[Ecopathology of the kidneys and individual sensitivity to heavy metal salts]. / Ekopatologiia pochek i individual'naia chuvstvitel'nost' k soliam tiazhelykh metallov.

Investigations performed in the region contaminated with heavy metal salts revealed high prevalence of renal diseases in children. The test for blood polymorphic proteins indicated signs of genetic predisposition to renal damage. Greater occurrence in the population with econephropathy of a rare allele of transferrin C3 may be the cause of enhanced oxidative-radical processes in renal cells. Individual sensitivity of children to heavy metal salts assessed by leukocytolysis and high incidence of somatic mutations to determine T-lymphocyte microclones deficient by HGPRT may help in specification of the affections detected in the regions contaminated with heavy metal salts.

[The laser therapy of children with Tourette's syndrome]. / Lazeroterapiia u detei s sindromom Turetta.

The method of pathogenetic treatment of patients with Tourette's syndrome (TS) by means of low-intensity infrared laser irradiation was elaborated. Both elevation of the level of xantine oxidase, the inducer of lipid peroxidation, and the decrease of activity of superoxide dismutase, enzyme of the antioxidative defence, were revealed. The correction of antioxidative system was carried out by means of method of over venous laser irradiation of blood together with administration of decreased doses of neuroleptics (orap and haloperidol). Thus, the compensation of patients' clinical state was achieved. The elevated doses of neuroleptics were necessary in control group (without laser therapy application). The stability of the effect was observed in a year according to clinical and biochemical findings.

[The basic mechanisms of microcirculatory disorders before and during operations in children with developmental defects of the kidneys and urinary tract]. / Osnovnye mekhanizmy narushenii mikrotsirkuliatsii do i vo vremia operatsii u detei s porokami razvitiia pochek i mochevyvodiashchikh putei.

The authors studied biomicroscopic picture of microcirculation in the vessels of bulbar conjunctiva, renal hemodynamics, blood cell metabolism in 50 patients aged 3-12 with renal and ureteral defects. By morphology of the kidneys assessed at aortography, computer renangiography and other tests 2 groups of children were identified: bilateral congenital urological disorder combined with severe advanced dysplasia of the renal tissue and the ureter, low renal function (group 1); light or moderate disorder of renal function, minimal dysplasia of the renal tissue. In children with renal and urinary defects with renal dysfunction there was systemic abnormal microcirculation (group 1) characterized by severe capillarotrophic insufficiency in the form of unusual winding of all the microvessels, formation of vascular loops and balls, narrowing of capillary lumen, etc. in the presence of acute arteriolar spasm and rheological alterations in microvessels. In addition to functional changes in arteriolar tone, mechanisms of microcirculatory disturbances in children with congenital surgical disorders of the kidneys and urinary tracts involve membrane-destructive processes. Changes in phospholipids level and their spectrum in plasma and red cell membranes, a rise in the activity of phospholipase A and C in the serum and red cell membranes exhibit close correlation with microhemodynamic impairment. Instructions are provided for conduction of preoperative preparation and multicomponent anaesthesia with allowances for principal mechanisms of microcirculatory disorders in children with severe congenital renal and urinary affections.

[Nephropathies in a region contaminated by heavy metal salts and the possibilities for therapeutic and prophylactic measures]. / Nefropatii v regione, zagriaznennom soliami tiazhelykh metallov, i vozmozhnosti lechebno-profilakticheskikh meropriiatii.

The study of the population in the region contaminated with heavy metal salts has revealed high incidence of nephropathies even in preschool children manifesting initially in the majority of cases with hematuria. All the patients had the signs of urinary dysembryogenesis and marked membranopathological process. Long-term exposure to even small doses of heavy metals is supposed to cause nephropathy. Urinary disease arose more frequently in those genetically predisposed to renal and urinary tract affections. Because urolithiasis is a frequent result of dismetabolic nephropathy in endemic regions, it is advisable to perform active monitoring of children with environmental nephropathy using membrane-stabilizing measures. Optimal for these purpose could be xidifon. Further studies are needed to elucidate the problem of rapid elimination of heavy metals with chelating agents.

[Allergies in children with metabolic nephropathies]. / Allergozy u detei s metabolicheskimi nefropatiiami.

The authors describe the results of the follow-up of children of the early age (n-68) and senior age (n-42) with different allergic diseases and 77 children with metabolic nephropathies (oxalate nephropathy, pyelonephritis associated with metabolic disorders, interstitial nephritis). In both age groups, an interrelationship was established between renal pathology in the form of metabolic nephropathies and allergo-pathology. Children with different allergies manifested the high incidence of metabolic disorders, with crystalluria and erythrocyturia being mostly encountered in respiratory allergies whereas leukocyturia largely occurred in skin allergies. At the same time the high incidence of allergic reactions was revealed in children with metabolic nephropathies. A relationship was established between the signs of atopy with graver varieties of nephropathies. The presence of the common pathogenetic components in the development of allergic and renal pathology requires the inclusion of immunologic and nephrologic methods into the complex of those patients' examination and the consideration of those factors in the treatment policy.

[Differential diagnosis of gallbladder diseases in children]. / Differentsial'naia diagnostika zabolevanii zhelchnogo puzyria u detei.

To estimate the information content of different methods of diagnosing biliary diseases, 103 children aged 5 to 15 years, including 25 practically healthy children as control, were examined. Abdominal organs, particularly the liver and gallbladder were examined by echography. The duodenal contents was explored by microscopy of the sediment and biochemistry which included analysis in the vesicular and liver portions of the concentrations of phospholipids, activity of phospholipases A and C as well as measurements of creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, C-reactive protein and of the diphenylamine index. Ultrasonography was found to be highly informative. The characteristic echographic alterations seen in dyskinesia of the biliary tract, dyscholias and chronic cholecystitis were defined. For differential diagnosis of dyscholia and chronic cholecystitis it is necessary to carry out biochemistry of the duodenal contents including measurements of phospholipids, activity of phospholipases A and C, alkaline phosphatase, creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, C-reactive protein and the diphenylamine index. Based on the similarity of the alterations seen in children with different cholepathies, a concept is advanced of the mechanisms by which functional and organic diseases of the gallbladder are formed.

[The characteristics of kidney function in pregnant women based on the data from an in-depth biochemical study of the urine]. / Osobennosti funktsii pochek u beremennykh po dannym uglublennogo biokhimicheskogo issledovaniia mochi.

Serial biochemical urinary tests have been done in 141 pregnant women (46 were healthy, 58 apparently healthy and 37 had late toxemia) and in normal nonpregnant women. Urine was tested for lipids, phospholipids, ethanolamine acylic compounds and certain qualitative characteristics which depict functional abnormality of the renal interstitial tissues in pregnancy. Late toxemia was found to be associated with marked evidence of dysmetabolic nephropathy which may be identified at an early phase using 10% calcium chloride precipitation of lipids, a highly revealing specific test for calciphylaxis.

[Use of xidifon for prevention and treatment of nephropathies with metabolic disorders in children]. / Ispol'zovanie ksidifona dlia profilaktiki i lecheniia dismetabolicheskikh nefropatii u detei.

Xydofon was applied to the treatment of 68 children suffering from different renal diseases associated with metabolic disorders. The latter ones involved oxaluria (28 children), uraturia (17 children), cystinuria (14 children), and phosphaturia (9 children). To appraise the action of xydofon, use was made of the indicators of membranolysis, cellular homeostasis of calcium, lipid peroxidation, and of the level of beta 2-microglobulin in urine. The results obtained indicate that xydofon can be used as an effective remedy for the treatment of children suffering from nephropathies associated with metabolic disorders.

[Clinical aspects of metabolic nephropathies, interstitial nephritis and urolithiasis in calciphylaxis]. / Klinicheskie aspekty dismetabolicheskikh nefropatii, interstitsial'nogo nefrita, mochekamennoi bolezni pri kal'tsifilaksii.

The problem of abacterial nephropathies associated with impaired calcium metabolism is discussed from the standpoint of membranous pathology. The data are presented on the similarity of the calciphylaxis pathogenesis described for the first time by H. Selye to calcium nephrolithiasis. The disease is viewed as the result of pronounced modification of the phospholipid layer of cell membranes under the influence of peroxidation, phospholipase activity and other processes induced by calcium-regulating hormones (parathyroid hormone, D3 and calcitonin). It is assumed that the clinical manifestations of renal pathology during calciphylaxis depend on the hereditary and environmental factors that determine the gravity of membranous pathology of renal cells. Recommendations as to the treatment and prevention of renal pathology during calciphylaxis based on the results of the authors' own experience are given.

[The level of fecal excretion of free amino acids and lipids in children with acute intestinal infections]. / Uroven' ékskretsii svobodnykh aminokislot i lipidov s kalom u detei s ostrymi kishechnymi infektsiiami.

The level of excretion of free amino acids and lipids in the stool was determined in children of young age with a severe course of acute intestinal infections (dysentery, salmonellosis, acute gastroenteritis and gastroenterocolitis of unknown etiology). The study has shown that excretion of free amino acids in the stool at the height of the disease considerably exceeds that in healthy children. Normalization of these disorders during convalescence is much behind clinical convalescence.

[Biologically active metabolites of membrane glycerophospholipids in normal conditions and in pathologic states]. / Biologicheski aktivnye metabolity membrannykh glitserofosfolipidov v norme i pri patologii.

The data on biological role of numerous phospholipid metabolites, main part of which is localized in cell membranes, are reviewed. Many of these metabolites are related to slowly reacting substances of anaphylaxis and participate in allergic and inflammatory reactions. Conditions of biosynthesis of phospholipid active metabolites are characterized in the reactions of lipid peroxidation, N-acetylation, formation of Shiff bases, enaminales via transacetylation, by the action of phospholipases, lipooxygenase, cyclooxygenase, by formation of plasmalogens, phosphomonolipids, phospholipid diols. Role of individual phospholipid metabolites in normal and pathological states is discussed.

[Rapid diagnosis of dysbacteriosis by detecting beta-aspartylglycine in the feces in an experiment]. / Ekspressnaia diagnostika disbakterioza putem obnaruzheniia beta-aspartil-glitsina v fekaliiakh v éksperimente.

In experiments on Fischer rats (F-344), both with common microflora and germ-free, the influence of the systemic destination of different antibiotics (tetracycline + ampicillin, gentamicin + kefzol, gentamicin, fradizine) on the intestinal microflora, the content of beta-ospartylglycine in feces and the colonization resistance of the intestinal tract to Staphylococcus aureus B-243 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa No. 93 has been studied. The early appearance of beta-aspartyl-glycine in the supernatant of fecal samples has been shown to be the first sign of dysbacteriosis and to indicate the decrease of the colonization resistance of the intestine to opportunistic bacteria.