High-intensity training effects on top-level soccer referees' repeated sprint ability and cardiovascular performance / Efectos del entrenamiento de alta intensidad sobre la habilidad de repetir esprines y el rendimiento cardiovascular en árbitros de fútbol de alto nivel

Given that the interest for effective and sustainable training methods to develop soccer refereeing performance, the aim of this study was to analyze the effects of a10 weeks high-intensity training (HIT ) program on repeated sprint ability (RSA) and aerobic capacity in top-level soccer referees. Sixteen referees were randomly allocated in a HIT program, (EG, n = 8) and a control group (CG, n = 8). All referees were eligible to officiate in the professional Spanish La Liga championships (first and second soccer division) or were involved in the talent identification program for promotion to professional level. The training program was carried out during the 10 weeks and referees performed the RSA test and a laboratory incremental treadmill test for maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) and ventilatory threshold (VT ) assessment both pre and post training intervention. EG improved the RSA performance considered as sprint decrement index over 15 m (Sdec 15 m) and 30 m (Sdec 30 m), and fatigue index over 15 m (Change 15 m) and 30 m (Change 30 m) (ES = -0.52; ±0.31 CL / -0.86; ±0.49 CL; Very Likely small to Very Likely moderate effect after the 10 weeks). In addition, EG decreased the absolute oxygen consumption at ventilatory threshold (VO2VT ) (ES = -0.51; ±.60 CL; Likely small). No changes were found in CG performance for in Sdec 15 m, Sdec 30 m, Change 15 m, and Change 30 m (ES = 0.06; ±0.14 CL / 0.78; 1.19CL; Unclear to Likely trivial) or in aerobic performance variables. The results of this study suggest HIT as an effective training intervention to reduce fatigue in RSA and to maintain aerobic capacity on top-level soccer referees

Considerando el interés acerca de los métodos de entrenamiento más efectivos para optimizar el rendimiento físico del árbitro de fútbol, el objetivo de este estudio fue analizar los efectos de un programa de entrenamiento de alta intensidad (HIT) de 10 semanas de duración sobre la habilidad de repetir esprines (RSA) y sobre el rendimiento cardiovascular en árbitros de fútbol de alto nivel. Dieciséis árbitros distribuidos en un grupo experimental (EG) que llevó a cabo un programa HIT (EG, n = 8) y un grupo control (CG, n = 8) participaron en este estudio. Todos los árbitros podían ser elegidos para oficiar a nivel profesional en La Liga (Primera o Segunda División) o pertenecían al programa de talentos de árbitros para promocionar al ámbito profesional. El programa de entrenamiento fue realizado durante 10 semanas y los árbitros fueron evaluados del rendimiento en RSA y de un test incremental de laboratorio donde se obtuvo el consumo máximo de oxígeno (VO2max) y los umbrales ventilatorios (VT ) antes y después del programa de intervención. El EG mejoró el rendimiento RSA considerado como el índice de pérdida en el esprint en 15 m (Sdec15 m) y en 30 m (Sdec 30 m), y el índice de fatiga en 15 m (Change 15 m) y en 30 m (Change 30 m) (ES = -0,52; ±0,31CL / -0,86; ±0,49 CL; Muy Probable pequeño a Muy Probable moderado). No se encontraron cambios en el rendimiento del grupo control para las variables Sdec 15 m, Sdec 30 m, Change15 m, and Change 30 m (ES = 0,06; ±0,14CL / 0,78; 1,19 CL; Unclear to Likely trivial) ni para el rendimiento cardiovascular tras las 10 semanas de intervención. Los resultados de este estudio sugieren el HIT como una estrategia de entrenamiento efectiva para reducir la fatiga en el RSA y para mantener un óptimo nivel aeróbico en árbitros de alto nivel

Influencia del criterio de determinación de la frecuencia cardiaca máxima sobre la cuantificación de la carga interna en el arbitraje / Influence of the maximum heart rate determination criterion on the quantification of the internal load in soccer refereeing

Los objetivos de este estudio fueron, por un lado, analizar las diferencias en la carga interna de partido (CIP) entre árbitros de campo (AC) y asistentes (AA) medida mediante diferentes métodos de cuantificación en partidos oficiales, y por otro lado, conocer si existen diferencias en la CIP utilizando distintos criterios para determinar la frecuencia cardiaca máxima (FCmax) individual (FCmax alcanzada en un test incremental o FCmax alcanzada en el partido). En este estudio participaron 41 colegiados que arbitraron 21 partidos oficiales de Liga de la Tercera División de Fútbol de España, de los cuales, 21 eran AC y 20 AA. La CIP fue determinada mediante los métodos de Edwards (Edwards'_CIP) y de Stagno (Stagno's_CIP) atendiendo a la FCmax individual alcanzada en algún momento del partido (CIPPARTIDO) y durante el test YoYo de recuperación intermitente, YYIR1 (CIPYYIR1). Los AC registraron mayores valores de Edwards_CIP y Stagno_CIP que los AA con ambos criterios de determinación de la FCmax. Además, a pesar de que se observan diferencias altas-muy altas-extremadamente altas en los métodos de cuantificación de la CIP utilizando distintos criterios para determinar la FCmax individual (FCmaxPARTIDO o FCmaxYYIR1) tanto en todos, en AC y en AA, las asociaciones fueron muy altas y casi perfectas en la CIP calculada con distintos criterios de determinación de la FCmax. Estos resultados sugieren que puede ser adecuado utilizar cualquiera de estos criterios de determinación de la FCmax para cuantificar la CIP tanto con el método Edwards'_CIP como con el método Stagno's_CIP

The aims of this present study were, on the one hand, to analyze the differences in the match internal load (CIP) between field referees (AC) and assistants (AA) measured by different methods of quantification during official matches, and on the other hand, to know whether exist differences in the CIP using different criteria to determine the individual maximum heart rate (FCmax) (FCmax achieved in the incremental test or FCmax achieved during the match). In this study participated 41 match officials who refereed during 21 official matches in a Spanish Third Divison League, of which, 21 were AC and 20 were AA. CIP was determined by Edwards method (Edwards'_CIP) and Stagno method (Stagno’s_CIP) attending to the individual FCmax obtained during the match (CIPPARTIDO) and during the YYIR1 test (CIPYYIR1). AC registered higher values of Edwards_CIP and Stagno_CIP than AA with both criteria of determination of FCmax. In addition, despite high-very high-extremely high differences were observed CIP methods using different criteria to determine the individual FCmax (FCmaxPARTIDO or FCmaxYYIR1) in all match officials, in AC and in AA, the associations were very high and almost perfect in the CIP calculated with different criteria of determination of FCmax. The results of this investigation suggest that it could be appropriate to use both determination of FCmax criteria to quantify CIP with Edwards'_CIP and Stagno's_CIP methods

Evaluación de la efectividad de distintos programas motores basados en la interferencia contextual en estudiantes de educación primaria / Evaluation of the effectiveness of different motor programmes base don contextual interference in primary school children / Avaliação da efectividade de distintos programas motores baseados na interferência contextual em estudantesde educação primária

El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar los efectos de distintos programas de intervención, aplicados en las clases de educación física y basados en la interferencia contextual (IC), en niños y niñas de tercer curso de educación primaria (9-10 años). 70 niños (35 chicos y 35 chicas) de un colegio público, que cursaban el tercer curso de educación primaria, participaron en el estudio. Los alumnos fueron divididos en cuatro grupos en función del tipo de programa de IC a realizar, siendo testada su capacidad de cambiar de dirección (Modified Agility Test, MAT) y aceleración (tiempo en el sprint de 5 y 15 m) antes y después de las 5 semanas de intervención. Se encontraron diferencias significativas en la capacidad de cambiar de dirección entre el pretest y el postest en el grupo IC baja, en el grupo IC moderada y en el grupo IC variable y no ocurrió lo mismo con el grupo IC alta. Únicamente el grupo de IC baja mostró diferencias significativas entre el pretest y el postest en el sprint de 5 m y ninguno de los programas fue efectivo en la capacidad de aceleración de 15 m. Las características o rasgos de los programas de intervención basados en el nivel de interferencia contextual condicionaron los efectos producidos en la capacidad de aceleración y en el cambio de dirección

The purpose of this study was to analyse the effects of different intervention programmes, applied in physical education classes and based on contextual interference (CI), in children in their 3rd year of primary education (9-10 years). Seventy children (35 boys and 35 girls) from a state school, who were in their third year of primary education, took part in the study. The school children were divided into four groups depending on the type of CI programme they were going to carry out. Their capacity to change direction (Modified Agility Test MAT) and acceleration capacity (time for a 5m and 15m sprint) were tested before and after the 5 week intervention. Significant differences were found in capacity to change direction capacity between the pre-test and post-test in the low CI group, the moderate CI group and the variable CI group, but not in the high CI group. Only the low CI group showed significant differences between the pre-test and post-test in the 5m sprint and none of the programmes were effective on acceleration capacity in the 15m sprint. The features or characteristics of the intervention programmes based on the level of contextual interference conditioned the effects produced on acceleration and capacity to change direction

O objectivo deste estudo foi analisar os efeitos de distintos programas de intervenção, aplicados em aulas de educação física e baseados nainterferência contextual (IC), em rapazes e raparigas do terceiro ano de educação primária (9-10 anos). 70 crianças (35 rapazes e 35 raparigas) de umaescola pública, que frequentavam o terceiro ano de educação primária, participaram no estudo. Os alunos foram divididos em quatro grupos em funçãodo tipo de programa de IC a realizar, sendo testada a sua capacidade para mudar de direcção (Modified Agility Test, MAT) e aceleração (tempo em sprintde 5 e 15 m) antes e depois das 5 semanas de intervenção. Foram encontradas diferenças significativas na capacidade de mudar de direcção entre o pré-teste e o pós-teste no grupo de IC baixa, no grupo IC moderada e no grupo IC variável, não ocorrendo o mesmo com o grupo IC alta. Unicamente ogrupo de IC baixa revelou diferenças significativas entre o pré-teste e o pós-teste no sprint de 5 m e nenhum dos programas foi efectivo na capacidadede aceleração de 15 m. As características ou traços dos programas de intervenção baseados no nível de interferência contextual condicionaram os efeitosproduzidos na capacidade de aceleração e na mudança de direção

Comparative efficiency of Nannotrigona perilampoides, Bombus impatiens (Hymenoptera: Apoidea), and mechanical vibration on fruit production of enclosed habanero pepper.

The native bee Nannotrigona perilampoides Cresson (Apidae: Meliponini) has been evaluated with promising results in greenhouse pollination of Solanaceae in Mexico. However, no comparison has been done with imported bumble bees (Apidae: Bombini), which are the most common bees used for greenhouse pollination. We compared the foraging activity and fruit production of habanero pepper. Capsicum chinense Jacquin, by using N. perilampoides and Bombus impatiens Cresson in pollination cages. Both bee species collected pollen on a similar number of flowers per unit time, but N. perilampoides visited significantly more flowers per trip, lasted longer on each flower, and spent more time per foraging trip. Ambient temperature and light intensity significantly affected the foraging activity of N. perilampoides. Light intensity was the only environmental variable that affected B. impatiens. Except for the fruit set, there were not significant differences in the quality of fruit produced by both bee species; however, N. perilampoides and B. impatiens performed better than mechanical vibration for all the variables measured. The abortion of fruit caused the low fruit set produced by B. impatiens, and we speculate it might be due to an excessive visitation rate. Pollination efficiency per visit (Spear's pollination efficiency index) was similar for both bee species in spite of the significantly lower amount of pollen removed by N. perilampoides. We suggested that the highest number of flowers visited per foraging trip coupled with adequate amounts of pollen transported, and transferred between flowers, could explain the performance of N. perilampoides as a good pollinator of habanero pepper. Our experiments confirm that N. perilampoides could be used as an alternative pollinator to Bombus in hot pepper under tropical climates.