ON THE METHODOLOGY OF PASSPORT DOSES CALCULATION FOR UKRAINIAN SETTLEMENTS RADIOACTIVELY CONTAMINATED DUE TO THE CHORNOBYL NPP ACCIDENT. / ЩОДО МЕТОДИКИ РОЗРАХУНКУ ПАСПОРТНИХ ДОЗ НАСЕЛЕНИХ ПУНКТІВ УКРАЇНИ, ЯКІ ЗАЗНАЛИ РАДІОАКТИВНОГО ЗАБРУДНЕННЯ В РЕЗУЛЬТАТІ АВАРІЇ НА ЧАЕС.

OBJECTIVE: scientific substantiation of the new methodology for estimation of passport doses of the settlementswhich belong to Zone of Unconditional (obligatory) Resettlement, or 2nd zone and Zone of Granted VoluntaryResettlement, or 3rd zone in the framework of dosimetric passportization in accordance with the legislation ofUkraine. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 37 years after the accident, radioactive contamination of the environment has significantly decreased. However, it is still necessary to carry out ecological and dosimetric monitoring and apply countermeasures in certain territories of Ukraine affected by the accident at the Chornobyl Nuclear Power Plant: restriction of the consumption of locally produced milk, forest products, etc. The methodology, which was since 1996 used to estimate the passport doses of Ukrainian settlements, no longer corresponds to the current level of scientific knowledge about radioactive contamination of environment. The new methods of passport doses calculating presented in the work involves the use of a model whose parameters are determined by the types, quality and completeness of radio-ecological and dosimetric monitoring carried out on the radioactively contaminated territories in 1986-2013. The methodology takes into account the specific of radioactive contamination of each settlement. The passport dose of external exposure is reconstructed only from 137Cs radionuclide, because the contributions of other Chornobyl radionuclides influence the radiation dose only in the first years after the accident. The passport dose of internal exposure is formed as a result of the consumption of 137Cs contaminated food products. It is calculated depending on the availability in the settlement in the current year of the results of measurements of the 137Cs radionuclide activity incorporated in the human body using a whole body counter (WBC) and the activity of 137Cs in the private milk. At the same time, priority is given precisely to the results of WBC measurements of 137Cs. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: A new methodology (Methodology-2023) for passport doses calculation of Ukrainian settlements was substantiated. A comparison of passport doses based on the results of radioecological and dosimetric monitoring in 2011 calculated by Methodology-2023 and passport doses calculated by Methodology-96 was made.Passport doses calculated by Methodology-2023 increased by 40 % on average compared to doses calculated by Methodology-96. At the same time, passport doses of internal radiation calculated by the new methodologyincreased by 1.5 times, and passport doses of external radiation increased by 1.7 times. The passport dose of 2011, calculated by Methodology-2023, exceeds the legally established limit of 1 mSv in 71 settlements, most of which are located in Korostenkyi raion of Zhytomyr Oblast.

RADIOACTIVELY CONTAMINATED TERRITORIES OF CHERNIHIVSKA OBLAST OF UKRAINE: THE RADIATION-ECOLOGICAL AND MEDICAL-DEMOGRAPHIC PAST AND PRESENT. / RADIATsIINO ZABRUDNENI TERYTORIÏ ChERNIGIVS'KOÏ OBLASTI UKRAÏNY: RADIATsIINO-EKOLOGIChNE TA MEDYKO-DEMOGRAFIChNE MYNULE TA SUChASNE.

OBJECTIVE: to determine the current radiationecological and medicaldemographic parameters of the territories of Chernihivska oblast of Ukraine, which were recognized as radioactively contaminated as a result of the Chornobyl Nuclear Power Plant accident, and to assess their changes in the postaccident period. OBJECTS AND METHODS: The parameters of contamination of natural environments (soil, food products), both with number, structure, natural and migratory movement of population of radioactively contaminated territories of Chernihivska oblast of Ukraine (Kozeletskyi, Koriukivskyi, NovhorodSiverskyi, Ripkynskyi, Semenivskyi, Sosnytskyi, and Chernihivskyi districts) were the study objects. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data from the Chernihiv Regional Office of the State Statistics Service of Ukraine,Department of Ecology and Natural Resources of the Chernihiv Regional State Administration, and CentralEnvironmental Dosimetry Register of the State Institution «National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine¼ were used. General scientific, mathematicalstatistical, graphic, cartographic, and softwaretechnological research methods are applied. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: After the accident at the Chornobyl Nuclear Power Plant the largescale radioecological monitoring was conducted on the territory of Chernihivska oblast, where a significant improvement in the state of radioactively contaminated areas had been observed. The number of settlements where the soil contamination density with cesium isotopes exceeded the lower limit for the zone of guaranteed voluntary resettlement (185 kBq*m2) has decreased from 8 to 1. The average regional concentration of 137Cs in milk mostly did not exceed 50 Bq*l1. The average concentration of 137Cs in potatoes from private households over the entire observation period was 5-10 times lower than in milk. Analysis of medical and demographic data allowed concluding that the districts of Chernihivska oblast, which were most intensively contaminated after the Chornobyl accident, feature now some regional problems. There are trends towards population decline and birth rate decrease along with increase in mortality. The most intensive changes had occurred in Kozeletskyi and Ripkynskyi districts, where destructive processes in the age structure of population and a stable trend of increase of mortality rates were revealed. Research should be continued.

EFFECT OF IRON ON BONE TISSUE METABOLISM AND THYROID FUNCTION IN CHILDREN LIVING ON RADIOLOGICALLY CONTAMINATED TERRITORIES SINCE THE ChNPP ACCIDENT. / VPLYV ZALIZA NA PROTsESY METABOLIZMU V KISTKOVII TKANYNI TA FUNKTsIIu ShchYTOPODIBNOÏ ZALOZY UDITEI, IaKI ZhYVUT' NA RADIOAKTYVNO ZABRUDNENYKh TERYTORIIaKh PISLIa AVARIÏ NA ChAES.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the metabolic processes in bone tissue and state of thyroid gland depending on iron metabolism parameters in children of pre-pubertal, pubertal and post-pubertal age, living on radiologically contaminated territories after the ChNPP accident. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Children (n = 119) aged 6 to 18 years were examined and the 4 study groups were formed, featuring the childhood, pre-pubertal, pubertal and post-pubertal life periods. Clinical symptoms, iron metabolism parameters (serum iron (SI) and ferritin (SF) content, transferrin saturation coefficient), parameters of bone tissue metabolism (serum creatinine and alkaline phosphatase (APh)), and amino acid content in urine were taken into account. Functional state of thyroid, titers of antibodies to thyroperoxidase (TPOAb) and thyroglobulin (TgAb) were assayed. Results and their discussion are presented depending on the age of children, biochemical parameters of blood, iron metabolism findings, thyroid gland function and individualized radiation doses. RESULTS: In 13.4 % of pubertal and post-pubertal children an elevated content of SI and SF was observed. APh levels were increased in 20.2 % of children (758.9 ± 16.3 U/l) being directly correlated with SI levels (rs = 0.50; р < 0.01). In 16.3 % of children of pubertal and post-pubertal age, in whom the level of SI was above 27 µmol/l, a direct correlation with serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level was established in case of the hormone content above 2.5 mU/l (rs = 0.50; р < 0.05). Serum creatinine level directly correlated with glycine content in urine (rs = 0.70), which is a part of collagen, and inversely correlated with serum APh (rs = -0.47), (р < 0.05). Under the levels of SI higher than (15.1 ± 1.2) µmol/l and SF higher than (87.5 ± 6.4) ng/ml, the TPOAb titer was higher than at lower iron concentrations (U-test = 64.5, р < 0.05). The TgAb titer directly correlated with SI (rs = 0.39) and TSH (rs = 0.81) levels (р < 0.01). The average effective radiation dose in children was (0.75 ± 0.10) mSv. A direct correlation was established between the child's radiation dose and age (rs = 0.33; р < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Bone metabolism depends on the age of children, characteristics of pubertal period, excess of iron in the body, and functional state of thyroid system, which is involved in collagen formation and protein metabolism.

SOME ISSUES OF LIFE ACTIVITIES OF POPULATION IN THE CHORNOBYL EXCLUSION ZONE IN UKRAINE. / DEIaKI ASPEKTY ZhYTTIeDIIaL'NOSTI NASELENNIa V ChORNOBYL'S'KII ZONI VIDChUZhENNIa UKRAÏNY.

BACKGROUND: Radiation accidents at the Chornobyl Nuclear Power Plant (USSR, 1986) and Fukushima-1 (Japan,2011) have shown that global environmental contamination is an intervention in normal human life making nega-tive effect on population health. These accidents highlighted a number of statutory and regulatory both with me-dical and social problems for individuals, who returned voluntarily for permanent residence in the ChornobylExclusion Zone i.e. a radiation-hazardous area (they are named the «self-settlers¼). OBJECTIVE: generalization of experience in the settlement of normative-legal, ecological-dosimetric and medico-social life issues of population living in the Chornobyl NPP (ChNPP) Exclusion Zone («self-settlers¼). OBJECT AND METHODS: The chosen problem is complex, necessitating the generalization of radiation-hygienic, med-ical-biological, socio-economic, demographic and sociological research results obtained by the national and foreignauthors. A set of theoretical research and analysis of empirical data methods on the principles of interdisciplinaryinteraction was used; the systematic, legal, economic, medical-biological, demographic and retrospective-dosimet-ric approaches of research were applied. RESULTS: It was shown that a part of population refused to evacuate or had returned for permanent residence to theradiation-hazardous lands after the ChNPP accident. In 1986-2009 the number of «self-settlers¼ ranged from 150to 2,000 in different years. In 2021 - the 101 people. Those were mainly people of working age, mostly females, single people or widows/widowers. Рrevious medical and dosimetric studies have shown that long-term residence inthe Exclusion Zone affects physical and mental health of «self-settlers¼ and causes atypical aging, includinginvolvement of the central nervous system. According to calculations, the average effective total radiation doseaccumulated by «self-settlers¼ for the first 3 years was 30 % of dose for the entire post-accident period, and thedose accumulated over 20 years was 54 % of the dose accumulated over 35 years. But the effective radiation dosesaccumulated in different periods after the accident differ significantly in residents of different Exclusion Zone settlements. This information needs further study in terms of the «radiation dose - health status¼ dependence. CONCLUSIONS: The effective radiation doses accumulated in different periods after the accident differ significantlyin the residents of different Exclusion Zone settlements. Тhe average effective total radiation dose accumulated by«self-settlers¼ for the first 3 years was 30 % of the dose for the entire post-accident period, and the dose accumulated over 20 years was 54 % of the dose accumulated over 35 years.

RECONSTRUCTION, VERIFICATION AND ANALYSIS OF RESULTS OF WBC MEASUREMENTS DATED 1986 THAT WERE INPUTTED TO ELECTRONIC DATABASE IN 2019-2021. / VIDNOVLENNIa, VERYFIKATsIIa TA ANALIZ REZUL'TATIV LVL/VYMIRIuVAN' 1986 R., ShchO VNESENI DO ELEKTRONNOÏ BAZY U 2019­2021 rr.

Objective of research is to improve the electronic database of WBC measurements dated 1986 by inputting of newinformation from paper carriers, reconstruction of information gaps, verification and analysis of new entered data,revision of internal exposure doses that are based on results of WBC measurements dated 1986. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In 2013-2015 during a revision of databases (DB) of WBC measurements results dated1986-2014, it was discovered a great amount of paper carriers with information about WBC measurements, includ-ing the ones dated 1986, that were not inputted to the electronic DB. The paper carriers were systematized andordered by the following indicators: place of residence of a person and place of WBC measurement, institution andoperator that made the measurement, measurement device and date of measurement. For a comfortable inputtingof the information to the electronic DB, it was additionally created a form which exists as an option in existing program complex Silbody (Version 19.0.9). In the revised DB of WBC measurements dated 1986 internal exposure dosesfrom radio-cesium of Chornobyl origin were computed based on an ecological and dosimetric model for radio-cesiummigration in environment and a model for radio-cesium metabolism in human body. In the work, mathematical andstatistical methods of research were used. RESULTS: In 2019-2021 additionally 35,319 notes were inputted to the electronic DB of WBC measurement dated1986, and as a result its volume increased in 2.2 times. Mostly those are data on results concerning residents of Kyiv,Zhytomyr, Donetsk, Cherkasy, Odessa, Ivano-Frankivsk, and Rivne Oblasts. It was established the information onmeasurement devices and respectively on the minimal detected activity (MDA) for 27,119 notes (76.7 % of all newentered). Information is reconstructed about the body mass of all persons under investigation. Evaluation is madefor values of intake of incorporated radionuclides 137Cs and 134Cs for all new entered to DB. Quality of reconstructedinformation was analyzed. To group 1, «qualitative¼, it was classified 18,598 notes (53 % of all new entered), measurements in 1986 (including new entered). Dose not exceeding 1 mSv was obtained by 80 % of adults (older than20), as well as 73 % of persons younger than 20. CONCLUSION: To DB of WBC measurements, it was additionally inputted 35,319 notes on results of measurementsdated 1986. New entered information is verified and distributed by the quality groups. Individual exposure dosesevaluated based on those data can be used for further scientific research.

RESULTS OF WBC MEASUREMENTS WERE MADE AT RADIOACTIVELY CONTAMINATED TERRITORIES OF UKRAINE IN 1986-2014 (REVISION AND ANALYSIS). / REZUL'TATY LVL6VYMIRIuVAN', PROVEDENYKh NA RADIOAKTYVNO ZABRUDNENYKh TERYTORIIaKh UKRAÏNY U 1986-2014 rr. (REVIZIIa TA ANALIZ).

OBJECTIVE: revision, analysis, and significant improvement of quality of the database of WBC measurements made in1986-2014 at radioactively contaminated territories of Ukraine by the use of renewal of informational gaps andimprovement of the model for assessment of internal exposure doses. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Inthe periodfrom 1986 to 2014 experts of the Whole Body Counters Laboratory of NRCRMaccumulated about 1.5 million results of WBC measurementsof radio-cesium incorporated in the body of personsresiding at the territories which are radioactively contaminated due to Chornobyl accident. Most of measurements(~64 %) were made during the first 15 years after the accident. The most of measurements were made in Kyiv (~23 %),Zhytomyr (~36 %), Rivne (~20 %) and Chernihiv (~5 %) Oblasts. Works on revision of database of WBC measurementsincluded: transformation of data saved in paper format into electronic form, checking for correctness and correspon-dence of information, renewal of lacking information at the fields of database, improvement of the model for eval-uation of internal exposure doses by the data of WBC measurements. In the model for evaluation of revised doses,it is assumed uniform content of radio-cesium during a year. Reference values are used of metabolism parametersand anthropometric human parameters recommended in publications of ICRP. RESULTS: Revised doses have been reconstructed for 1,386,585 records of data base of WBC measurements that fitspecially elaborated criterions for estimation of quality of results. Among them 604,215 records are WBC measure-ments of children and adolescents younger than 18, and 782,370 records correspond to adult inhabitants of Ukraine,most of which reside in Zhytomyr, Kyiv, Rivne and Chenihiv Oblasts. CONCLUSIONS: Obtained results serve as a ground for further works on improvement of models for evaluation of pass-port doses and individualized exposure doses of subjects registered in Ukrainian State Register - of persons thataffected due to Chornobyl accident. Evaluated doses can be used for epidemiological, clinical and other research.

METHODOLOGY OF RECONSTRUCTION OF INDIVIDUALIZED EXPOSURE DOSES FOR PERSONS RESIDING AT RADIOACTIVELY CONTAMINATED TERRITORIES OF UKRAINE. / METODYKA REKONSTRUKTsIÏ INDYVIDUALIZOVANYKh DOZ OPROMINENNIa OSIB, ShchO MEShKAIuT' NA RADIOAKTYVNO ZABRUDNENYKh TERYTORIIaKh UKRAÏNY.

OBJECTIVE: Development of methodology for reconstruction of individualized exposure doses for persons residing atradioactively contaminated after Chornobyl accident territories.Materials and methods of research. The methodology is based on the data of radio-ecological (ground, meal) anddosimetric (WBC measurements) monitoring held in Ukraine in 1986-2013, the results of which are saved in databases of Central Ecological and Dosimetric Register of Radiation Protection Laboratory of NRCRM. It is presentedfour levels of individualization of exposure doses. Each subsequent level of the model is based on the previous oneand takes into account additional parameters, and as a result a model of the next level comprises more number ofexposure situations and provides more accurate estimates. Using the methodology it is necessary to select a modelof such level that enables to solve in the best way the assignments posed before a researcher. For the population ofradioactively contaminated territories, two main ways of exposure are considered: (a) external gamma-exposurefrom radionuclides in the ground, and (b) internal exposure from consumption of radioactively contaminated meal.The dose is evaluated from all the main radionuclides of radioactive accident deposition, and in case of internalexposure after 1986 - only from radio-isotopes of cesium (134Cs and 137Cs). RESULTS: Individualized doses are evaluated for different age groups of population residing in 10 raions of the mostcontaminated after Chornobyl accident Oblasts of Ukraine: Zhytomyr, Kyiv, Rivne and Chernihiv Oblasts. Dose esti-mates are presented weighted by the number of residents in settlements of specific raions. Among them are: thedose for 1986, doses accumulated during the first 15 years after the accident (1986-2000), and during the periodof 32 years after the accident (1986-2017). CONCLUSIONS: Average raion dose reconstructed for adult residents of the most radioactively contaminatedNarodychy Raion of Zhytomyr Oblast in 1986 was 18 mSv, and accumulated during the whole period after the acci-dent was 51 mSv. The lowest doses among abovementioned 10 raions were obtained by persons residing at the ter-ritory of Kozelets and Ripky Raions of Chernihiv Oblast. Average dose for them in 1986 constituted 1.3 and 1.7 mSv,and the one accumulated during 32 years was 6.1 and 6.2, respectively.

[The significance of EEG in the evaluation of arterial hypertension treatment]. / Znachenie pokazatelei élektroéntsefalogrammy pri otsenke kachestva terapii arterial'noi gipertenzii v praktike nevrologa.

AIM: To assess the efficacy of the treatment of patients with arterial hypertension (AH) using electroencephalography (EEG). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Arterial pressure (AP) was recorded in 250 patients with AH, along with simultaneous recording of EEG with electrocardiography (ECG), computed CT of the brain, which did not reveal any pathological changes. Patients were examined during AH elevation and after its normalization and improvement of general health state. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Normalization of EEG parameters depended only on the AH level was observed in systolic AH <140 mm hg and diastolic AD <90 mm hg in the improvement of general health state during 1-2 month. AH normalization led to disappearance of monophasic spikes, synchronized to ECG R wave, an increase in α-rhythm index, absence of bilateral synchronized spikes. The method of simultaneous recording of AH, ECG and EEG can be used for assessment of AH treatment efficacy and medical-social expertise of patients. The method of biofeedback is effective only when used together with pharmacological treatment of AH according to current treatment standards.

Reconstruction of individualized doses of subjects from the Ukrainian State Register - of Persons that Affected due to Chornobyl accident and reside in Korosten raion of Zhytomyr oblast. / REKONSTRUKTsIIa INDYVIDUALIZOVANYKh DOZ SUB'IeKTIV DERZhAVNOGO REIeSTRU UKRAÏNY OSIB, IaKI POSTRAZhDALY VNASLIDOK ChORNOBYL'S'KOÏ KATASTROFY, ShchO PROZhYVAIuT' V KOROSTENS'KOMU RAY̆ONI ZhYTOMYRS'KOÏ OBLASTI.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To elaborate an ecological dosimetric model of reconstruction individualized exposure doses of subjects from the State Register of Ukraine (SRU) - of persons, affected due to Chornobyl accident and reside at the radioactive contaminated territory of Korosten raion of Zhytomyr Oblast, and to calculate exposure doses for those persons. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In the paper, an ecological dosimetric model is presented which is elaborated in order to individualize exposure doses of people who reside in Korosten raion of Zhytomyr Oblast and are registered in SRU. The model is based on the results of radio ecological and dosimetric monitoring held in the period of 1986-2013 at the territory of northern oblasts of Ukraine. Annual dose over each post accidental year consists of the two compo nents: (a) annual effective dose of external gamma exposure (due to radioactive fallout on the ground), and (b) internal exposure of the whole body (due to consumption of meal contaminated by radioactive isotopes). For 1986, the dose of internal exposure is evaluated out of all main radionuclides of radioactive accidental fallout, and after 1987 only for radioisotopes of caesium (134Cs and 137Cs). The parameterization of the model is based on the pre vious experience in working out a complex of ecological dosimetric models for estimation of referent exposure doses of Ukrainian population. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Individualized doses of external and internal exposure (annual and accumulated) are estimated for the population of various age groups that resides in the settlements of Korosten raion (totally about 100 settlements). Separately the doses are presented for rural settlements of the raion and for the city of Korosten for each year of the post accidental period of 1986-2016. Estimates of doses are given that were accumulated: (a) during 15 years just after the accident, (b) for the period of 2000-2016, and (c) for 30 year period after the acci dent. Mean dose accumulated for 30 years after the Chornobyl accident by residents of rural settlements of Korosten raion is estimated as 19.8 mSv, and for inhabitants of the Korosten city as 20.9 mSv. On condition of permanent res idence in the raion, residents of about 66 % settlements of Korosten raion accumulated the doses in the interval 5 20 mSv during 30 years after the accident. For the residents of about 25 % settlements the accumulated dose is in the interval 20-50 mSv, and for 7 % of settlements it exceeds 50 mSv.

Experimental reconstruction of historical WBC measuring procedure in 1986. / EKSPERYMENTAL'NE VIDNOVLENNIa PROTsEDURY PROVEDENNIa LVL VYMIRIuVAN' 1986 ROKU.

OBJECTIVE: Examination and experimental reconstruction of the historical WBC measuring procedure in 1986 and estimation of the minimum detectable activity (MDA) of those measurements. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The SRP 68 01 gamma spectrometer with attached scintillation detector based on a NaI(Tl) O 30 x 25 mm2 crystal and NC 482 ВМ one channel spectrometer (Bicron Co.) with attached scintillation detector based on a NaI(Tl) O 52 x 52 mm2 crystal were used for the study. Protective chamber of the expert type whole body counter (WBC) and homogenous human body dummy phantoms filled with dry radioactive material were applied. Results of measurements on the WBC «Screener 3M¼ were retrieved from the Radiation Registry of the NRCRM. Dosimetry and mathematical methods were applied too. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The WBC measurement procedure was reconstructed using the examples tested in 1986 to assay the level of incorporated radioactive cesium in population of contaminated territories. MDA under the WBC measurements in 1986 was found being from 1.3 kBq per human body using the NC 482 ВМ one channel spectrom eter with attached scintillation detector based on a NaI(Tl) O 52 x 52 mm2 crystal up to 7.4 kBq per human body using the SRP 68 01 gamma radiometer radiometer with attached scintillation detector based on a NaI(Tl) O 30 x 25 mm2 crystal in adults under the 60 seconds measurement time. The respective values for adolescents and chil dren were within 0.8-5.6 kBq per body and 0.5-3.8 kBq per body.

Mediators and Biomarkers of Inflammation in Meningitis: Cytokine and Peptidome Profiling of Cerebrospinal Fluid.

Differential diagnosis of bacterial and viral meningitis is an urgent problem of the modern clinical medicine. Early and accurate detection of meningitis etiology largely determines the strategy of its treatment and significantly increases the likelihood of a favorable outcome for the patient. In the present work, we analyzed the peptidome and cytokine profiles of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 17 patients with meningitis of bacterial and viral etiology and of 20 neurologically healthy controls. In addition to the identified peptides (potential biomarkers), we found significant differences in the cytokine status of the CSF of the patients. We found that cut-off of 100 pg/ml of IL-1ß, TNF, and GM-CSF levels discriminates bacterial and viral meningitis with 100% specificity and selectivity. We demonstrated for the first time the reduction in the level of two cytokines, IL-13 and GM-CSF, in the CSF of patients with viral meningitis in comparison with the controls. The decrease in GM-CSF level in the CSF of patients with viral meningitis can be explained by a disproportionate increase in the levels of cytokines IL-10, IFN-γ, and IL-4, which inhibit the GM-CSF expression, whereas IL-1, IL-6, and TNF activate it. These observations suggest an additional approach for differential diagnosis of bacterial and viral meningitis based on the normalized ratio IL-10/IL-1ß and IL-10/TNF > 1, as well as on the ratio IFN-γ/IL-1ß and IFN-γ/TNF < 0.1. Our findings extend the panel of promising clinical and diagnostic biomarkers of viral and bacterial meningitis and reveal opposite changes in the cytokine expression in meningitis due to compensatory action of pro- and antiinflammatory factors.

Derivatization of Aminoglycoside Antibiotics with Tris(2,6-dimethoxyphenyl)carbenium Ion.

Detection of aminoglycoside antibiotics by MS or HPLC is complicated, because a) carbohydrate molecules have low ionization ability in comparison with other organic molecules (particularly in MALDI-MS), and b) the lack of aromatics and/or amide bonds in the molecules makes common HPLC UV-detectors useless. Here, we report on the application of a previously developed method for amine derivatization with tris(2,6- dimethoxyphenyl)carbenium ion to selective modification of aminoglycoside antibiotics. Only amino groups bound to primary carbons get modified. The attached aromatic residue carries a permanent positive charge. This makes it easy to detect aminoglycoside antibiotics by MS-methods and HPLC, both as individual compounds and in mixtures.

Generalized results of individualized exposure doses reconstruction for the subjects of Ukrainian State Register of persons, affected due to Chernobyl accident. / UZAGAL'NENI REZUL'TATY REKONSTRUKTsIi INDYVIDUALIZOVANYKh DOZ SUB'IeKTIV DERZhAVNOGO REIeSTRU UKRAiNY OSIB, IaKI POSTRAZhDALY VNASLIDOK ChORNOBYL'S'KOi KATASTROFY.

Since 2007, the department of dosimetry of NRCRM has been working for to supply the Ukrainian State Register (SRU) of persons affected due to Chernobyl accident by exposure doses estimations. As of now, the individualization of doses has been performed for nine raions located in Kyiv, Zhytomyr, Rivne and Chernihiv oblasts. The structure of raion-specific models used for the reconstruction of individualized doses was described in detail in the previous 19-th issue of this journal (2014). The choice conditions for persons from the SRU using which for each raion there was formed a contingent of persons for whom the dose could be reconstructed. During the period of 2007-2015, the individualized dose was reconstructed for 244226 persons in 9 raions, representing ~ 58% of all registered in the SRU inhabitants of the raions. The calculation results were transferred to the SRU in formats adapted to the common database structure of the SRU. For each person who satisfied the conditions of selection there were estimated: (1) possible absorbed internal exposure dose of the thyroid by radioiodine in 1986 (assuming that the person in 1986 lived in the same village and was enlisted in the SRU); (2) annual doses of external, internal and total exposure of the whole body for a period of observation in the SRU; (3) total exposure dose of whole body accumulated during the period of observation in the SRU; (4) the total cumulative dose of feasible exposure during the period since 1986 till the decision to be registered in the SRU. There are presented the generalized results of the SRU subjects distribution for different raions in dependence on intervals of doses accumulated at different periods after the accident. The raion matrix tables show the dynamics of accumulation of doses by the SRU subjects both for their stay on the account and for the period of their possible residence registration in the settlement since 1986. The directions for further research to be implemented for increasing the number of persons for whom it is possible to calculate individualized dose have been formulated.

Basic Principles and Practices of Integrated Dosimetric Passportization of the Settlements in Ukraine. / OSNOVNI PRYNTsYPY TA DOSVID PROVEDENNIa KOMPLEKSNOi DOZYMETRYChNOi PASPORTYZATsIi NASELENYKh PUNKTIV UKRAiNY.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the review is to demonstrate the results of dosimetric passportization (performed in 1991-2014) for the settlements of Ukraine which suffered from radioactive contamination caused by the Chornobyl accident. The dosimetric passportization played a key role in the National program on the liquidation of aftermath of the Chornobyl accident directed on recovery through all stages of the current radiation situation control and decision support touching upon various types of interventions and social benefits to the population of radioactively contaminated areas. The works being performed under dosimetric passportization did not have analogues among the researches which took place after other large-scale industrial and municipal accidents as well their scales as the duration of both radio-ecological and dosimetric monitoring.The new methodological approaches to the assessment of so-called passport doses of a settlement as well as to the definition of the concept of annual dose being the dose used to make decisions for providing both direct and indirect emergency countermeasures for the settlements of Ukraine became pioneering ones. During all the post-accident period there were issued sixteen collections of general dosimetric passportization data which accumulate the results of hundreds of thousands spectrometric, radiochemical and radiation levels measurements and WBC measurements carried out in 1991-2014.The annual passport doses calculated on the basis of these measurements (including their components) are unique information that quantifies the level and time dynamics of the radiation situation for each of the 2161 settlements of 74 raions in 12 oblasts during all the post-accident period. Thanks to the works of dosimetric passportization of the settlements of Ukraine there were created databases to be unique in their structure and content with quantitative characteristics of the territorial and temporal distribution, the dynamics of changes of a number of important radiological parameters, namely over 500 thousands of measurements of concentration of 137Cs and 90Sr in the local foodstuff (milk and potatoes); there are more than 1.3 million of measurements of the cesium content in the body of residents of the settlements of Ukraine; there are 100 thousands of dose estimates (both internal and external ones were measured separately) of inhabitants living on the radioactively contaminated areas. The results of the dosimetric passportization served as one of the main exposure criteria for generalized aftermath of the Chornobyl accident represented in the National reports for the first 15, 20 and 25 years after the accident.

Regulation of the radionuclide content in commodities produced in areas affected by the Chornobyl accident. / Reguljuvannja vmistu radionuklidiv u tovarah, vyroblenyh na terytorijah, shho postrazhdaly vnaslidok avarii' na ChAES.

This paper discusses the approaches to regulation of the content of radionuclides in commodities and compares the international and Ukrainian standards, which establish permissible levels of the content of radionuclides in food-stuffs produced in the Chornobyl-affected areas. The paper gives the actual monitoring data and discusses the main causes of differences between Ukrainian, European and international standards. The need for improvement of current approaches to the regulation of the content of radionuclides in commodities is highlighted.