Revolutionizing Breast Cancer Detection With Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Radiology and Radiation Oncology: A Systematic Review.

The number one cause of cancer in women worldwide is breast cancer. Over the last three decades, the use of traditional screen-film mammography has increased, but in recent years, digital mammography and 3D tomosynthesis have become standard procedures for breast cancer screening. With the advancement of technology, the interpretation of images using automated algorithms has become a subject of interest. Initially, computer-aided detection (CAD) was introduced; however, it did not show any long-term benefit in clinical practice. With recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI) methods, these technologies are showing promising potential for more accurate and efficient automated breast cancer detection and treatment. While AI promises widespread integration in breast cancer detection and treatment, challenges such as data quality, regulatory, ethical implications, and algorithm validation are crucial. Addressing these is essential for fully realizing AI's potential in enhancing early diagnosis and improving patient outcomes in breast cancer management. In this review article, we aim to provide an overview of the latest developments and applications of AI in breast cancer screening and treatment. While the existing literature primarily consists of retrospective studies, ongoing and future prospective research is poised to offer deeper insights. Artificial intelligence is on the verge of widespread integration into breast cancer detection and treatment, holding the potential to enhance early diagnosis and improve patient outcomes.

Extensive Scalp Melanoma in an Elderly Female: A Case Report and Literature Review.

Scalp melanoma is a rare and aggressive form of skin cancer. Its occurrence in the elderly population poses unique challenges due to factors such as delayed diagnosis and comorbidities. We present a case of extensive scalp melanoma in an elderly female to highlight the clinical presentation, diagnostic process, treatment modalities, and outcomes. Biopsy and histopathological analysis showed the presence of dysplastic nevi arising in pigmented melanocytic nevi, with uncertain pagetoid spread of atypical melanocytes. The management involved complete excision with safety margins and immunotherapy based on melanoma guidelines. This case underscores the importance of early detection and tailored treatment strategies in managing melanoma in elderly patients.

Factors in the Development of Somatoform Disorders Among Children: A Case-Control Study.

Introduction Somatoform disorders (SFDs) are a spectrum of diseases mainly manifesting with physical symptoms of no recognizable etiology. These disorders are believed to be primarily influenced and exacerbated by psychological factors. Given the connection between parental sociodemographics and psychological factors and SFDs, there is a pressing need to investigate this area further, particularly concerning parents and their children affected by somatoform disorders. Aims and objectives The aims and objectives of this study are as follows: i) study the determinants of SFDs, namely, parent handling of child, parent-child relationship, parenting with respect to attending to the needs of children, and intelligence quotient (IQ) of parents, and ii) compare host factors to the factors matched in control subjects. Materials and methods We adopted purposive sampling in our case-control study. The study sample was obtained from the psychiatry department of the Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi Memorial (GSVM) Medical College, Kanpur, India, from September 2020 to December 2022, once a week, every Monday. Children manifesting SFD manifestations that are among the chief complaints were included in our study. Results A total of 115 cases were included in our study based on inclusion criteria. The study compared sociodemographic characteristics, intelligence quotient (IQ), parental characteristics, parental handling, parent-child relationships, and parenting practices between a patient group and a control group. The results showed no significant differences in sex, religion, occupation, domicile, and socioeconomic status in both control and patient groups. However, significant differences were found in parental characteristics, such as lower mean age, education, and IQ, in the patient group. This difference between the patient and control groups with respect to the parental handling questionnaire was statistically significant for the domain of "praise," "talk," "feel better," "comes to you," "unduly strict" items, "frequently reprimanded," "tried to control everything," creative activities, protectiveness, education, neglecting, objective punishment, housing, medical care, demanding, symbolic reward, loving, objective reward, food, parent-to-child communication, clothing, support, routine, recreation, social activities, rules, managing problem behavior, guidance for career, and security. Conclusion Parents were deficient in terms of years of education, occupational status, IQ, parental handling, parent-child relationship, and parenting with respect to the children's needs. These findings offer insights into the sociodemographic and psychological factors contributing to the patient group's condition.

Non-small Cell Lung Carcinoma With Metastases to Various Levels of Vertebra: A Case Report and Literature Review.

The consequences of lung cancer over the past century have been quite deadly and cost millions of lives. Besides the statistics that show its brutal mortality rate, the comorbidities secondary to lung cancer have had their toll and burden on patients too. Lung cancer is broadly and histologically divided into small and non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC), with the latter associated with a heavy smoking history. Initial presentation of NSCLC varies, and many patients present with an advanced disease that has spread to different parts of the body. Metastasis to the bone can lead to severe pain requiring extreme analgesia regimens. Here, we present a case of a 68-year-old male with advanced NSCLC who initially presented with bony pain due to metastasis.

A Rare Case of Hypomyelinating Leukodystrophy and Its Management: A Case Report and Literature Review.

A subset of hereditary white matter disorders called hypomyelinating leukodystrophies (HLD) is characterized primarily by the absence of myelin deposition. Although the clinical presentation can be mild and the development of symptoms can occur in adolescence or adulthood, the majority of severe cases present during infancy and early childhood with significant neurological impairments. The clinical features vary from muscle stiffness to seizures and developmental delay. The detailed myelination process can be seen with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and many patients are diagnosed using MRI pattern recognition and next-generation sequencing (NGS) in most cases. Here, we report a case of an infant suffering from the hypomyelinating leukodystrophy-13 (HLD-13) variant, whose next-generation sequencing revealed a pathogenic homozygous variant.