RESUMO
Fumonisin occurrence was investigated in subsistence maize in four rural villages in each of Mbizana and Centane areas, South Africa. Samples (total 211) were analysed morphologically for Fusarium species and by high performance liquid chromatography for fumonisins. The mean incidence levels of Fusarium verticillioides in Centane good maize were 16% for both 1997 and 2000, but increased to 32% in 2003, whereas Mbizana good maize contained levels of 17% and 11% (2000 and 2003 seasons, respectively). The mean total fumonisin level in good maize in Centane for 1997 and 2000 was 575 and 975 µg/kg and 2150 µg/kg in 2003. In Mbizana, the mean total fumonisin level in good maize for 2000 was 950 µg/kg, but decreased to 610 µg/kg in 2003. The 2003 drought conditions led to a substantial increase in fumonisin levels in dry subhumid Centane, compared to humid subtropical Mbizana. This study emphasises the seasonal fluctuation in fumonisin levels.
Assuntos
Produtos Agrícolas/microbiologia , Contaminação de Alimentos , Fumonisinas/análise , Fusarium/isolamento & purificação , Saúde da População Rural , Sementes/microbiologia , Zea mays/microbiologia , Agricultura , Carcinógenos Ambientais/análise , Carcinógenos Ambientais/metabolismo , Carcinógenos Ambientais/toxicidade , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Cromatografia de Fase Reversa , Produtos Agrícolas/efeitos adversos , Produtos Agrícolas/química , Produtos Agrícolas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Dieta/efeitos adversos , Dieta/etnologia , Secas , Inspeção de Alimentos , Armazenamento de Alimentos , Fumonisinas/metabolismo , Fumonisinas/toxicidade , Fusarium/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Fusarium/metabolismo , Humanos , Limite de Detecção , Pobreza/etnologia , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Saúde da População Rural/etnologia , Sementes/efeitos adversos , Sementes/química , Sementes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , África do Sul , Análise Espaço-Temporal , Espectrometria de Fluorescência , Recursos Humanos , Zea mays/efeitos adversos , Zea mays/química , Zea mays/crescimento & desenvolvimentoRESUMO
In this study, we evaluated safety and recovery using a patient maintained, target controlled infusion of propofol for sedation in 20 patients undergoing colonoscopy. Using a handset with a two-minute lockout interval, patients could make 0.2 micro g.ml(-1) increments to an initial target plasma concentration of 1 micro g.ml(-1) up to a maximum 4.5 micro g.ml(-1). Four patients became oversedated but required no airway or circulatory interventions. Subjects had a significant reduction in mean (SD) heart rate: 78.7 (15) vs. 69.8 (13.5) (p < 0.001) and in systolic blood pressure 121.1 (13.2) mmHg vs. 96.5 (8.6) mmHg (p < 0.001). Choice reaction time testing 15 min after colonoscopy showed a significant median (IQR [range]) rise of 162 (- 16, 383.3 [-199-859]) ms (p < 0.05). Six patients had faster reaction times postcolonoscopy. All patients denied unpleasant recall and were satisfied with the system. Although oversedation was a problem in this model, we conclude that patient maintained propofol sedation could be possible for colonoscopy.
