-ischaemia is poor. In experimental studies, fetal hypotension is the strongest predictor of hypoxic-ischaemic injury. Cohort studies suggest that deceleration area and deceleration capacity of the fetal heart rate trace correlate with fetal acidaemia, but it is not known whether they are indices of fetal arterial hypotension. DESIGN: Prospective, controlled study. SETTING: Laboratory. SAMPLE: Near-term fetal sheep. METHODS: One minute of complete umbilical cord occlusions (UCOs) every 5 minutes (1:5 min, n = 6) or every 2.5 minutes (1:2.5 min, n = 12) for 4 hours or until fetal mean arterial blood pressure fell <20 mmHg. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Deceleration area and capacity during the UCO series were related to evolving hypotension. RESULTS: The 1:5 min group developed only mild metabolic acidaemia, without hypotension. By contrast, 10/12 fetuses in the 1:2.5-min group progressively developed severe metabolic acidaemia and hypotension, reaching 16.8 ± 0.9 mmHg after 71.2 ± 6.7 UCOs. Deceleration area and capacity remained unchanged throughout the UCO series in the 1:5-min group, but progressively increased in the 1:2.5-min group. The severity of hypotension was closely correlated with both deceleration area (P < 0.001, R2  = 0.66, n = 18) and capacity (P < 0.001, R2  = 0.67, n = 18). Deceleration area and capacity predicted development of hypotension at a median of 103 and 123 minutes before the final occlusion, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Both deceleration area and capacity were strongly associated with developing fetal hypotension, supporting their potential to improve identification of fetuses at risk of hypotension leading to hypoxic-ischaemic injury during labour. TWEETABLE ABSTRACT: Deceleration area and capacity of fetal heart rate identify developing hypotension during labour-like hypoxia.

Susceptibility of patients receiving chemotherapy for haematological malignancies to scabies.

BACKGROUND: Scabies is a contagious dermatosis. The risk factors for its transmission remain unclear. A scabies outbreak, involving patients who were receiving chemotherapy for haematological malignancies, occurred at our hospital. METHODS: The outbreak population was analysed to determine whether the incidence of scabies was higher among contact patients receiving chemotherapy for haematological malignancies. RESULTS: A patient with crusted scabies was the index case, and 18 of 78 contact healthcare workers (HCWs) and 22 of 135 contact patients were diagnosed with classical scabies. Ten of 17 contact patients with haematological malignancies and 12 of 118 contact patients with other diseases were infected with scabies. The incidence rate was significantly higher among the patients with haematological malignancies (P<0.001). The patients with haematological malignancies had a significantly lower mean minimum neutrophil count than those with other diseases (1159/µL vs 3761/µL, P=0.0012). Most haematological patients did not require special nursing assistance, suggesting that the higher incidence of scabies among these patients resulted from their immunodeficiency rather than greater skin-to-skin contact with infected HCWs. CONCLUSION: Our study suggests that patients receiving chemotherapy for haematological malignancies are more susceptible to scabies than patients with other diseases, and require stricter protection.

Alteration in faecal bile acids, gut microbial composition and diversity after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy.

BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) is a well established treatment for severe obesity and type 2 diabetes. Although the gut microbiota is linked to the efficacy of LSG, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. The effect of LSG for morbid obesity on the gut microbiota and bile acids was assessed here. METHODS: Severely obese subjects who were candidates for LSG were included and followed until 6 months after surgery. The composition and abundance of the microbiota and bile acids in faeces were assessed by 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing, quantitative PCR and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. RESULTS: In total, 28 patients with a mean(s.d.) BMI of 44·2(6·6) kg/m2 were enrolled. These patients had achieved excess weight loss of 53·2(19·0) per cent and showed improvement in metabolic diseases by 6 months after LSG, accompanied by an alteration in the faecal microbial community. The increase in α-diversity and abundance of specific taxa, such as Rikenellaceae and Christensenellaceae, was strongly associated with reduced faecal bile acid levels. These changes had a significant positive association with excess weight loss and metabolic alterations. However, the total number of faecal bacteria was lower in patients before (mean(s.d.) 10·26(0·36) log10 cells per g faeces) and after (10·39(0·29) log10 cells per g faeces) operation than in healthy subjects (10·83(0·27) log10 cells per g faeces). CONCLUSION: LSG is associated with a reduction in faecal bile acids and greater abundance of specific bacterial taxa and α-diversity that may contribute to the metabolic changes.

ANTECEDENTES: La gastrectomía vertical laparoscópica (laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy, LSG) es un tratamiento bien establecido para la obesidad grave y la diabetes tipo 2. Aunque la microbiota intestinal se ha vinculado con la eficacia de LSG, los mecanismos subyacentes siguen siendo poco conocidos. En este estudio se evaluó el efecto de LSG en la obesidad mórbida sobre la microbiota del intestino y de los ácidos biliares (bile acids, BA). MÉTODOS: Tras la aprobación del Comité ético y la obtención del consentimiento informado, los sujetos con obesidad grave que eran candidatos para LSG fueron incluidos en el estudio y seguidos durante 6 meses después de la operación. Se evaluaron la composición y abundancia de la microbiota y BA en las heces mediante secuenciación del gen 16S rRNA, PCR cuantitativa y cromatografía líquida-espectrometría de masas. RESULTADOS: En total, 28 pacientes con una mediana (rango) del IMC de 43,9 kg/m2 (35,0-61,9) fueron reclutados y a los 6 meses tras una LSG, consiguieron una pérdida del exceso de peso de 47,3% (20,7-95,1) y mejoría de las enfermedades metabólicas acompañada de una alteración en la comunidad microbiana fecal. El aumento en la diversidad α y abundancia de especies taxonómicas específicas como Rikenellaceae y Christensenellaceae, se asociaba fuertemente con niveles fecales reducidos de BA. Estos cambios se asociaban de manera positiva y significativa con la pérdida del exceso de peso y las alteraciones metabólicas. Sin embargo, el número total de bacterias fecales en los pacientes fue inferior al de los sujetos sanos (10,84 log10 células/g heces (9,46-11,35)) antes de la operación (10,26 log10 células/g heces (9,44-10,91)) y después de la misma (10,42 log10 células/g heces (9,57-10,96)). CONCLUSIÓN: LSG se asoció con menos BA fecal y mayor abundancia de especies bacterianas específicas y diversidad α lo que puede contribuir a los cambios metabólicos.

Evaluation of screening for drug use using postmortem prolactin levels in serum and cerebrospinal fluid.

Prolactin (PRL) levels can usually be controlled by PRL-inhibiting psychiatric drugs that include anti-dopamine agents. However, the use of dopamine (DA) antagonists may lead to hyperprolactinemia under certain clinical conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate postmortem PRL levels as potential markers of drug abuse, especially that of DA antagonists, in autopsy cases. We examined 121 autopsy cases, excluding cases involving acute hypoxia/ischemia, such as asphyxia, because PRL concentrations are reportedly increased under acute hypoxic conditions. Detected drugs were classified as either DA antagonists, stimulants, psychotropic drugs other than DA antagonists, or other non-psychotropic drugs, and many cases had no detected drugs. Samples comprised blood collected from the right heart chamber and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). PRL protein level was measured by chemiluminescent immunoassay, and PRL gene expression in the anterior pituitary of autopsy cases was analyzed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The PRL-positive cell ratio in the anterior pituitary gland was also measured by immunohistochemical analysis. The results indicated that PRL levels in the serum and CSF were higher in DA antagonist cases than in other cases. PRL levels in the serum and CSF also correlated with the PRL gene expression in cases with abuse of DA antagonists. However, no significant difference in the PRL-positive cell ratio in the anterior pituitary gland was evident between any of the classes of drug-detected and drug-undetected cases. These results suggest that postmortem measurements of PRL transcription levels may be useful for diagnosing cases of DA antagonist use.

Whitening Efficacy of Chewing Gum Containing Sodium Metaphosphate on Coffee Stain: Placebo-controlled, Double-blind In Situ Examination.

This study aimed to evaluate the ability of chewing gum containing sodium metaphosphate (SMP) to remove coffee stains from enamel in situ. This was a double-blind (subjects, evaluators), parallel-group, crossover, randomized clinical trial with 30 healthy adult volunteers. Each participant held an appliance with a hydroxyapatite (HA) pellet on the lower lingual side of his or her mouth for two hours to allow pellicle formation. The appliances were subsequently immersed in coffee solution at 37°C for 48 hours. The color of the HA pellet before and after coffee immersion was measured using a spectrophotometer. The participant set the appliance and chewed two pieces of test gum, which contained 7.5 mg of SMP per piece, or control gum without SMP. Each cycle included five minutes of exposure to chewing gum, after which the appliances were placed in 100% relative humidity at room temperature for a 30-minute incubation. This cycle was repeated five times for each gum type. The color of the HA pellet was measured after each chewing cycle using the spectrophotometer. In addition, ΔE* values, which indicate the change in pellet color after each chewing cycle compared with after coffee immersion, were calculated. Data were analyzed using the paired t-test with Bonferroni adjustment to compare ΔE* values of control and test gum after each chewing cycle. The ΔE* values of test gum were significantly higher than those of control gum after all chewing cycles, excluding the first cycle (p<0.05). This finding indicates that test gum containing SMP was more effective at removing coffee stains from the HA pellet than control gum. We conclude that chewing gum containing SMP can effectively remove coffee stains from HA pellets. Thus, SMP is a promising agent to be further explored in tooth-cleaning studies.

Rendezvous Technique Using Double Balloon Endoscope for Removal of Multiple Intrahepatic Bile Duct Stones in Hepaticojejunostomy After Living Donor Liver Transplant: A Case Report.

Cholangitis is a major complication following transplantation. We report a living donor liver transplant (LDLT) patient with cholangitis due to multiple stones in the intrahepatic bile duct during hepaticojejunostomy anastomosis, who was successfully treated with the rendezvous technique using double balloon endoscope. A 64-year-old woman underwent LDLT with right lobe graft and hepaticojejunostomy for Wilson disease. There was bile leakage with biliary peritonitis, which was treated conservatively after transplant. Two years after surgery, she developed reiterated cholangitis due to stenosis of hepaticojejunostomy anastomosis and multiple stones in the intrahepatic bile ducts. Percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage was performed. The size of the drainage tube was increased, and the anastomotic area was dilated in a stepwise manner using a balloon catheter. The stones were crushed and lithotomy was performed using electronic hydraulic lithotripsy through cholangioscopy. Finally, lithotomy was performed for the remaining stones through endoscopic retrograde cholangiography with the rendezvous technique using the double balloon endoscope. Rendezvous approach with percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage and double balloon endoscopic retrograde cholangiography was an effective treatment for the multiple intrahepatic stones in hepaticojejunostomy following LDLT with right lobe graft.

Serum cell-free DNA levels are a useful marker for extramammary Paget disease.

BACKGROUND: Although carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and cytokeratin 19 fragment (CYFRA) are useful markers for extramammary Paget disease (EMPD), serum CEA and CYFRA levels are not elevated in most patients with EMPD without metastasis. Cell-free (cf)DNA has attracted attention as an indicator of clinical conditions in several cancers. OBJECTIVES: To identify further useful biomarkers for the detection of EMPD, including early lesions, and to study the clinical implications of cfDNA in EMPD. METHODS: cfDNA were isolated from serum of patients with EMPD with and without metastasis, and from healthy volunteers. Serum extracts were amplified using polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Serum cfDNA levels were significantly elevated in patients with EMPD with or without metastasis compared with those in healthy controls. Serum cfDNA was a better diagnostic marker for the presence of EMPD than serum CYFRA. Moreover, the postoperative serum cfDNA levels were significantly lower than those from the preoperative samples, and the change in serum cfDNA levels reflected the clinical courses of patients with EMPD treated with chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: Taking the evidence together, serum cfDNA levels may be a useful marker for diagnosis and disease progression in EMPD. What's already known about this topic? Serum levels of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and cytokeratin 19 fragment (CYFRA) are not elevated in most patients with extramammary Paget disease (EMPD) without metastasis. Cell-free (cf)DNA has attracted attention as an indicator of clinical conditions in several cancers. There are few reports of the clinical implications of cfDNA in dermatology. What does this study add? Serum cfDNA levels were significantly elevated in patients with EMPD with or without metastasis compared with those in healthy controls. Postoperative serum cfDNA levels were significantly lower than those from the preoperative samples. Changes in serum cfDNA levels reflected the clinical courses of patients with EMPD treated with chemotherapy. What is the translational message? Serum cfDNA levels in patients with EMPD are a useful marker for the detection of EMPD, including localized EMPD. Changes in serum cfDNA levels in an individual patient may reflect the clinical course of EMPD.

Nosocomial Mycobacterium tuberculosis transmission by brief casual contact identified using comparative genomics.

This paper reports a case of nosocomial transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by brief casual contact. Routine variable number tandem repeat typing in Yamagata Prefecture, Japan found that M. tuberculosis clinical isolates from two patients showed indistinguishable genotypes. The patients had an epidemiological relationship of sharing a waiting room in a hospital on the same day. As comparative genomics detected only two single nucleotide variants between the isolates, it was concluded that recent tuberculosis transmission occurred in the waiting room. These results indicate that the physical separation of infectious tuberculosis patients is an essential control measure for preventing unpredictable nosocomial transmission by casual contact.

Canine squamous cell carcinoma cell lines with high expression of survivin are sensitive to survivin inhibitor YM155.

Treatment of unresectable canine squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) remains challenging and new therapeutic strategies are needed. Survivin is a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein family and its inhibitor, YM155, is a potential anti-tumour agent. In the present study, 10 canine tumour cell lines (representing eight different tumour types) were screened for sensitivity to YM155; the drug potently inhibited the growth of the HAPPY SCC cell line. The growth inhibitory properties of YM155 were then examined in more detail using a panel of seven SCC cell lines. YM155 inhibited the growth of the cell lines HAPPY and SQ4; in contrast to the other lines in the panel, these two cell lines had high levels of expression of survivin. In HAPPY cells, YM155 inhibited expression of the survivin gene at the transcriptional level. In contrast, YM155 down-regulated survivin at the post-transcriptional level in SQ4 cells. YM155 suppressed cell growth in HAPPY cells, mostly via induction of apoptosis, but this was not the case in SQ4 cells. Two canine SCC cell lines with high cellular expression of survivin were sensitive to YM155. The possible underlying mechanisms of the cytotoxic effect of YM155 in these cell lines were different. One cell line had down-regulation of survivin mRNA and protein expression, associated with induction of apoptotic cell death. The other cell line had post-transcriptional down-regulation of survivin expression and subsequent induction of non-apoptotic cell death. Targeting survivin with YM155 is a potential approach for the treatment of canine SCCs with high expression of survivin.

A case of laboratory cross-contamination of Mycobacterium tuberculosis identified using comparative genomics.

BACKGROUND: Two false-positive tuberculosis (TB) cases in Yamagata Prefecture, Japan, 2016. OBJECTIVE: To report the effectiveness of comparative genomics of Mycobacterium tuberculosis for identification of cross-contamination cases. DESIGN: Case report of laboratory cross-contamination. RESULTS: Beginning with detection of an identical genotype in two M. tuberculosis strains using variable number of tandem repeat typing, we suspected M. tuberculosis cross-contamination of specimens collected in a mycobacteriology laboratory based on epidemiological investigations. This suspicion was confirmed using comparative genomics of the two M. tuberculosis strains and a strain from an epidemiologically unrelated specimen from the same batch as the two strains in the mycobacteriology laboratory. All strains had an identical genomic sequence with no single nucleotide variants. CONCLUSION: Comparative genomics, which offers the highest discrimination power, is a potent tool for identifying laboratory cross-contamination using epidemiological investigations.

Detection of modified measles and super-spreader using a real-time reverse transcription PCR in the largest measles outbreak, Yamagata, Japan, 2017 in its elimination era.

We aimed to verify the effectiveness of real-time reverse transcription (rRT) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for detecting cases of modified measles (M-Me) and for predicting super-spreader candidates through the experience of a measles outbreak dominated by M-Me in Yamagata, Japan, during March-April 2017. We applied rRT-PCR to specimens from 35 cases of M-Me, nine cases of typical measles (T-Me) and nine cases of prodromal stage of T-Me (P-Me). From rRT-PCR among the M-Me cases, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) showed the highest positive rate (80.0%), followed by throat swab (48.6%), urine (33.3%) and serum (3.1%). The negative result of PBMC in M-Me cases was recovered by the result of a throat swab. In specimens of PBMC, throat swab and urine, M-Me group showed the significantly higher cycle of threshold (i.e., lower viral load) in the rRT-PCR than T-Me and P-Me groups, respectively. Furthermore, three super-spreaders in T-Me or P-Me showed an extremely low cycle of threshold in their throat swab specimens. rRT-PCR using PBMC and throat swab might be helpful for clinical management and measles control by certain detection of M-Me cases and by predicting super-spreading events resulting from measles cases with the high viral load.