Frequency-domain optical tomographic imaging of arthritic finger joints.

We are presenting data from the largest clinical trial on optical tomographic imaging of finger joints to date. Overall we evaluated 99 fingers of patients affected by rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and 120 fingers from healthy volunteers. Using frequency-domain imaging techniques we show that sensitivities and specificities of 0.85 and higher can be achieved in detecting RA. This is accomplished by deriving multiple optical parameters from the optical tomographic images and combining them for the statistical analysis. Parameters derived from the scattering coefficient perform slightly better than absorption derived parameters. Furthermore we found that data obtained at 600 MHz leads to better classification results than data obtained at 0 or 300 MHz.

Evaluation of a novel noncontact spectrally and spatially resolved reflectance setup with continuously variable source-detector separation using silicone phantoms.

We present a new variant of a noncontact, oblique incidence spatially resolved reflectance setup. The continuously variable source detector separation enables adaptation to high and low albedo samples. Absorption (µ(a)) and reduced scattering coefficients (µ(') (s)) are determined in the wavelength range of 400-1000 nm using a lookup table, calculated by a Monte Carlo simulation of the light transport. The method is characterized by an silicone phantom study covering a wide parameter range 0.01 mm(-1) ≤ µ(a) ≤ 2.5 mm(-1) and 0.2 mm(-1) ≤ µ(') (s) ≤ 10 mm(-1), which includes the optical parameters of tissue in the visible and near infrared. The influence of the incident angle and the detection aperture on the simulated remission was examined. Using perpendicular incidence and 90-deg detection aperture in the Monte Carlo simulation in contrast to the experimental situation with 30-deg incidence and 4.6-deg detection aperture is shown to be valid for the parameter range µ(') (s) > 1 mm(-1) and µ(a) < 1.2 mm(-1). A Mie calculation is presented, showing that a decreasing reduced scattering coefficient for increasing absorption can be the consequence of real physics instead of cross talk.

Expression screening of integral membrane proteins from Helicobacter pylori 26695.

The efficiency of Helicobacter pylori as a mucosal pathogen is caused by unique soluble and integral membrane proteins, which allow its survival at acidic pH and successful colonization of the gastric environment. With about one-fourth of the H. pylori's proteome comprising integral membrane proteins, the need for solution of their three-dimensional (3D) structures becomes persistent as it can potentially drive the generation of more effective drugs. This study presents a medium-throughput approach for cloning and expression screening of integral membrane proteins from H. pylori (26695) using Escherichia coli as the expression host. One-hundred sixteen H. pylori targets were cloned into two different vector systems and heterologously expressed in E. coli. Eighty-four percent of these proteins displayed medium to high expression. No clear-cut correlation was found between expression levels and number of putative transmembrane spans, predicted functionality, and molecular mass. Nonetheless, expression of transporters and hypothetical proteins < or =40 kDa with two to four transmembrane spans displayed generally high expression levels. To statistically strengthen the quality of the data from the medium-throughput approach, a comparison with data derived from robotic-based methodologies was conducted. Optimization of expression and solubilization conditions for selected targets was also performed. Seventeen targets have been purified and subjected to crystallization so far. Eighteen percent of these targets (2/17) produced crystals under specific sets of crystallization conditions.