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Within a multi-state viral genomic surveillance program, we evaluated whether proportions of SARS-CoV-2 infections attributed to the JN.1 variant and to XBB-lineage variants (including HV.1 and EG.5) differed between inpatient and outpatient care settings during periods of cocirculation. Both JN.1 and HV.1 were less likely than EG.5 to account for infections among inpatients versus outpatients (aOR=0.60 [95% CI: 0.43-0.84; p=0.003] and aOR=0.35 [95% CI: 0.21-0.58; p<0.001], respectively). JN.1 and HV.1 variants may be associated with a lower risk of severe illness. The severity of COVID-19 may have attenuated as predominant circulating SARS-CoV-2 lineages shifted from EG.5 to HV.1 to JN.1.
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Background: Viral SARS-CoV-2 rebound (viral RNA rebound) is challenging to characterize in large cohorts due to the logistics of collecting frequent and regular diagnostic test results. Pharmacy-based testing data provide an opportunity to study the phenomenon in a large population, also enabling subgroup analyses. The current real-world evidence approach complements approaches focused on smaller, prospective study designs. Methods: We linked real-time reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction test data from national pharmacy-based testing to health care claims data via tokenization to calculate the cumulative incidence of viral RNA rebound within 28 days following positive test results in nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (NMV-r)-treated and untreated individuals during the Omicron era (December 2021-November 2022) and prior to the Omicron era (October 2020-November 2021). Results: Among 30 646 patients, the rate of viral RNA rebound was 3.5% (95% CI, 2.0%-5.7%) in NMV-r-treated infections as compared with 1.5% (95% CI, 1.3%-1.7%) in untreated infections during the Omicron era and 1.9% (95% CI, 1.7%-2.1%) prior to the Omicron era. Viral RNA rebound in patients who were vaccinated (n = 8151), high risk (n = 4411), or older (≥65 years, n = 4411) occurred at comparable rates to the overall cohort (range, 1.1%-4.8%). Viral rebounds to high RNA levels in NMV-r-treated infections occurred in 8% of viral rebounds as compared with 5% to 11% in untreated infections. Rates of hospitalization were comparable between patients with NMV-r-treated infections with viral RNA rebound (0%) and untreated patients with viral RNA rebound (0%-1.2%). Conclusions: Our findings suggest viral RNA rebound is rare (< 5%), with rates that were consistent with those from the EPIC-HR trial (Evaluation of Protease Inhibition for COVID-19 in High-Risk Patients). Most occurrences of viral RNA rebound were associated with low viral RNA levels, and viral RNA rebound progression to severe disease was not observed.
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Construction and manufacturing workers undertake physically laborious activities which put them at risk of developing serious musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). In the EU, millions of workers are being affected by workplace-related MSDs, inflicting huge financial implications on the European economy. Besides that, increased health problems and financial losses, severe shortages of skilled labor also emerge. The work aims to create awareness and accelerate the adoption of exoskeletons among SMEs and construction workers to reduce MSDs. Large-scale manufacturers and automobile assemblers are more open to adopt exoskeletons, however, the use of exoskeletons in small and medium enterprises (SMEs) is still not recognized. This paper presents an experimental study demonstrating the advantages of different exoskeletons while performing workers' tasks. The study illustrates how the use of certain upper and lower body exoskeletons can reduce muscle effort. The muscle activity of the participants was measured using EMG sensors and was compared while performing designated tasks. It was found that up to 60% reduction in human effort can be achieved while performing the same tasks using exoskeletons. This can also help ill workers in rehabilitation and putting them back to work. The study concludes with pragmatic recommendations for future exoskeletons.
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Within a multistate clinical cohort, SARS-CoV-2 antiviral prescribing patterns were evaluated from April 2022-June 2023 among nonhospitalized patients with SARS-CoV-2 with risk factors for severe COVID-19. Among 3247 adults, only 31.9% were prescribed an antiviral agent (87.6% nirmatrelvir/ritonavir, 11.9% molnupiravir, 0.5% remdesivir), highlighting the need to identify and address treatment barriers.
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Antivirais , Tratamento Farmacológico da COVID-19 , SARS-CoV-2 , Humanos , Antivirais/uso terapêutico , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Feminino , Adulto , Idoso , Fatores de Risco , Ritonavir/uso terapêutico , COVID-19/epidemiologia , Monofosfato de Adenosina/análogos & derivados , Monofosfato de Adenosina/uso terapêutico , Alanina/uso terapêutico , Alanina/análogos & derivados , Padrões de Prática Médica/estatística & dados numéricos , Citidina/análogos & derivados , HidroxilaminasRESUMO
CONTEXT: Turner syndrome (TS) is the most common chromosomal aberration in women; it is the result of structural or numeric abnormalities in the X chromosome. Autoimmune hypothyroidism has been recognized as one of the more prominent disorders associated with TS. OBJECTIVE: This work aimed to study the prevalence of autoimmune diseases in TS. METHODS: A cross-sectional, longitudinal, 25-year follow-up study was conducted of patients from adult Turner centers at the University Hospitals, Sweden. During 1994 to 2020, a total of 503 women aged 16 to 71 years with TS were evaluated consecutively every fifth year according to national guidelines. A random population sample of women, n = 401, aged 25 to 44 years, from the World Health Organization Monitoring of Trends and Determinants for Cardiovascular Disease (MONICA) project served as controls. Serum thyrotropin, free thyroxine, vitamin B12, antithyroid peroxidase (anti-TPO), and antitransglutaminase antibodies were measured. RESULTS: Mean follow-up time (years) was 16 ± 7 for patients and 13 ± 1 for controls. From study start, the prevalence increased in TS for hypothyroidism 40% to 58%, vitamin B12 deficiency 5% to 12%, celiac disease 4% to 7%, positive anti-TPO 26% to 41%, and antitransglutaminase antibodies 6% to 8% (P < .0001 vs controls). Type 1 diabetes and Addison disease were rare. The only interrelationship was between hypothyroidism and vitamin B12 deficiency, both in TS and controls. No association between autoimmune disease and karyotype, antecedent growth hormone treatment, or ongoing estrogen hormone replacement, was seen in TS. CONCLUSION: In women with TS up to older than 80 years, more than half developed hypothyroidism, mainly autoimmune, during follow-up. Awareness of vitamin B12 deficiency and celiac disease throughout life is also recommended in women with TS.
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Doença de Addison , Doença Celíaca , Hipotireoidismo , Síndrome de Turner , Deficiência de Vitamina B 12 , Adulto , Humanos , Feminino , Síndrome de Turner/epidemiologia , Seguimentos , Suécia/epidemiologia , Doença Celíaca/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , AnticorposRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: There has been a drastic increase in the reported number of people seeking help for gender dysphoria in many countries over the last two decades. Yet, our knowledge of gender dysphoria and related outcomes is restricted due to the lack of high-quality studies employing comprehensive approaches. This longitudinal study aims to enhance our knowledge of gender dysphoria; different aspects will be scrutinised, focusing primarily on the psychosocial and mental health outcomes, prognostic markers and, secondarily, on the underlying mechanisms for its origin. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: The Swedish Gender Dysphoria Study is an ongoing multicentre longitudinal cohort study with 501 registered participants with gender dysphoria who are 15 years old or older. Participants at different phases of their clinical evaluation process can enter the study, and the expected follow-up duration is three years. The study also includes a comparison group of 458 age- and county-matched individuals without gender dysphoria. Data on the core outcomes of the study, which are gender incongruence and experienced gender dysphoria, body satisfaction and satisfaction with gender-affirming treatments, as well as other relevant outcomes, including mental health, social functioning and life satisfaction, are collected via web surveys. Two different research visits, before and after starting on gender-affirming hormonal treatment (if applicable), are planned to collect respective biological and cognitive measures. Data analysis will be performed using appropriate biostatistical methods. A power analysis showed that the current sample size is big enough to analyse continuous and categorical outcomes, and participant recruitment will continue until December 2022. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The ethical permission for this study was obtained from the Local Ethical Review Board in Uppsala, Sweden. Results of the study will be presented at national and international conferences and published in peer-reviewed journals. Dissemination will also be implemented through the Swedish Gender Dysphoria Study network in Sweden.
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Disforia de Gênero , Pessoas Transgênero , Humanos , Adolescente , Estudos Longitudinais , Suécia , Estudos Prospectivos , Disforia de Gênero/terapia , Disforia de Gênero/psicologia , Identidade de Gênero , Pessoas Transgênero/psicologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Between November 2021 and February 2022, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Delta and Omicron variants co-circulated in the United States, allowing for co-infections and possible recombination events. METHODS: We sequenced 29,719 positive samples during this period and analyzed the presence and fraction of reads supporting mutations specific to either the Delta or Omicron variant. FINDINGS: We identified 18 co-infections, one of which displayed evidence of a low Delta-Omicron recombinant viral population. We also identified two independent cases of infection by a Delta-Omicron recombinant virus, where 100% of the viral RNA came from one clonal recombinant. In the three cases, the 5' end of the viral genome was from the Delta genome and the 3' end from Omicron, including the majority of the spike protein gene, though the breakpoints were different. CONCLUSIONS: Delta-Omicron recombinant viruses were rare, and there is currently no evidence that Delta-Omicron recombinant viruses are more transmissible between hosts compared with the circulating Omicron lineages. FUNDING: This research was supported by the NIH RADx initiative and by the Centers for Disease Control Contract 75D30121C12730 (Helix).
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COVID-19 , Coinfecção , Orthopoxvirus , Humanos , SARS-CoV-2/genética , Genoma Viral/genéticaRESUMO
We report on the sequencing of 74,348 SARS-CoV-2 positive samples collected across the United States and show that the Delta variant, first detected in the United States in March 2021, made up the majority of SARS-CoV-2 infections by July 1, 2021 and accounted for >99.9% of the infections by September 2021. Not only did Delta displace variant Alpha, which was the dominant variant at the time, it also displaced the Gamma, Iota, and Mu variants. Through an analysis of quantification cycle (Cq) values, we demonstrate that Delta infections tend to have a 1.7× higher viral load compared to Alpha infections (a decrease of 0.8 Cq) on average. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that the increased transmissibility of the Delta variant could be due to the ability of the Delta variant to establish a higher viral load earlier in the infection as compared to the Alpha variant.
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COVID-19 , SARS-CoV-2 , COVID-19/epidemiologia , Humanos , SARS-CoV-2/genética , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , Carga Viral/genéticaRESUMO
COVID-19 vaccines are safe and highly effective, but some individuals experience unpleasant reactions to vaccination. As the majority of adults in the United States have received a COVID-19 vaccine this year, there is an unprecedented opportunity to study the genetics of reactions to vaccination via surveys of individuals who are already part of genetic research studies. Here, we have queried 17,440 participants in the Helix DNA Discovery Project and Healthy Nevada Project about their reactions to COVID-19 vaccination. Our genome-wide association study identifies an association between severe difficulties with daily routine after vaccination and HLA-A∗03:01. This association was statistically significant only for those who received the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine (BNT162b2; n = 3,694; p = 4.70E-11; OR = 2.07 [95% CI 1.67-2.56]), and showed a smaller effect size in those who received the Moderna vaccine (mRNA-1273; n = 3,610; p = 0.005; OR = 1.32 [95% CI 1.09-1.59]). In Pfizer-BioNTech recipients, HLA-A∗03:01 was associated with a 2-fold increase in risk of self-reported severe difficulties with daily routine following vaccination. The effect was consistent across ages, sexes, and whether the person had previously had a COVID-19 infection. The reactions experienced by HLA-A∗03:01 carriers were driven by associations with chills, fever, fatigue, and generally feeling unwell.
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PURPOSE: To identify conditions that are candidates for population genetic screening based on population prevalence, penetrance of rare variants, and actionability. METHODS: We analyzed exome and medical record data from >220,000 participants across two large population health cohorts with different demographics. We performed a gene-based collapsing analysis of rare variants to identify genes significantly associated with disease status. RESULTS: We identify 74 statistically significant gene-disease associations across 27 genes. Seven of these conditions have a positive predictive value (PPV) of at least 30% in both cohorts. Three are already used in population screening programs (BRCA1, BRCA2, LDLR), and we also identify four new candidates for population screening: GCK with diabetes mellitus, HBB with ß-thalassemia minor and intermedia, PKD1 with cystic kidney disease, and MIP with cataracts. Importantly, the associations are actionable in that early genetic screening of each of these conditions is expected to improve outcomes. CONCLUSION: We identify seven genetic conditions where rare variation appears appropriate to assess in population screening, four of which are not yet used in screening programs. The addition of GCK, HBB, PKD1, and MIP rare variants into genetic screening programs would reach an additional 0.21% of participants with actionable disease risk, depending on the population.
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Genes BRCA2 , Testes Genéticos , Exoma , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Humanos , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Sequenciamento do ExomaRESUMO
The highly transmissible B.1.1.7 variant of SARS-CoV-2, first identified in the United Kingdom, has gained a foothold across the world. Using S gene target failure (SGTF) and SARS-CoV-2 genomic sequencing, we investigated the prevalence and dynamics of this variant in the United States (US), tracking it back to its early emergence. We found that, while the fraction of B.1.1.7 varied by state, the variant increased at a logistic rate with a roughly weekly doubling rate and an increased transmission of 40%-50%. We revealed several independent introductions of B.1.1.7 into the US as early as late November 2020, with community transmission spreading it to most states within months. We show that the US is on a similar trajectory as other countries where B.1.1.7 became dominant, requiring immediate and decisive action to minimize COVID-19 morbidity and mortality.
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COVID-19 , Modelos Biológicos , SARS-CoV-2 , COVID-19/genética , COVID-19/mortalidade , COVID-19/transmissão , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , SARS-CoV-2/genética , SARS-CoV-2/metabolismo , SARS-CoV-2/patogenicidade , Estados Unidos/epidemiologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: No reliable biomarkers exist to guide glucocorticoid (GC) replacement treatment in autoimmune Addison's disease (AAD), leading to overtreatment with alarming and persistent side effects or undertreatment, which could be fatal. OBJECTIVE: To explore changes in gene expression following different GC replacement doses as a means of identifying candidate transcriptional biomarkers to guide GC replacement in AAD. METHODS: Step 1: Global microarray expression analysis on RNA from whole blood before and after intravenous infusion of 100 mg hydrocortisone (HC) in 10 patients with AAD. In 3 of the most highly upregulated genes, we performed real-time PCR (rt-PCR) to compare gene expression levels before and 3, 4, and 6 hours after the HC infusion. Step 2: Rt-PCR to compare expression levels of 93 GC-regulated genes in normal versus very low morning cortisol levels in 27 patients with AAD. RESULTS: Step 1: Two hours after infusion of 100 mg HC, there was a marked increase in FKBP5, MMP9, and DSIPI expression levels. MMP9 and DSIPI expression levels correlated with serum cortisol. Step 2: Expression levels of CEBPB, DDIT4, FKBP5, DSIPI, and VDR were increased and levels of ADARB1, ARIDB5, and POU2F1 decreased in normal versus very low morning cortisol. Normal serum cortisol levels positively correlated with DSIPI, DDIT4, and FKBP5 expression. CONCLUSIONS: We introduce gene expression as a novel approach to guide GC replacement in AAD. We suggest that gene expression of DSIPI, DDIT4, and FKBP5 are particularly promising candidate biomarkers of GC replacement, followed by MMP9, CEBPB, VDR, ADARB1, ARID5B, and POU2F1.
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As of January of 2021, the highly transmissible B.1.1.7 variant of SARS-CoV-2, which was first identified in the United Kingdom (U.K.), has gained a strong foothold across the world. Because of the sudden and rapid rise of B.1.1.7, we investigated the prevalence and growth dynamics of this variant in the United States (U.S.), tracking it back to its early emergence and onward local transmission. We found that the RT-qPCR testing anomaly of S gene target failure (SGTF), first observed in the U.K., was a reliable proxy for B.1.1.7 detection. We sequenced 212 B.1.1.7 SARS-CoV-2 genomes collected from testing facilities in the U.S. from December 2020 to January 2021. We found that while the fraction of B.1.1.7 among SGTF samples varied by state, detection of the variant increased at a logistic rate similar to those observed elsewhere, with a doubling rate of a little over a week and an increased transmission rate of 35-45%. By performing time-aware Bayesian phylodynamic analyses, we revealed several independent introductions of B.1.1.7 into the U.S. as early as late November 2020, with onward community transmission enabling the variant to spread to at least 30 states as of January 2021. Our study shows that the U.S. is on a similar trajectory as other countries where B.1.1.7 rapidly became the dominant SARS-CoV-2 variant, requiring immediate and decisive action to minimize COVID-19 morbidity and mortality.
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Understanding the impact of rare variants is essential to understanding human health. We analyze rare (MAF < 0.1%) variants against 4264 phenotypes in 49,960 exome-sequenced individuals from the UK Biobank and 1934 phenotypes (1821 overlapping with UK Biobank) in 21,866 members of the Healthy Nevada Project (HNP) cohort who underwent Exome + sequencing at Helix. After using our rare-variant-tailored methodology to reduce test statistic inflation, we identify 64 statistically significant gene-based associations in our meta-analysis of the two cohorts and 37 for phenotypes available in only one cohort. Singletons make significant contributions to our results, and the vast majority of the associations could not have been identified with a genotyping chip. Our results are available for interactive browsing in a webapp (https://ukb.research.helix.com). This comprehensive analysis illustrates the biological value of large, deeply phenotyped cohorts of unselected populations coupled with NGS data.
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Exoma/genética , Variação Genética , Genoma Humano , Estudo de Associação Genômica Ampla , Fenótipo , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Estudos de Coortes , Bases de Dados Genéticas , Europa (Continente) , Feminino , Genética Populacional/estatística & dados numéricos , Sequenciamento de Nucleotídeos em Larga Escala , Humanos , Masculino , Metanálise como Assunto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Software , Sequenciamento do Exoma , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Context: Studies of the clinical and immunological features of autoimmune Addison disease (AAD) are needed to understand the disease burden and increased mortality. Objective: To provide upgraded data on autoimmune comorbidities, replacement therapy, autoantibody profiles, and cardiovascular risk factors. Design, Setting, and Participants: A cross-sectional, population-based study that included 660 AAD patients from the Swedish Addison Registry (2008-2014). When analyzing the cardiovascular risk factors, 3594 individuals from the population-based survey in Northern Sweden, MONICA (monitoring of trends and determinants of cardiovascular disease), served as controls. Main Outcome Measures: The endpoints were the prevalence of autoimmune comorbidities and cardiovascular risk factors. Autoantibodies against 13 autoantigens were determined. Results: The proportion of 21-hydroxylase autoantibody-positive patients was 83%, and 62% of patients had ≥1 associated autoimmune diseases, more frequently coexisting in females (P < 0.0001). AAD patients had a lower body mass index (P < 0.0001) and prevalence of hypertension (P = 0.027) compared with controls. Conventional hydrocortisone tablets were used by 89% of the patients, with a mean dose of 28.1 ± 8.5 mg/d. The mean hydrocortisone equivalent dose normalized to the body surface was 14.8 ± 4.4 mg/m2/d. A greater hydrocortisone equivalent dose was associated with a greater incidence of hypertension (P = 0.046). Conclusions: Careful monitoring of AAD patients is warranted to detect associated autoimmune diseases. Contemporary Swedish AAD patients did not have an increased prevalence of overweight, hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, or hyperlipidemia. However, high glucocorticoid replacement doses could be a risk factor for hypertension.
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Doença de Addison/imunologia , Doença de Addison/complicações , Doença de Addison/tratamento farmacológico , Doença de Addison/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Autoanticorpos/sangue , Doenças Autoimunes/epidemiologia , Doenças Autoimunes/imunologia , Doenças Cardiovasculares/epidemiologia , Doenças Cardiovasculares/etiologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Comorbidade , Estudos Transversais , Esquema de Medicação , Feminino , Terapia de Reposição Hormonal/métodos , Humanos , Hidrocortisona/administração & dosagem , Hidrocortisona/uso terapêutico , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Sistema de Registros , Fatores de Risco , Suécia/epidemiologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Adrenal insufficiency (AI) is a potentially life-threatening condition and it is of utmost importance to identify and adequately manage affected individuals. Diagnosis is often delayed, probably partly because diseases of the adrenal or pituitary region that cause primary AI (PAI) or central AI are relatively rare conditions. However, iatrogenic AI, i.e. the physiological downregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and adrenal atrophy caused by glucocorticoid treatment for different inflammatory conditions is likely to be considerably more common. The type of glucocorticoid, dose and duration of treatment are factors to consider when trying to predict the risk of developing symptoms of AI. However, the considerable individual variation in the sensitivity for developing iatrogenic AI impedes prediction. In industrialized countries, autoimmune adrenalitis accounts for the majority of cases of PAI. Among children, genetic conditions - in particular congenital adrenal hyperplasia - need to be considered. Important risk groups for central AI are patients with tumours in the hypothalamic-pituitary region, moderate-to-severe traumatic head injury and patients who receive cranial radiotherapy or cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 blockade treatment. Structured endocrine follow-up is essential in these groups. Health workers need to be attentive to these potentially fatal conditions and at-risk populations should be carefully informed about symptoms and signs of AI.
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Insuficiência Adrenal , Insuficiência Adrenal/induzido quimicamente , Insuficiência Adrenal/etiologia , Insuficiência Adrenal/genética , Humanos , Doenças RarasRESUMO
CONTEXT: Conventional glucocorticoid replacement therapy in patients with Addison's disease (AD) is unphysiological with possible adverse effects on mortality, morbidity and quality of life. The diurnal cortisol profile can likely be restored by continuous subcutaneous hydrocortisone infusion (CSHI). OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare circadian hormone rhythms and insulin sensitivity in conventional thrice-daily regimen of glucocorticoid replacement therapy with CSHI treatment in patients with AD. DESIGN AND SETTING: An open, randomized, two-period, 12-week crossover multicentre trial in Norway and Sweden. PATIENTS: Ten Norwegian patients were admitted for 24-h sampling of hormone profiles. Fifteen Swedish patients underwent euglycaemic-hyperinsulinaemic clamp. INTERVENTION: Thrice-daily regimen of oral hydrocortisone (OHC) and CSHI treatment. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: We measured the circadian rhythm of cortisol, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor-1, (IGF-1), IGF-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3), glucose, insulin and triglycerides during OHC and CSHI treatment. Euglycaemic-hyperinsulinaemic clamp was used to assess insulin sensitivity. RESULTS: Continuous subcutaneous hydrocortisone infusion provided a more physiological circadian cortisol curve including a late-night cortisol surge. ACTH levels showed a near normal circadian variation for CSHI. CSHI prevented a continuous decrease in glucose during the night. No difference in insulin sensitivity was observed between the two treatment arms. CONCLUSION: Continuous subcutaneous hydrocortisone infusion replacement re-established a circadian cortisol rhythm and normalized the ACTH levels. Patients with CSHI replacement had a more stable night-time glucose level compared with OHC without compromising insulin sensitivity. Thus, restoring night-time cortisol levels might be advantageous for patients with AD.
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Doença de Addison/tratamento farmacológico , Glucocorticoides/administração & dosagem , Terapia de Reposição Hormonal/métodos , Hidrocortisona/administração & dosagem , Resistência à Insulina , Hormônio Adrenocorticotrópico/sangue , Adulto , Idoso , Ritmo Circadiano , Estudos Cross-Over , Feminino , Técnica Clamp de Glucose , Humanos , Hidrocortisona/sangue , Infusões Subcutâneas , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Noruega , Suécia , Adulto JovemAssuntos
Insuficiência Adrenal/induzido quimicamente , Albuterol/análogos & derivados , Androstadienos/efeitos adversos , Glucocorticoides/efeitos adversos , Administração por Inalação , Insuficiência Adrenal/diagnóstico , Insuficiência Adrenal/tratamento farmacológico , Adulto , Idoso , Albuterol/administração & dosagem , Albuterol/efeitos adversos , Albuterol/uso terapêutico , Androstadienos/administração & dosagem , Androstadienos/uso terapêutico , Anti-Inflamatórios/administração & dosagem , Anti-Inflamatórios/efeitos adversos , Anti-Inflamatórios/uso terapêutico , Asma/tratamento farmacológico , Cortisona/administração & dosagem , Cortisona/efeitos adversos , Cortisona/uso terapêutico , Combinação de Medicamentos , Feminino , Fluticasona , Combinação Fluticasona-Salmeterol , Glucocorticoides/administração & dosagem , Glucocorticoides/uso terapêutico , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMO
CONTEXT: Conventional glucocorticoid replacement therapy fails to mimic the physiological cortisol rhythm, which may have implications for morbidity and mortality in patients with Addison's disease. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to compare the effects of continuous sc hydrocortisone infusion (CSHI) with conventional oral hydrocortisone (OHC) replacement therapy. DESIGN, PATIENTS, AND INTERVENTIONS: This was a prospective crossover, randomized, multicenter clinical trial comparing 3 months of treatment with thrice-daily OHC vs CSHI. From Norway and Sweden, 33 patients were enrolled from registries and clinics. All patients were assessed at baseline and after 8 and 12 weeks in each treatment arm. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The morning ACTH level was the primary outcome measure. Secondary outcome measures were effects on metabolism, health-related quality of life (HRQoL), sleep, and safety. RESULTS: CSHI yielded normalization of morning ACTH and cortisol levels, and 24-hour salivary cortisol curves resembled the normal circadian variation. Urinary concentrations of glucocorticoid metabolites displayed a normal pattern with CSHI but were clearly altered with OHC. Several HRQoL indices in the vitality domain improved over time with CSHI. No benefit was found for either treatments for any subjective (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index questionnaire) or objective (actigraphy) sleep parameters. CONCLUSION: CSHI safely brought ACTH and cortisol toward normal circadian levels without adversely affecting glucocorticoid metabolism in the way that OHC did. Positive effects on HRQoL were noted with CSHI, indicating that physiological glucocorticoid replacement therapy may be beneficial and that CSHI might become a treatment option for patients poorly controlled on conventional therapy.
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Doença de Addison/tratamento farmacológico , Glucocorticoides/administração & dosagem , Terapia de Reposição Hormonal/métodos , Hidrocortisona/administração & dosagem , Actigrafia , Doença de Addison/sangue , Administração Oral , Hormônio Adrenocorticotrópico/sangue , Adulto , Estudos Cross-Over , Feminino , Glucocorticoides/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Hidrocortisona/uso terapêutico , Infusões Subcutâneas , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Qualidade de Vida , Inquéritos e Questionários , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
EAE, an animal model for multiple sclerosis, is a Th17- and Th1-cell-mediated auto-immune disease, but the mechanisms leading to priming of encephalitogenic T cells in autoimmune neuroinflammation are poorly understood. To investigate the role of dendritic cells (DCs) in the initiation of autoimmune Th17- and Th1-cell responses and EAE, we used mice transgenic for a simian diphtheria toxin receptor (DTR) expressed under the control of the murine CD11c promoter (CD11c-DTR mice o nC57BL/6 background).EAE was induced by immunization with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) protein in CFA. DCs were depleted on the day before and 8 days after MOG immunization. The mean clinical EAE score was only mildly reduced in DC-depleted mice when DCs were ablated before EAE induction. The frequency of activated Th cells was not altered, and MOG-induced Th17 or Th1-cell responses were not altered, in the spleens of DC-depleted mice. Similar results were obtained if DCs were ablated the first 10 days after MOG immunization with repeated DC depletions. Unexpectedly, transient depletion of DCs did not affect priming or differentiation of MOG-induced Th17 and Th1-cell responses or the incidence of EAE. Thus, the mechanism of priming of Th cells in EAE remains to be elucidated.