[Detection of tuberculosis in the countries of Central Asia by the electronic monitoring system data].

The basic stages of putting into practice of tuberculosis monitoring systems in the Central Asian Region (CAC) (Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrghyz, and Tajikistan) with the assistance of the USA Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Central Asian Region Programs (CDC/CAR), and the USA Agency for International Development in 2000-2006 are considered. These stages comprised: 1) modification of accounting and reporting forms in accordance with the requirements of the uniform statistical tuberculosis registration system; 2) development, adaptation, and introduction of an electronic tuberculosis monitoring and management system (ETMMS) in the regions and countries of Central Asia; 3) epidemiological analysis of information of tuberculosis monitoring systems, by using the elements of evidence-based medicine. At present, policy electronic tuberculosis monitoring systems entirely cover the areas of three countries of the region. The quality of entries and their processing and analysis is assured by a wide training system set up by the CDC/CAR jointly with the leading national tuberculosis facilities of CAR with the support of the Global Fund for AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria Control. The information obtained by ETMMS has permitted a detail comparative analysis of the structure of tuberculosis at the level of individual regions to identify characteristic groups of areas in the demographic and sociooccupational characteristics of new tuberculosis cases.

[HIV infection and tuberculosis in the Republic of Kazakhstan]. / VICh-infektsiia i tuberkulez v respublike Kazakhstan.

The incidence of HIV infection is now recorded in all 14 regions of the Republic of Kazakhstan and in the cities of Astana and Almaty. A total of 1010 HIV-infected persons were recorded as of January 1, 2000. There were 29 patients with AIDS. Tuberculosis was detected in 93 of the HIV-infected patients recorded as of January 1, 2000, which amounts to 12.5% of the examinees. It was found in 39 of the HIV-infected prisoners, which accounts for 41.9% of the total number of patients having a contaminant infection and for 19.4% of those convicted. However, it should be believed that these data do not reflect the true state of affairs, which involves some difficulties associated with the diagnosis of tuberculosis in patients HIV infection both in its early and late stages.

[New cases of pulmonary tuberculosis treatment within DOTS strategy]. / Lechenie bol'nykh vpervye vyiavlennym tuberkulezom legkikh v rezhime DOTS-strategii.

Treatment outcomes were analyzed in 216 patients of whom 119 patients received the DOTS treatment, 97 had conventional therapy. No bacterial isolation was found in 88% of patients, decay cavities became closed in 61%. Due to the DOTS therapy, sputum conversion was achieved in 93% of cases, no Mycobacteria tuberculosis being found in 70.2% of cases after 2-month therapy. Decay cavities could not be identified in 80% by the end of chemotherapy.

[Stepwise biopsy in diagnosis of bronchial tuberculosis]. / Stupenchataia biopsiia v diagnostike tuberkuleza bronkhov.

Stepwise forceps biopsy was used in 29 patients with different forms of pulmonary tuberculosis, which may ascertain the pattern of bronchial inflammation and the pathogenetic mechanisms of extension of an abnormal process to the bronchial wall, which is important in determining treatment policy. A specific process was found to spread to the bronchial wall from the focus of lesion in the lung tissue itself in a bronchogenic fashion in most (62%) cases and from the bronchopulmonary lymph nodes by contact (38%). There are also data on the impact of controlled short-term chemotherapy in 24 patients with tuberculosis and specific bronchial lesion. The controlled short-term chemotherapy has been found to be effective in slower abacillation rates.

[Transbronchial lung biopsy for diagnosis of infiltrative pneumonic and round lesions]. / Chrezbronchial'naia biopsiia legkikh v diagnostike infil'trativno-pnevmonicheskikh i okruglykh obrazovanii legkikh.

The cytological and histological studies of biopsy specimens obtained from 51 patients with infiltrative pneumonic formations in the lung (Group 1) and in 30 with its round formations (Group 2) at transbronchial intrapulmonary biopsy could verify the etiology of the disease in 86.2 and 20.0% in Groups 1 and 2, respectively. Different diseases may run under the mask of tuberculosis in 36.6% of these patients.