Health literacy knowledge and experience survey: Cross-cultural adaptation and the psychometric properties of the Iranian nurse version.

BACKGROUND: Nurses' knowledge and Experience with Health Literacy can affect the treatment process, improving the quality of health care and effectively communicating with all clients. Evaluation of nurses' knowledge and experience requires a reliable instrument. This study aimed to translate cross-cultural adaptation and testing of Health Literacy Knowledge and Experience Survey (HL-KES). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional methodological study was done during 2018-2019. The study was carried out in two stages: the first phase was designed to obtain a translation and cross-cultural equivalent of the (HL-KES), based on the World Health Organization (2018) and the Sousa and Rojjanasrirat (2011) Guidelines in six steps: preparation, forward translation, reconciliation, back translation, back translation review and pretesting and cognitive debriefing of the translated questionnaires. The second phase was conducted to evaluate the psychometric properties of the questionnaire. RESULTS: The content validity index and content validity ratio values of all items were >0.62 and 0.79, respectively. Based on the Kuder-Richardson formula, the reliability of the knowledge dimension was reported as 0.7. Furthermore, split-half coefficient for inter-rather reliability and test-retest were 0.76 and 0.96, respectively. The reliability of their experiences with the HL-KES was measured using Cronbach's alpha, in which it was 0.82. CONCLUSIONS: The Persian version of the instrument for assessing nurses' knowledge and experience with health literacy had good validity and reliability. It is recommended that it should be used in educational, clinical environments, and also in future research studies.

Reduction of date microbial load with ozone.

BACKGROUND: Date is one of the foodstuffs that are produced in tropical areas and used worldwide. Conventionally, methyl bromide and phosphine are used for date disinfection. The toxic side effects of these usual disinfectants have led food scientists to consider safer agents such as ozone for disinfection, because food safety is a top priority. The present study was performed to investigate the possibility of replacing common conventional disinfectants with ozone for date disinfection and microbial load reduction. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this experimental study, date samples were ozonized for 3 and 5 hours with 5 and 10 g/h concentrations and packed. Ozonized samples were divided into two groups and kept in an incubator which was maintained at 25°C and 40°C for 9 months. During this period, every 3 month, microbial load (bacteria, mold, and yeast) were examined in ozonized and non-ozonized samples. RESULTS: This study showed that ozonization with 5 g/h for 3 hours, 5 g/h for 5 hours, 10 g/h for 3 hours, and 10 g/h for 5 hours leads to about 25%, 25%, 53%, and 46% reduction in date mold and yeast load and about 6%, 9%, 76%, and 74.7% reduction in date bacterial load at baseline phase, respectively. Appropriate concentration and duration of ozonization for microbial load reduction were 10 g/h and 3 hours. CONCLUSION: Date ozonization is an appropriate method for microbial load reduction and leads to an increase in the shelf life of dates.

Zolpidem dependence, abuse and withdrawal: A case report.

Zolpidem, a nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic, binds to the benzodiazepine binding site on the gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABA-A) receptors. Many studies have reported efficacy and safety of zolpidem in treatment of insomnia, low abuse, and dependence capability. However, many cases of zolpidem abuse and dependence were reported around the world. This case showed that zolpidem can exert abuse capability, euphoric mood, tolerance, and withdrawal syndrome.