[Genome Editing in Therapy of Genodermatoses].

This review is devoted to the prospects for the use of fundamentally important approaches and methods for the correction and therapy of genodermatoses, a group of inherited skin diseases. The greatest number of methods was applicable for the group of inherited epidermolysis bullosa. Gene replacement using viral and non-viral methods of delivery to cells has been replaced by genome editing using programmable nucleases used both in vitro and in vivo. The focus is on more widely used methods applied in vitro to various cell types. The description of the methods used is classified based on the use of DNA break repair pathways: the canonical non-homologous end-reconnection pathway-cNHEJ, and directed homologous recombination-HDR. The choice of editing strategy depends on the type of mutation causing the disease, the type of mutation inheritance, and the nucleotide environment of the mutation. Animal disease models obtained by genome editing are considered. The experience of developing methods for editing the genome and their application for the treatment of genodermatoses, previously recognized as incurable, is summarized.

[Patterns of the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic spread in a megacity].

The purpose of the study is to analyze patterns demonstrated by the COVID-19 epidemic process in a megacity during the increase, stabilization and reduction in the incidence, and to evaluate the effectiveness of the epidemic prevention measures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The comprehensive study incorporating epidemiological, molecular genetic and  statistical research methods was conducted to analyze the spread of SARS-CoV-2 in Moscow during the COVID- 19 pandemic. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: It was found that the exponential growth in COVID-19 cases was prevented due to the most stringent control and restrictive measures deployed in Moscow to break the chains of SARS-CoV-2 transmission and due to people who were very disciplined in complying with the self-isolation rules. The  analysis of the dynamics in detection of new COVID-19 cases showed that in a megacity, the impact of social distancing and self-isolation would become apparent only after 3.5 incubation periods, where the maximum length of the period is 14 days. It was discovered that the detection frequency of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in relatively healthy population and its dynamics are important monitoring parameters, especially during the increase and stabilization in the COVID-19 incidence, and are instrumental in predicting the development of the epidemic situation within a range of 1-2 incubation periods (14-28 days). In Moscow, the case fatality rate was 1.73% over the observation period (6/3/2020-23/6/2020). CONCLUSION: The epidemiological analysis of the COVID-19 situation in Moscow showed certain patterns of the SARS-CoV-2 spread and helped evaluate the effectiveness of the epidemic prevention measures aimed at  breaking the routes of transmission of the pathogen.

High average power mode-locked figure-eight Yb fibre master oscillator.

For the first time, we demonstrate the possibility to generate record-high output radiation power exceeding 1 W in an all-fibre figure-eight mode-locked Yb fibre master oscillator based on non-linear amplifying loop mirror. Generated at the repetition rate of 25 MHz clusters of sub-pulses with duration of no more than 200 fs have envelope width of 23 ps or less. Two typical mode-locked laser regimes with substantially different generation spectra are identified and results of their study presented. Numerical modelling of laser generation in the proposed layout agrees well with the measured experimental data.

[Scientific and practical substantiation of the methodology for sanitary-epidemiological auditing procedure for educational institutions].

The implementation of sanitary and epidemiological auditing - a promising trend in the sanitary-epidemiological well-being of the population including children. Thus, it provides pupils' rights on the safety conditions of educational activities for their life and health without toughening of administrative influence.

[Assessment of surgical correction of parameters of the vertebral-motor segment in traumas and degenerative diseases of the vertebral column].

Retrospective clinico-radial data obtained in 163 patients were compared with traumas and degenerative diseases of the vertebral column of those who were treated by decompressive and decompressive-stabilizing interventions. Characteristic alterations were determined such as considerably decreased area of the spinal canal (in 44.2% of the patients), intervertebral foramen (in 57.7%) and the volume of intervertebral canal (in 66.3%), which allowed specification of the character and volume of the operative interventions and objective assessment of adequacy of surgical correction.

[Minimally invasive surgery of degenerative diseases of the spine].

Results of minimally invasive surgical treatment were studied in 978 patients with degenerative diseases of the spine. Paracentetic interventions were made on different structures of the spinal-motor segment after complex clinico-radial examinations. Catamnestic investigations during 3 years allowed detection of sufficiently stable positive effect of fenestration and decompression of the intervertebral disk (71%), dereception of different structures (64.1%), high-frequency electrodestruction (67.1%) and laser influence on them (78.4%).

[Use of a diode laser in surgery of intervertebral disks in osteochondrosis of the vertebral column].

The results of surgical treatment of 185 patients with osteochondrosis of the vertebral column were studied during 12 months who, after complex clinico-radial examination, were treated by puncture laser nucleoplasty of intervertebral disks using a diode laser. Stable positive effect was obtained in 84.3% of cases using minimally invasive manipulations.

[Methods of impact on peripheral branches of the trigeminus in its neuralgia].

Under study there were the nearest and long-term results of surgical treatment of 618 patients with neuralgia of trigeminus who were subjected to different methods of impact on its peripheral branches after complex clinical-radial examination. Of substantial significance in examination of the patients proved to be spiral computed tomography of the facial skeleton. Laser destruction of the trigeminus peripheral branches was not practically accompanied by a local reaction and provided longer remission. However, spirit-procaine blockades as an emergency care for rapid relief of strong painful syndrome still remain to be of great importance.

[Lation in ensuring the sanitary-and-epidemiological well-being under the present conditions].

The paper describes the basic principles in and approaches to the state regulation in ensuring the sanitary-and-epidemiological well-being. The necessity of enhancing the role of state regulation in ensuring the sanitary-and-epidemiological well-being stems from the intensive development of marketing relations and the complicated realization of the state role in the protection of consumers' rights and human well-being. The investigations provide evidence for the basic tasks of the sanitary-and-epidemiological service of Moscow under the specific conditions of the megalopolis.

[The mechanism of implementation of managerial decisions to effectively carry out priority national projects on health care].

The paper deals with the special programs implemented within state sanitary-and-epidemiological surveillance in Moscow as the most important mode for controlling a sanitary-and-epidemiological process and the mechanism of a state managerial decision-making technology to improve governmental policy in health care and sanitary-and-epidemiological well-being. It also shows a role of the state sanitary-and-epidemiological service as the main element of governmental policy to ensure sanitary-and-epidemiological well-being and prophylaxis of public health care.

[Assessment of Moscow population health risk from exposure to ambient air suspended matter].

Ambient air pollution by suspended matter is an environmental factor that has the greatest influence on the health status of the majority of the Russian Federation's population. There is extensive epidemiological and clinical evidence suggesting that ambient air pollution by suspended matter and its fine-dispersed fractions PM10 and PM2.5 in particular, poses a serious threat to human health. The existing Russian single and average daily maximum permissible concentrations of suspended matter are not a high risk from this type of ambient air pollution and fail to assess human health damage in full measure. To reduce the concentrations of suspended matter and their action on man is currently the worldwide priority task whose performance will save much money. There is a need to change an air pollution monitoring system (continuous monitoring of fine suspended matter of PM10 and PM2.5), as well as to substantiate and introduce Russian hygienic standards for fine suspended matter (PM10 and PM2.5).

[Pediatric population's health in Moscow according to the data of sociohygienic monitoring].

Environmental pollution has a negative impact on the health status of the population, on that of children in particular. In-depth developments of primary morbidity of childhood diseases of respiratory organs as a system that is mostly exposed to ambient air pollution have indicated that respiratory diseases, including their chronic forms, are more frequently notified in the children residing in the areas characterized by high levels of air pollution. Formaldehyde and nitric dioxide, i.e. the chemical compounds the concentrations of which exceed the hygienic normal values, make the greatest contribution to risk formation. In-depth analysis of morbidity rates in the children living in the areas along which the heavy-traffic motorways pass has demonstrated that chronic respiratory diseases are more frequently registered in these children than in those residing in the areas remote from the motorways. A role of social factors influencing the increase of the so-called alimentary-dependent diseases is shown.

[Motor transport emission, ambient air quality, and the Moscow population's health].

As of 2006, the city's motor transport fleet amounted to as many as 3 million units that annually consume about 5 million tons of petrol. The use rate of all kinds of vehicles has increased, resulting in the growth of the proportion of ambient air pollutants discharged by motor transport, which surpasses the increase of the absolute size of the fleet. The contribution of traveling sources to ambient air pollution is growing steadily and it has been recently about 90% (1 million tons). Implementation of measures and developed managerial decisions, and ecological programs, improvement of Moscow town-planning measures, and environment-improving measures against motor vehicles have contributed to a reduction in chemical and physical burdens on the population. The characteristics of the capital's ambient air pollution have been recently observed to become stable and improve. There is stabilization in morbidity due to respiratory diseases in all population groups. The prevalence of chronic respiratory diseases in children is on the decrease, the increase rate was 1.4% versus 33.5% in the preceding period. Assessment of carcinogenic risk showed that ambient air pollution and drinking water contamination had a negative impact on the Moscow population.

[Typing of group A streptococci isolated from urban population of different social status and age].

Pulse-electrophoresis, sequencing of emm genes coding protein M and PCR analysis of speA, speB, and speC genes were used for characterization of group A streptococci (GAS) isolated in different years in Moscow and Tuapse mostly from children and military staff. It has been shown that epidemic process of streptococcal infection caused by GAS in Moscow is based on circulation of many independent clones of Streptococcus pyogenes. Obtained data on complex typing of S. pyogenes would be useful for study of molecular epidemiology of diseases caused by GAS and improvement of epidemiologic surveillance.

[Health indices, which characterize the efficiency of the sociohygienic monitoring system, in the Moscow population].

The paper presents some indices that characterize morbidity in the Moscow population, which suggest positive trends in the health status in all population groups. These include stabilization of overall morbidity rates; a down-increase in the incidence of respiratory diseases and bronchial asthma; a reduction in overall morbidity in infants of the first year of life, including a reduction in the incidence of life-threatening diseases (perinatal pathology and congenital malformations; a decrease in the incidence of alimentary diseases associated with social factors. The found positive changes reflect the efficiency of introduction of the sociohygienic monitoring (AHM) system. One of the mechanisms of introduction of AHM results is to submit data to the Moscow Government in the annual reports "On the Moscow population's health status" which cover demography, morbidity, female health, and the regional features of the population's health in relation to environmental factors. Based on information, managerial decisions and measures to improve the sanitary-and-epidemiological situation in Moscow are taken and implemented.