Inhibition of nucleoside diphosphate kinase activity by in vitro phosphorylation by protein kinase CK2. Differential phosphorylation of NDP kinases in HeLa cells in culture.

Although a number of nucleoside diphosphate kinases (NDPKs) have been reported to act as inhibitors of metastasis or as a transcription factor in mammals, it is not known whether these functions are linked to their enzymatic activity or how this protein is regulated. In this report, we show that in vitro protein kinase CK2 catalyzed phosphorylation of human NDPK A inhibits its enzymatic activity by inhibiting the first step of its ping-pong mechanism of catalysis: its autophosphorylation. Upon in vivo 32P labeling of HeLa cells, we observed that both human NDPKs, A and B, were autophosphorylated on histidine residues, however, only the B isoform appeared to be serine phosphorylated.

Discrimination between acid and alkali-labile phosphorylated residues on Immobilon: phosphorylation studies of nucleoside diphosphate kinase.

We have critically analyzed current methodologies for distinguishing histidine and serine phosphorylated residues in proteins and report a simple technique that assures a reliable discrimination. Electro-transfer of a phosphorylated enzyme to Immobilon membranes and its treatment at pH 1 and 14 in buffers containing 5% methanol allows unambiguous distinction between serine/threonine and histidine phosphorylation (O-phosphomonoesters and phosphoramide, respectively) since under these conditions only one type of residue is dephosphorylated. The addition of 5% methanol to all buffers was indispensable to deplete phosphate from membranes incubated successively under acid and basic conditions. The technique was applied to the study of nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDP kinase) phosphorylation. In this enzyme, autophosphorylation of active site histidine is an accepted intermediate step in the catalytic phosphate transfer activity of nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDP kinase). Nonetheless, a significant degree of autophosphorylation on other residues has been reported by several laboratories, and the hypothesis has been advanced that this nonhistidine phosphorylation may play an important role in NDP kinase cellular function, signaling the suppression of metastasis in the case of human NDP kinase A. Using this improved method, we show that human, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans NDP kinases are only autophosphorylated on histidine residues. In addition, we present evidence that the presence of phosphoserine after strong acid hydrolysis of the histidine autophosphorylated enzyme is in fact a nonenzymatic transphosphorylation from phosphohistidine due to the harsh acid treatment. This methodology was also applied to in vivo phosphorylation studies of C. albicans NDP kinase. We believe that the technique will be generally useful in histidine phosphorylation screenings.