[Dietary changes in males from adolescence to adulthood: results of a 28-year prospective study].

Dietary pattern usually changes with age; however, certain dietary habits may remain constant. The goal of this study was to analyze dynamic changes in the dietary pattern of males from adolescence to adulthood during a 28-year prospective follow-up. Material and methods. Initially, a representative population sample of 1,005 boys aged 11 to 12 years (mean age 11.9±0.1 years) was examined. Four visits were performed at the ages of 15, 17, 22 and 43. Assessment of actual dietary pattern was carried out by the 24-hour dietary recall method. Results. It was discovered that dietary pattern was changing with age as follows: proportions (Δ%) of meats [M (95% confidence interval)] 2.4 (-0.5-5.3), fish and seafood 1.5 (0.4-2.7), eggs 0.8 (0.1-1.5), and vegetable oils 0.3 (0.1-0.5) were increasing with age, whereas the proportions of animal fats -1.0 [-1.4…-0.6], bread and bakery -2.8 [-5.5…-0.1], sweets and confectionery -2.6 [-4.8…-0.5] were decreasing. We also observed a trend of increased consumption of fruits and fruit juices [Δ=4.9 (1.5-8.4)%]. The magnitudes of the tracking coefficients (correlation coefficients) between the initial (at the age of 15 years) values of the contributions of the main food groups to the total weight of the daily diet and their values at subsequent stages of prospective study showed that eating habits, as a certain dietary pattern, are relatively stable only in adolescence. Conclusion. Over 28 years of prospective observation of males, from adolescence to adulthood, their eating patterns underwent significant changes, which must be taken into account when developing preventive measures aimed at correcting unhealthy dietary patterns in children and adolescents, and at transition to a balanced diet.

[Multiple hepatocellular adenomas and renal cell carcinoma associated with anabolic androgenic steroids]. / Mnozhestvennye gepatotsellyulyarnye adenomy i pochechnokletochnyi rak, assotsiirovannye s priemom bodibilderom anabolicheskikh androgennykh steroidov.

The authors report a rare case of combination of chromophobe renal cell carcinoma Grade 2 pT2aN0 with multiple hepatocellular adenomas in a 31-year-old bodybuilder who received anabolic androgenic steroids at high doses for 8 years. According to MRI data, over 15 liver adenomas and tumor in the lower segment of the right kidney were detected. The patients underwent laparascopic resection of the right kidney and liver segments 2, 3 and 4 with large adenomas. Histological study and immunohistochemistry revealed no malignancy signs in hepatocellular adenomas. Nuclear ß-catenin expression was absent. Kidney tumor had a structure of chromophobe renal cell carcinoma. The patient is currently being followed-up due to residual small liver adenomas. In our opinion, liver adenomatosis and renal cancer have the same cause in this case (chronic toxic effect of androgens).

[The structure of opportunistic microbiota of nasopharynx and vaginal tract in women with reproduction disorders and chronic endometritis.]

The study was carried out to investigate microbiocenosis of nasopharynx and vaginal tract in women with reproductive disorders and chronic endometritis. The females were separated on two groups. The first group included females with morphologically verified chronic endometritis (n=32). The second group included females without chronic endometritis (n=32). The chronic tonsillitis was established in 21 out of 65 females from first group and in comparison group only in 9 females. In the analyzed biotypes resemblance of main infection agents (staphylococcus,enterococсus, colibacillus) was established. In nasopharynx biotope normocenosis was established in first and second groups in 33.3% and 45% of cases correspondingly. The first degree of dysbiosis was determined in both groups with equal rate (55,5%), second degree of dysbiosis was established only in women with chronic endometritis and chronic tonsillitis (11.1%).

THE STRUCTURE OF THE INTESTINAL MICROBIOTA AND THE FREQUENCY OF DETECTION OF PATHOGENICITY GENES (STXI, STX2, BFP) IN ESCHERICHIA COLI WITH NORMAL ENZYMATIC ACTIVITY ISOLATED FROM CHILDREN DURING THE FIRST YEAR OF LIFE.

E. coli is an intestinal commensal of vertebrates. The ability to produce Shiga toxins (Stx) is the major virulence feature of Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC). These potent cytotoxins block the protein synthesis by inactivating ribosomes. Their action on the target cells is responsible for the most severe forms of STEC-induced disease, such as hemorrhagic colitis and the life-threatening hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) also continues to be an important cause of infantile diarrhea in developing countries. Bundle-forming pili (bfp) are essential for the full virulence of enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC). Exchange of genetic material between different types of bacteria, as well as with other members of the family Enterobacteriaceae in the intestinal ecosystem, leads to the appearance of normal variants of E. coli with phenetic features of pathogenicity that can serve as a theoretical basis for attributing these strains to pathobionts. PCR was used to examine 68 strains of E. coli (E. coli with normal enzymatic activity) for the presence of genes encoding the synthesis of Shiga toxins (stxl and stx2) and genes encoding the bundle-forming pilus (bfp). They were isolated from children with functional disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. The presence of the desired amplicon specific for stxl and bfp genes has resulted in formation of E. coli strains with more intense pathogenicity.

[The micro-ecological characteristic of intestinal biocenosis of children with functional disorders of gastrointestinal tract].

The study was carried out to investigate micro-ecological characteristics of intestinal microbiocenosis in children with functional disorders of gastro-intestinal tract. All patients were applied general clinical and laboratory examination (feces microscopy and analysis on intestinal dysbacteriosis). The micro-ecological coefficients were calculated i.e. permanence indicator and Jaccard's coefficient of community. The analysis of obtained data demonstrated that in children the risk factors of functional disorders of functioning of digestive organs are compromised heredity on diseases of digestive organs; frequent cold diseases; dysbiosis disorders in intestinal microbiota. In children with functional disorders of gastro-intestinal tract permanent microflora contained representatives of transitory opportunistic microflora entering into symbiotic relationships both with indigent microflora and with each other. The obtained data testify necessity of making in patients with functional disorders of digestive organs along with standard diagnostic procedures of evaluation of intestinal microflora. the reason is that main indices of micro-ecological balance of intestinal microbiota are important criteria reflecting severity of course of disease and effectiveness of applied treatment.

[The complex evaluation of condition of intestinal and nasopharyngeal microbiocenosis in alumni of children's home].

The examination of nasopharyngeal and intestinal microbiocenoses was implemented in orphan children aged 1-3 years residing in children;s home of Cheremkhovo of the Irkutskaia oblast. All children had compromised anamnesis: prematurity, hypotrophy, chicken pox, frequent acute respiratory viral infections, intestinal infections, atopic dermatitis. The study was carried out to comprehensively evaluate conditions of intestinal and nasopharyngeal biotops in children residing in closed children's institution - children's home. The microbiological analysis of qualitative and quantitative composition of content of intestine and nasopharynx was implemented according standard techniques. The analysis established in 81.2±6.90% of examined children deficiency of Bifidobacterium flora, decreasing of level of population density of bifidobacteria up to 6.9±1.53% lg KOE/g, in 31.2±8.1% - deficiency of normal colibacillus, in 78.1±7.3% - increased level of opportunistic flora. The analysis also established high rate of isolation of Escherichia coli with decreased enzyme activity and in 28.1±7.9% - Escherichia coli with hemolytic activity. The enterococci were permanent participants of nasopharyngeal and intestinal biotop (58.6±8.7%). From opportunistic flora, in nasopharynx were registered pathogenic streptococci - S.pyogenes, S.pneumonia and also pathogenic fungi Candida andpoly-resistant strains S. aureus. The study results demonstrated characteristics of microbial ecology of intestinal and nasopharyngeal biotops of orphan children in conditions of children institution of closed type where the circulation of pathogenic and opportunistic microorganisms occurs intensively, including strains with high medicinal resistance. All this determines necessity to attribute alumni of children's homes to risk group of infectious pathology and requires constant micro-ecological monitoring for timely correction of microbiocenoses.

[The structure of intestinal dysbioses in children of preschool age during long-term period of monitoring].

The study was organized to examine long-term (1990-2011) structure of intestinal dysbioses in children of preschool age residing in Irkutsk. The significant decrease of expression of micro-ecological shifts (IV and III degrees) to the end of period of monitoring and almost total lacking of cases of eubiosis and statistically reliable (p ≤ 0.05) increasing of rate of dysbioses of I and II degrees were established. The given circumstance can be related to ongoing on the territory ecological pressure on organism of negative factors of environment including factors of anthropogenic character.

[The detection of occurrence rate of genes coding capability to form pili binding in auto-strains of Escherichia coli].

E. coli is a commensal of intestine of the vertebrata. The exchange of genetic material of different types of bacteria between themselves and with other representatives of family of Enterobacteriaceae in intestinal ecosystem results in development of types of normal colibacillus with genetic characteristics of pathogenicity that can serve as a theoretical substantiation to attribute such strains to pathobionts. The entero-pathogenic colibacillus continues be an important cause of diarrhea in children in developing countries. The gene responsible for formation of pili binding is a necessary condition for virulence of entero-pathogenic colibacillus. The polymerase chain reaction was applied to examine 316 strains of different types of E. coli (normal, with weak enzyme activity and hemolytic activity) isolated from healthy children and children with functional disorders of gastro-intestinal tract for presence of genes coding capability to form pill binding. The presence of this gene in different biochemical types of E. coli permits to establish the fact of formation of reservoir of pathogenicity in indigent microbiota of intestinal biocenosis.

[THE SPECIES CHARACTERISTIC OF BIFIDOBACTERIA IN INTESTINAL BIOTOPE OF CHILDREN WITH FUNCTIONAL DYSPEPSIA].

The study was carried out to investigate species specter and combinational variety of bifidobacteria in children with functional dyspepsia. The examined sampling included 73 children with functional dyspepsia aged from 4 to 6 years. The comparison group according common characteristic of microbiota of large intestine included 100 healthy children comparative by age. In 32 out of all examined children species specter of bifidobacteria in intestine was analyzed. The species diagnostic of bifidobacteria was implemented by using technique of polymerase chain reaction. In children with functional dyspepsia the analysis established dysbiosis alterations in intestinal biotope, characterizing by deficiency of bifidobacteria and selection of opportunistic microorganisms. The alteration of species structure of bifidobacteria in children with functional dyspepsia is demonstrated: decreasing of prevalence of populations of Bifidobacterium catenulatum and appearance of rare species of bifidobacteria B. dentium and B. angulatum. The differences are established concerning formation of species preference of bifidobacteria in conditions of conjoint vegetation in intestinal biotope of children with functional dyspepsia and in healthy children. The comprehensive analysis of micro-ecological status of intestine of children with functional dyspepsia using non-invasive techniques and including analysis of species profile, associative potential, communicative capacities of bifidobacteria complements complex of diagnostic criteria, permits to develop prognostic markers and to determine parameters of following therapy of functional dyspepsia.

[The specificity of children and adolescent eating habits (data for schoolchildren in Moscow and Murmansk)].

Objective of the study is to evaluate the specificity of schoolchildren's eating behavior in the cities of Moscow and Murmansk. Dietary habits of 785 children 10-17 years old residing in two cities--Moscow (222 boys and 221 girls, 14.1 ± 1.9 years old) and Murmansk (183 and 159 correspondingly, 14.1 ± 1.8 years old)--were analyzed. The questionnaire included data on the meals ratio per day, frequency of vegetables and fruit intake, fast-food intake, hot meals, soft drinks, meat, fish and milk intake, usage of school cafeteria, regularity of breakfasts. Parents responded to questions concerning the materialsupport of family and education. It was found that more than half of schoolchildren (64.4%) had meals irregularly (3 times per day or less), only 50.9% received hot meals several times a day. Every third child (31.6%) has insufficient intake of vegetables and fruit, 11.8%--insufficient intake of meat dishes. Only 51.4% of schoolchildren consumed dairy products daily (one or several times a day). At the same time 19.5% of children used fast-food products several times a week or more often, 42.2%--carbonated drinks, and 22.7%--smoked food. Only 45.7% of schoolchildren regularly ate at school caf- eteria; 21.9% did it irregularly and 32.5%--did not attend school canteen at all. There were no significant differences between Moscow and Murmansk children as well as gender differences in the usage of school cafeteria. At the same time only 23.4% of children [26.3% in Moscow and 19.3% in Murmansk (significantly less, p = 0.032)] liked cafeteria food, 38.7% did not like and 37.9% had no certain answer. Less obese children (54.0%) have breakfast everyday than children with normal weight (75.4%, p = 0.019). Children of mothers with high and incomplete high education (89.4%) have more regular meat intake (3-4 times per week or more often) than the children of mothers with secondary, incomplete secondary and secondary special education (81.9%, p = 0.034). Schoolchildren feeding is often irregular, irrational and poorly balanced. Some of examined schoolchildren already had excessive body mass (20.7%), that may lead to metabolic and cardiovascular disturbances in young adult and mature age.

[The detection of strains of Esherichia coll producing Shiga toxin in populations of normal intestinal microbiota in children with functional disorders of gastrointestinal tract].

In intestinal ecosystem, interchange of genetic material between different types of bacteria and other representatives of family Enterobacteriaceae results in development of types of normal colibacillus with genetic characteristics of pathogenicity. This occurrence can be considered as a theoretical substantiation for labeling such strains as pathobionts. The polymerase chain reaction was implemented to analyze 96 strains of different types of Escherichia coli (with normal and weak zymogenic activity and hemolytic activity) isolated from children with functional disorders of gastrointestinal tract. The purpose was to detect presence of gens coding capacity of toxin production (six1, stx2). In intestinal biotope of children, circulation of strains of Escherichia coli producing shiga toxin having no relation to pathogenic group being representatives of normal indigenous microbiota. The presence of gens stx1 and stx2 in various biochemical types of Escherichia coli permits establishing fact of forming of reservoir of potential pathogenicity in non-pathogenic forms of Escherichia coli. The presence of gen (verotoxin 1) in genome of various types of Escherichia coli isolated from one single biotope testifies possible horizontal transmission of factors of pathogenicity in intestinal biotope.

[Emotional burnout syndrome and pedagogical styles in teachers of a medical high school].

The study involved 20 teachers of medical institutions who gave consent to be examined for emotional burnout syndrome (EBS). Diagnosis of moderate EBS was confirmed by relevant clinical tests and analysis of pedagogical communication style in 30% of the participants. The pedagogical style of teachers exhibiting no signs of burnout is characterized by personality-oriented model of communication with differential attitudes toward students and active interaction with them. Teachers presenting with EBS relied on the disciplinary model of communication prevailed by authoritarian and dictatorial behaviour lacking communicability and flexibility; these persons showed pronounced hyperreflexia.

[Combined therapy and radiotherapy in stage-II Hodgkin disease].

The aim of the study was to raise efficacy of combined treatment of stage II Hodgkin's disease by optimization of fractionation and volume of irradiation. It included 179 patients with involvement of supradiaphragmatic lymph nodes treated in 1986-2006. It was found that multi-fractionation was followed by lower frequency of relapse as compared with standard regimens as well as rates of early ones. The most efficient dosage was 30-36 Gy as far as frequency, term of relapse occurrence and recurrence-free survival were concerned.

[Role of 18F-FDG PET in tumor grading and evaluating effectiveness of therapy in malignant lymphomas].

The report compares the results of (multi-layer spiral computed tomography) (MSCT), 67 Ga citrate lymph scintigraphy and 18FDG PET in patients with Hodgkin's disease. The predictive significance of the latter method exceeded that of MSCT and ultrasound in diagnosing lymph node neoplasia below the diaphragm. As far as peripheral and mediastinal lymph nodes are concerned, the MSCT efficiency of the three procedures was comparable. Advantage was offered by PET in early evaluation of therapeutic effectiveness. Moreover, its practical significance for assessing tumor sensitivity to therapy as well as differentiation between viable tumor tissue and fibrosis was demonstrated.

[20-year experience with modified dose fractionation of radiotherapy in primary Hodgkin's disease].

Significantly lower frequency of relapse, incidence of pulmonitis and pericarditis, leukopenia and thrombocytopenia stage IV and longer recurrence-free survival were reported after acceleration of multifractionation of STD of 1.35Gy was used for treatment of patients with primary Hodgkin's disease, as compared with standard fractionation. When STD was reduced to 1.2Gy (modified multifractionation), subtotal exposure of lymph nodes was followed by a significant drop in frequency and severity of leukopenia and thrombocytopenia stage III-IV. The latter complications, rates decreased further, with perspective response to therapy, as irradiation was limited to that of areas exposed during modified multifractionation.

[Clinical experience in using 18F-FDG PET in the staging and restaging of malignant lymphomas].

The present study was undertaken to determine the diagnostic accuracy of positron emission tomography (PET) in the staging and restaging of malignant lymphomas. For determination of the extent of a neoplastic process, complex radiation examination was conducted in 67 patients with malignant lymphomas. In 12 (17.9%) cases, the stage of the disease was changed, as evidenced by PET. There is evidence that the technique is of high diagnostic accuracy in detecting malignancies of l ymph nodes, skeletal system, and parenchymatous organs in lymphoproliferative diseases.

[Biosynthesis of extracellular ribonuclease by Bacillus pumilus]. / Biosintez vnekletochnoi ribonukleazy Bacillus pumilus.

Conditions for the biosynthesis of alkaline extracellular ribonuclease by Bacillus pumilus were studied and their comparison with that of the biosynthesis of ribonuclease by Bacillus intermedius was made. It was estimated that ribonuclease of Bacillus pumilus is synthesized post-exponentially, its synthesis is inhibited by inorganic phosphate and is stimulated by actinomycin D, as the synthesis of ribonuclease by Bacillus intermedius. At the same time essential differences in dynamic of enzyme formation, extent of phosphate inhibition and spores forming conditions of the comparing cultures were found.

[A method of diagnosis in posterior myocardial infarct]. / Sposob diagnostiki zadnego infarkta miokarda.

Based on the results of examination of 58 patients with myocardial infarction, the authors propose a method for diagnosing posterior myocardial infarction by abdominal electrocardiographic mapping. The anterior abdominal wall shows the area from which one may record the direct markers of posterior myocardial infarction: abnormal Q wave, R wave regression, abnormal QS complex, as well as ST segment elevation which is typical of acute myocardial infarction. The anterior abdominal wall also defines the areas from which direct signs of inferior and lateral myocardial infarctions may be recorded.

[Content and utilization of testosterone in the cardiac and skeletal muscles of male rats during physical exercise]. / Soderzhanie i utilizatsiia testosterona v serdechnoi i skeletnoi myshtsakh samtsov krys pri vypolnenii fizicheskikh nagruzok.

They influenced differently the content, transport and utilization of testosterone (T) in the body. The strength training resulted in a 2.5-3-fold increase of the T-content and binding capacity of blood proteins as compared with untrained animals, and a 1.5-2.0-fold increase of these characteristics as compared with untrained animals. As a result of PE 3H-T incorporation in 10 investigated tissues and organs including muscles increased 2-fold. A pharmacokinetic study showed that androgen half-life in the body increased from 1 h 35 min to 2 h 16 min under PE. The training did not change the T content in the active skeletal and heart muscles. The T and androgen receptor content in the muscle cytosol did not change after training.