Recent advances in fluorescence nanoparticles "quantum dots" as gene delivery system: A review.

Biomaterial scientists have recently focused their attention on evaluating various aspects of delivering genetic materials into cells to induce a cellular response. The process involves complexing negatively charged plasmids, followed by delivering the resulting package into cells, a process facilitated by lipids, peptides, viruses, synthetically modified cationic polymers, and specific inorganic nanomaterials. In the context of gene delivery for specific imaging in biological and biomedical applications, fluorescence nanocrystals or quantum dots (QDs) present promising candidates as engineered nanoparticles (NPs). This literature review study aims to investigate the potential of QDs as a novel tool for gene delivery to retinal cells. The proficiency of QDs in this context arises from their unique physicochemical characteristics, including optical electronic and catalytic properties, which render them viable options for biosensing imaging, drug delivery, and gene delivery applications. In the field of gene delivery to the retinal cells, factors such as photoluminescence, quantum yield, biocompatibility, size, and shape play crucial roles in the utilization of QDs. In this paper, we discuss the most appropriate credentials and briefly outline the findings, supported by relevant illustrative samples, to explore the delivery of genetic material utilizing QDs.

Acidity of the chlorinated phenols: DFT study and experiential affirmation.

A quantum mechanical density functional theory (DFT) was successfully developed for the estimation of pKa values of chlorinated phenols in aqueous solution with a precision of 0.9 pKa units. The MP2/6-311++G(d,p)//B3LYP/6-31+G(d) level of theory was used for the gas phase calculation. For computation in the solution phase and to calculate the energy difference of the acid-base, the polarized continuum model (PCM) at the HF/6-31G(d,p) level was used. The pKa value was computed for each involved species using pentachlorophenol (PCP) as a reference molecule. Natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis considering the natural resonance theory (NRT) was carried out on an optimized geometry of studied compounds to give information about the nature of bonds. Graphical abstract Chlorinated phenols.

Ultrasound-promoted solvent-free aza-Michael addition of p-toluenesulfonamide to fumaric esters by potassium carbonate: Synthesis of p-toluenesulfonamide derivatives.

An efficient, mild, inexpensive and eco-friendly protocol for the synthesis of p-toluenesulfonamide derivatives by aza-Michael addition reaction of p-toluenesulfonamide to fumaric esters using potassium carbonate under ultrasound irradiation was developed. This method is simple, convenient and the desired compounds are produced in good to excellent yield. The bulkiness of alkoxy group (-OR) of fumaric esters did not affect significantly on the yields and reaction times. This reaction worked well on linear and nonlinear alkyl fumarates. The reaction, surprisingly, was not successful on methyl fumarate. In this case methyl fumarate has been hydrolyzed to fumaric acid under reaction conditions.

Tetrabutylammonium bromide media aza-Michael addition of 1,2,3,6-tetrahydrophthalimide to symmetrical fumaric esters and acrylic esters under solvent-free conditions.

The aza-Michael addition of 1,2,3,6-tetrahydrophthalimide with symmetrical fumaric esters has been performed efficiently in a solvent-free system at 100 °C and using 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO) as a base in the presence of tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB). The products were obtained in good to high yields within 2.5-7.0 h. This reaction worked well on linear alkyl fumarates and was not effective with nonlinear alkyl fumarates. Although the reaction was also applicable to acrylates such as n-butyl acrylate, methacrylates and crotonates were not suitable Michael acceptors for this reaction.