Contributions to a More Realistic Characterization of Corrosion Processes on Cut Edges of Coated Metals Using Scanning Microelectrochemical Techniques, Illustrated by the Case of ZnAlMg-Galvanized Steel with Different Coating Densities.

Corrosion processes at cut edges of galvanized steels proceed as highly localized electrochemical reactions between the exposed bulk steel matrix and the protective thin metallic coating of a more electrochemically active material. Scanning microelectrochemical techniques can thus provide the spatially resolved information needed to assess the corrosion initiation and propagation phenomena, yet most methods scan cut edge sections as embedded in insulating resin to achieve a flat surface for scanning purposes. In this work, the galvanized coatings on both sides of the material were concomitantly exposed to simulated acid rain while characterizing the cut edge response using SECM and SVET techniques, thereby maintaining the coupled effects through the exposure of the whole system as rather realistic operation conditions. The cut edges were shown to strongly promote oxygen consumption and subsequent alkalization to pH 10-11 over the iron, while diffusion phenomena eventually yielded the complete depletion of oxygen and pH neutralization of the nearby electrolyte. In addition, the cathodic activation of the exposed iron was intensified with a thinner coating despite the lower presence of sacrificial anode, and preferential sites of the attack in the corners revealed highly localized acidification below pH 4, which sustained hydrogen evolution at spots of the steel-coating interface.

Manejo desde atención primaria de la infección por la viruela del mono (MPOX) en humanos / Management from Primary Care of monkeypox infection (MPOX) in humans

La viruela del mono (MPOX) es una zoonosis vírica endémica en países de África occidental o central que esporádicamente se exporta a otras regiones. En mayo del 2022, comenzó a ocurrir un brote mundial de viruela MPOX en varias naciones de Europa y Norteamérica. La mayoría de los casos notificados se identificaron a nivel ambulatorio y afectaron principalmente a hombres que tienen sexo con hombres (HSH). El contagio es por contacto estrecho con lesiones, líquidos corporales, secreciones respiratorias o con material contaminado, de persona o animal infectado. El cuadro clínico es similar a la viruela humana, con menor gravedad. Predomina la afectación cutánea leve y autolimitada tras dos a cuatro semanas. En HSH aparecen lesiones cutáneas atípicas debido a la manera de contagio. En ciertos grupos de riesgo pueden presentarse formas graves o complicaciones. La tasa de letalidad es de 3 a 6% según el clado responsable. El diagnóstico de sospecha se confirma con la detección del virus, a partir de exudados de las lesiones o costras, con técnicas de amplificación de ácidos nucleicos mediante reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) convencional o en tiempo real. El manejo clínico en la mayoría de los casos se realiza desde atención primaria (AP), mediante el control de los principales síntomas. Entre 5 a 10% requieren un manejo hospitalario y existen algunas opciones de tratamiento antiviral específico. Las vacunas frente a la viruela humana protegen contra la MPOX y se utilizan como profilaxis pre y posexposición a personas de riesgo. Las medidas para reducir la exposición al virus, es la principal estrategia de prevención de la MPOX. Además, el papel del médico de familia es clave para controlar la propagación del virus de la MPOX mediante la vigilancia activa y el diagnóstico temprano de la enfermedad.(AU)

Monkeypox (MPOX) is a viral zoonosis endemic in West or Central African countries that is sporadically exported to another area. In May 2022, a global outbreak of MPOX smallpox began to occur in several countries in Europe and North America. Most of the reported cases are identified at the outpatient level and mainly affect men who have sex with men (MSM). Transmission is by close contact with lesions, body fluids, respiratory secretions or contaminated material from an infected person or animal. The clinical picture is similar to human smallpox, with less severity. Mild, self-limiting skin involvement predominates after 2-4 weeks. In MSM, atypical skin lesions appear due to the mode of infection. Severe forms or complications may appear in certain risk groups. The case fatality rate is 3%-6% depending on the clade responsible. The diagnosis of suspicion is confirmed by detection of the virus from exudates of lesions or scabs, with nucleic acid amplification techniques by conventional or real-time PCR. Clinical management in most cases is performed in primary care (PC), by monitoring the main symptoms. Between 5-10% require hospital management and there are some specific antiviral treatment options. Human smallpox vaccines protect against MPOX and are used as pre- and post-exposure prophylaxis for persons at risk. Measures to reduce exposure to the virus are the main MPOX prevention strategy. In addition, the role of the family physician is key to controlling the spread of MPOX through active surveillance and early diagnosis of the disease.(AU)

[Management from Primary Care of monkeypox infection (MPOX) in humans]. / Manejo desde atención primaria de la infección por la viruela del mono (MPOX) en humanos.

Monkeypox (MPOX) is a viral zoonosis endemic in West or Central African countries that is sporadically exported to another area. In May 2022, a global outbreak of MPOX smallpox began to occur in several countries in Europe and North America. Most of the reported cases are identified at the outpatient level and mainly affect men who have sex with men (MSM). Transmission is by close contact with lesions, body fluids, respiratory secretions or contaminated material from an infected person or animal. The clinical picture is similar to human smallpox, with less severity. Mild, self-limiting skin involvement predominates after 2-4 weeks. In MSM, atypical skin lesions appear due to the mode of infection. Severe forms or complications may appear in certain risk groups. The case fatality rate is 3%-6% depending on the clade responsible. The diagnosis of suspicion is confirmed by detection of the virus from exudates of lesions or scabs, with nucleic acid amplification techniques by conventional or real-time PCR. Clinical management in most cases is performed in primary care (PC), by monitoring the main symptoms. Between 5-10% require hospital management and there are some specific antiviral treatment options. Human smallpox vaccines protect against MPOX and are used as pre- and post-exposure prophylaxis for persons at risk. Measures to reduce exposure to the virus are the main MPOX prevention strategy. In addition, the role of the family physician is key to controlling the spread of MPOX through active surveillance and early diagnosis of the disease.

Documento de consenso para el manejo de la esquistosomiasis en atención primaria / Consensus document for the management of schistosomiasis in Primary Care

La esquistosomiasis humana es la enfermedad parasitaria con mayor morbimortalidad a nivel mundial después de la malaria. Es endémica en más de 78 países tropicales y subtropicales, sobre todo de África Subsahariana, estimándose que 236 millones de personas están infectadas. Puede causar graves complicaciones de salud a nivel genitourinario y hepatoesplénico, llegando a ocasionar la muerte de 300.000 personas cada año. El número de casos importados en los países occidentales se ha ido incrementado en los últimos años debido a la llegada de un importante número de migrantes procedentes de regiones endémicas y de un creciente número de viajeros que han visitado las mismas. Por otro lado, recientemente se han comunicado brotes de transmisión autóctona en Córcega (Francia) y Almería (España). Por todos estos aspectos, las autoridades sanitarias europeas han recomendado el cribado serológico de la enfermedad en todas las personas migrantes procedentes de zonas endémicas y que lleven menos de 5 años en Europa. Dado que atención primaria es habitualmente el primer punto de contacto de estas personas con el sistema sanitario, los médicos deben conocer los principales aspectos de la enfermedad, y ser dotados de los medios necesarios para su diagnóstico y tratamiento. Este documento ha sido elaborado por profesionales pertenecientes a 5 sociedades científicas de atención primaria (SEMFyC, SEMG, SEMERGEN), Pediatría (SEIP) y Medicina Tropical y Salud Internacional (SEMTSI), con objeto de establecer unas recomendaciones claras para el diagnóstico y el manejo de la esquistosomiasis en atención primaria.(AU)

Human schistosomiasis is the parasitic disease with the highest morbidity and mortality worldwide after malaria. It is endemic in more than 78 tropical and subtropical countries, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, and it is estimated that 236 million people are infected. It can cause serious health complications at the genitourinary and hepatosplenic level, leading to the death of 300,000 people each year. The number of imported cases in Western countries has increased in recent years due to the arrival of a significant number of migrants from endemic regions and a growing number of travelers who have visited them. On the other hand, outbreaks of autochthonous transmission have recently been reported in Corsica (France) and Almería (Spain). For all these reasons, the European health authorities have recommended serological screening for the disease in all migrants from endemic areas who have been living in Europe for less than 5 years. Since Primary Care is usually the first point of contact for these people with the Health System, doctors must know the main aspects of the disease, and be provided with the necessary means for its diagnosis and treatment. This document has been prepared by professionals belonging to five scientific societies of Primary Care (SEMFyC, SEMG, SEMERGEN), Pediatrics (SEIP) and Tropical Medicine and International Health (SEMTSI), in order to establish clear recommendations for the diagnosis and management of schistosomiasis in Primary Care.(AU)

Comparative genomics of the plant-growth promoting bacterium Sphingobium sp. strain AEW4 isolated from the rhizosphere of the beachgrass Ammophila breviligulata.

BACKGROUND: The genus Sphingobium within the class Alpha-proteobacteria contains a small number of plant-growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), although it is mostly comprised of organisms that play an important role in biodegradation and bioremediation in sediments and sandy soils. A Sphingobium sp. isolate was obtained from the rhizosphere of the beachgrass Ammophila breviligulata with a variety of plant growth-promoting properties and designated as Sphingobium sp. strain AEW4. RESULTS: Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene as well as full genome nucleotide and amino acid identities revealed that this isolate is most similar to Sphingobium xenophagum and Sphingobium hydrophobicum. Comparative genomics analyses indicate that the genome of strain AEW4 contains unique features that explain its relationship with a plant host as a PGPR, including pathways involved in monosaccharide utilization, fermentation pathways, iron sequestration, and resistance to osmotic stress. Many of these unique features are not broadly distributed across the genus. In addition, pathways involved in the metabolism of salicylate and catechol, phenyl acetate degradation, and DNA repair were also identified in this organism but not in most closely related organisms. CONCLUSION: The genome of Sphingobium sp. strain AEW4 contains a number of distinctive features that are crucial to explain its role as a plant-growth promoting rhizobacterium, and comparative genomics analyses support its classification as a relevant Sphingobium strain involved in plant growth promotion of beachgrass and other plants.

[Consensus document for the management of schistosomiasis in Primary Care]. / Documento de consenso para el manejo de la esquistosomiasis en atención primaria.

Human schistosomiasis is the parasitic disease with the highest morbidity and mortality worldwide after malaria. It is endemic in more than 78 tropical and subtropical countries, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, and it is estimated that 236 million people are infected. It can cause serious health complications at the genitourinary and hepatosplenic level, leading to the death of 300,000 people each year. The number of imported cases in Western countries has increased in recent years due to the arrival of a significant number of migrants from endemic regions and a growing number of travelers who have visited them. On the other hand, outbreaks of autochthonous transmission have recently been reported in Corsica (France) and Almería (Spain). For all these reasons, the European health authorities have recommended serological screening for the disease in all migrants from endemic areas who have been living in Europe for less than 5 years. Since Primary Care is usually the first point of contact for these people with the Health System, doctors must know the main aspects of the disease, and be provided with the necessary means for its diagnosis and treatment. This document has been prepared by professionals belonging to five scientific societies of Primary Care (SEMFyC, SEMG, SEMERGEN), Pediatrics (SEIP) and Tropical Medicine and International Health (SEMTSI), in order to establish clear recommendations for the diagnosis and management of schistosomiasis in Primary Care.

Contributions of Microelectrochemical Scanning Techniques for the Efficient Detection of Localized Corrosion Processes at the Cut Edges of Polymer-Coated Galvanized Steel.

Spatially resolved information on corrosion reactions operating at the cut edges of coated metals can be obtained using microelectrochemical scanning techniques using a suitable selection of operation modes and scanning probes. The scanning vibrating electrode technique (SVET) provides current density maps with a spatial resolution of the order of the dimensions of the sample, which allows the temporal evolution of the corrosion reactions to be followed over time. This leads to the identification and localization of cathodic and anodic sites, although the technique lacks chemical specificity for the unequivocal identification of the reactive species. The application of scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) was previously limited to image cathodic reaction sites, either due to oxygen consumption in the amperometric operation or by the alkalinisation of the electrolyte in potentiometric operation. However, it is shown that anodic sites can be effectively monitored using an ion-selective microelectrode (ISME) as a probe. The ISME probes detected differences in the local concentrations of Zn2+ and OH- ions from the cut edges of a complete coil coating system compared to the same system after the polymeric layers were removed. In this way, it has been shown that the inhibitor loading in the polymer layers effectively contributes to reducing the corrosion rates at the cut edge, thus helping to extend the useful life of the sacrificial galvanized layer bonded directly to the steel matrix. Additionally, these two probe configurations can be integrated into a multi-electrode tip for potentiometric operation to simultaneously monitor localized changes in pH values and metal ion dissolution in a single scan. Spatial and temporal distributions were further investigated using different rastering procedures, and the potential of constructing pseudomaps for 2D-imaging is described.

[Basic aspects of COVID-19 for management from primary care]. / Aspectos básicos de la COVID-19 para el manejo desde atención primaria.

SARS-CoV-2 is transmitted from person to person by inhalation or contact with respiratory droplets and aerosols. The median incubation period is 5.1 days. Fever, dry cough, dyspnea and fatigue are the most common symptoms. Almost half of the cases are asymptomatic. The spectrum of disease varies from mild (81%) to critical (5%). Older age, male gender and comorbidities negatively impact on the severity and mortality of COVID-19. The diagnosis of acute COVID-19 is made with RT-PCR or antigenic detection tests. In hospital patients, remdesivir reduces recovery time. Oral steroids are recommended for severe or critical cases requiring oxygen therapy or mechanical ventilation. Thromboprophylaxis is recommended in all severe and non-severe cases with high thrombotic risk. Antibiotherapy is limited to cases of high suspicion of bacterial superinfection. Mild-moderate and severe cases after discharge from hospital should be clinically monitored for a minimum period of two weeks.

Use of Amperometric and Potentiometric Probes in Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy for the Spatially-Resolved Monitoring of Severe Localized Corrosion Sites on Aluminum Alloy 2098-T351.

Amperometric and potentiometric probes were employed for the detection and characterization of reactive sites on the 2098-T351 Al-alloy (AA2098-T351) using scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM). Firstly, the probe of concept was performed on a model Mg-Al galvanic pair system using SECM in the amperometric and potentiometric operation modes, in order to address the responsiveness of the probes for the characterization of this galvanic pair system. Next, these sensing probes were employed to characterize the 2098-T351 alloy surface immersed in a saline aqueous solution at ambient temperature. The distribution of reactive sites and the local pH changes associated with severe localized corrosion (SLC) on the alloy surface were imaged and subsequently studied. Higher hydrogen evolution, lower oxygen depletion and acidification occurred at the SLC sites developed on the 2098-T351 Al-alloy.

Evaluation of in vitro corrosion resistance and in vivo osseointegration properties of a FeMnSiCa alloy as potential degradable implant biomaterial.

In vitro electrochemical characterization and in vivo implantation in an animal model were employed to evaluate the degradation behaviour and the biological activity of FeMnSi and FeMnSiCa alloys obtained using UltraCast (Ar atmosphere) melting. Electrochemical characterization was based on open circuit potential measurement, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and potentiodynamic polarization techniques while the alloys were immersed in Ringer's solution at 37 °C for 7 days. Higher corrosion rates were measured for the Ca-containing material, resulting from inefficient passivation of the metal surface by oxy-hydroxide products. In vivo osseointegration was investigated on a tibia implant model in rabbits by referring to a standard control (AISI 316 L) stainless steel using standard biochemical, histological and radiological methods of investigation. Changes in the biochemical parameters were related to the main stages of the bone defect repair, whereas implantation of the alloys in rabbit's tibia provided the necessary mechanical support to the injured bone area and facilitated the growth of the newly connective tissue, as well as osteoid formation and mineralization, as revealed by either histological sections or computed tomography reconstructed images and validated by the bone morphometric indices. The present study highlighted that the FeMnSiCa alloy promotes better osteoinduction and osseconduction processes when compared to the base FeMnSi alloy or with AISI 316 L, and in vivo degradation rates correlate well with corrosion resistance measurements in Ringer's solution.

COVID-19 en España, ¿cómo hemos llegado hasta aquí? / COVID-19 in Spain, how did we get here?

No disponible

[Evolution of the outpatient antibiotic prescription between 2012 and 2018. Characteristics of the ABPresclín platform created for the analysis of antibiotic prescription in the health service of the Balearic Islands.] / Evolución de la prescripción antibiótica ambulatoria entre 2012 y 2018. Características de la plataforma ABPresclín creada para el análisis de prescripción antibiótica en el Servicio de Salud de las Islas Baleares.

OBJECTIVE: One of the fist lines of action of the National Plan against Antibiotic Resistance (PRAN) is to monitor the use of antibiotics as a fundamental basis for the fight against resistance. In order to know the antibiotic prescription habits, we pretended to describe the outpatient prescription of systemic antibiotics in the Balearic Islands through exploitation of ABPresclín database. METHODS: It was an ecological descriptive study of the electronic outpatient prescriptions of systemic antibiotics of the Health Service of the Balearic Islands from 2012 to 2018. Combining the prescription with population information data by year and geographical area, prescription rates were obtained per 1,000 person, distributed by professional, health centres, geographical areas: distribution per patient characteristics, type of antibiotics and associated diagnoses. RESULTS: 3,517,101 prescriptions are analyzed with an average prescription period (TPp) per 1,000 person-years of 472.1. A quarter of the population received at least one prescription of antibiotics. TPp was higher in over 80 years (899.0) and in women (553.4). 68.9% of the prescription was made in primary care (AP) and 17.9% in out-of-hours settings. TPp in AP was 333.1, varying from 192.3 to 527.0, according to basic health areas. The TPp of the most commonly used antibiotics was: amoxicillin/clavulanic (143), amoxicillin (95.9), azithromycin (54.5), fosfomycin (41.5) and ciprofloxacin (29.7). The main associated diagnoses were: lower respiratory infections (16.5%), urinary infections (15%), non-infectious (15%), tonsillitis (14.3%) and upper respiratory infections (13%). CONCLUSIONS: Balearic Islands have a relatively low antibiotic prescription rate with a marked variability between prescribers. Amoxicillin/clavulanic was the most prescribed antibiotic, with an increase in azithromycin. Respiratory infections were the main reason for prescription. ABPresclín is useful to promote better use of antibiotics.

OBJETIVO: Una de las líneas de actuación del Plan Nacional frente a la Resistencia a los Antibióticos (PRAN) es la vigilancia del uso de los antibióticos como pilar fundamental en la lucha frente a la resistencia. Con la finalidad de conocer los hábitos de prescripción de antibióticos, este trabajo pretendió describir la prescripción ambulatoria de antibióticos sistémicos en Baleares mediante la explotación de la base de datos ABPresclín. METODOS: Se elaboró un diseño descriptivo ecológico de la prescripción ambulatoria de antibióticos sistémicos en el Servicio de Salud de las Islas Baleares, entre 2012 y 2018. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de la prescripción antibiótica que, si se refería a un denominador poblacional por año o periodo, permitía obtener tasas de prescripciones por cada 1.000 personas, distribuidas por profesional, por cupo o por áreas geográficas (zonas básicas de salud y áreas), o bien según las características del paciente, el tipo de antibióticos y los diagnósticos asociados. RESULTADOS: Se analizaron 3.517.101 prescripciones, con una tasa de prescripción del período (TPp) por cada 1.000 personas-año de 472,1. Una cuarta parte de la población recibió al menos una prescripción de antibióticos. La TPp fue mayor en >80 años (899) y en mujeres (553,4). El 68,9% de la prescripción se realizó en consulta de atención primaria (AP) y el 17,9% en urgencias extrahospitalarias. La TPp en AP fue de 333,1, variando entre 192,3 y 527, según las zonas básicas de salud. La TPp de los antibióticos más utilizados fue: amoxicilina/clavulánico, 143; amoxicilina, 95,9; azitromicina, 54,5; fosfomicina, 41,5; y ciprofloxacino, 29,7. Se asociaron principalmente los diagnósticos de infecciones respiratorias de vías bajas (16,5%), infecciones urinarias (15%), no infecciosos (15%), amigdalitis (14,3%) e infecciones respiratorias de vías altas (13%). CONCLUSIONES: Baleares presenta una tasa de prescripción de antibióticos relativamente baja, con una marcada variabilidad. Amoxicilina/clavulánico es el antibiótico más prescrito, con incremento de la azitromicina. Las infecciones respiratorias son el principal motivo de prescripción. ABPresclín resulta útil para promover un mejor uso de antibióticos.

Infección por SARS-CoV2: dudas razonables y certezas en el manejo clínico por el médico de familia / SARS-CoV-2 infection: reasonable doubts and certainties in the clinical management by the family physician

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Endovascular Therapy of Arterial Complications Within the First Week After Liver Transplant.

BACKGROUND: Recent radiologic advances have made endovascular treatment a very successful option for arterial complications after liver transplant. This article presents our experience of using endovascular treatments during the first week after liver transplant. METHODS: This study is a retrospective, single-center analysis. Liver transplants performed between 2010 and 2018 were analyzed. All patients underwent Doppler ultrasonography on days 1 and 7. Endovascular therapy was indicated in hepatic artery thrombosis diagnosed early after transplant and in stenosis when hepatic narrowing was > 70%. Patients were treated with subcutaneous anticoagulant therapy and with antiplatelet agents after endovascular therapy. RESULTS: Seven patients (1.1%) were included in the study. Stenosis was the reason in 5 patients while 2 patients had symptoms of thrombosis. The first 2 patients were initially treated with angioplasty; both had restenosis and were treated with angioplasty and stent placement, respectively. The 5 most recent patients received stenting as a primary treatment. Two of these patients developed a new stenosis. No patient developed any hepatic artery complication related to the procedure, and only 1 patient experienced a postprocedure complication (femoral artery pseudoaneurysm), which was managed conservatively. No patient required retransplant. After a median follow-up of 48 months (range, 35-85 months) 1 patient had died, and the rest were alive and asymptomatic. CONCLUSIONS: Although there is scant experience of the use of endovascular therapy very shortly after liver transplant, recent advances in interventional radiology have made the technique feasible and safe, and it achieves a high success rate.

Evolución de la prescripción antibiótica ambulatoria entre 2012 y 2018. características de la plataforma abpresclín creada para el análisis de prescripción antibiótica en el servicio de salud de las Islas Baleares / Evolution of the outpatient antibiotic prescription between 2012 and 2018. Characteristics of the ABPresclín platform created for the analysis of antibiotic prescription in the health service of the Balearic Islands

OBJETIVO: Una de las líneas de actuación del Plan Nacional frente a la Resistencia a los Antibióticos (PRAN) es la vigilancia del uso de los antibióticos como pilar fundamental en la lucha frente a la resistencia. Con la finalidad de conocer los hábitos de prescripción de antibióticos, este trabajo pretendió describir la prescripción ambulatoria de antibióticos sistémicos en Baleares mediante la explotación de la base de datos ABPresclín. MÉTODOS: Se elaboró un diseño descriptivo ecológico de la prescripción ambulatoria de antibióticos sistémicos en el Servicio de Salud de las Islas Baleares, entre 2012 y 2018. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de la prescripción antibiótica que, si se refería a un denominador poblacional por año o periodo, permitía obtener tasas de prescripciones por cada 1.000 personas, distribuidas por profesional, por cupo o por áreas geográficas (zonas básicas de salud y áreas), o bien según las características del paciente, el tipo de antibióticos y los diagnósticos asociados. RESULTADOS: Se analizaron 3.517.101 prescripciones, con una tasa de prescripción del período (TPp) por cada 1.000 personas-año de 472,1. Una cuarta parte de la población recibió al menos una prescripción de antibióticos. La TPp fue mayor en >80 años (899) y en mujeres (553,4). El 68,9% de la prescripción se realizó en consulta de atención primaria (AP) y el 17,9% en urgencias extrahospitalarias. La TPp en AP fue de 333,1, variando entre 192,3 y 527, según las zonas básicas de salud. La TPp de los antibióticos más utilizados fue: amoxicilina/clavulánico, 143; amoxicilina, 95,9; azitromicina, 54,5; fosfomicina, 41,5; y ciprofloxacino, 29,7. Se asociaron principalmente los diagnósticos de infecciones respiratorias de vías bajas (16,5%), infecciones urinarias (15%), no infecciosos (15%), amigdalitis (14,3%) e infecciones respiratorias de vías altas (13%). CONCLUSIONES: Baleares presenta una tasa de prescripción de antibióticos relativamente baja, con una marcada variabilidad. Amoxicilina/clavulánico es el antibiótico más prescrito, con incremento de la azitromicina. Las infecciones respiratorias son el principal motivo de prescripción. ABPresclín resulta útil para promover un mejor uso de antibióticos

OBJECTIVE: One of the fist lines of action of the National Plan against Antibiotic Resistance (PRAN) is to monitor the use of antibiotics as a fundamental basis for the fight against resistance. In order to know the antibiotic prescription habits, we pretended to describe the outpatient prescription of systemic antibiotics in the Balearic Islands through exploitation of ABPresclín database. METHODS: It was an ecological descriptive study of the electronic outpatient prescriptions of systemic antibiotics of the Health Service of the Balearic Islands from 2012 to 2018. Combining the prescription with population information data by year and geographical area, prescription rates were obtained per 1,000 person, distributed by professional, health centres, geographical areas: distribution per patient characteristics, type of antibiotics and associated diagnoses. RESULTS: 3,517,101 prescriptions are analyzed with an average prescription period (TPp) per 1,000 person-years of 472.1. A quarter of the population received at least one prescription of antibiotics. TPp was higher in over 80 years (899.0) and in women (553.4). 68.9% of the prescription was made in primary care (AP) and 17.9% in out-of-hours settings. TPp in AP was 333.1, varying from 192.3 to 527.0, according to basic health areas. The TPp of the most commonly used antibiotics was: amoxicillin/clavulanic (143), amoxicillin (95.9), azithromycin (54.5), fosfomycin (41.5) and ciprofloxacin (29.7). The main associated diagnoses were: lower respiratory infections (16.5%), urinary infections (15%), non-infectious (15%), tonsillitis (14.3%) and upper respiratory infections (13%). CONCLUSIONS: Balearic Islands have a relatively low antibiotic prescription rate with a marked variability between prescribers. Amoxicillin/clavulanic was the most prescribed antibiotic, with an increase in azithromycin. Respiratory infections were the main reason for prescription. ABPresclín is useful to promote better use of antibiotics

Online division of labour: emergent structures in Open Source Software.

The development Open Source Software fundamentally depends on the participation and commitment of volunteer developers to progress on a particular task. Several works have presented strategies to increase the on-boarding and engagement of new contributors, but little is known on how these diverse groups of developers self-organise to work together. To understand this, one must consider that, on one hand, platforms like GitHub provide a virtually unlimited development framework: any number of actors can potentially join to contribute in a decentralised, distributed, remote, and asynchronous manner. On the other, however, it seems reasonable that some sort of hierarchy and division of labour must be in place to meet human biological and cognitive limits, and also to achieve some level of efficiency. These latter features (hierarchy and division of labour) should translate into detectable structural arrangements when projects are represented as developer-file bipartite networks. Thus, in this paper we analyse a set of popular open source projects from GitHub, placing the accent on three key properties: nestedness, modularity and in-block nestedness -which typify the emergence of heterogeneities among contributors, the emergence of subgroups of developers working on specific subgroups of files, and a mixture of the two previous, respectively. These analyses show that indeed projects evolve into internally organised blocks. Furthermore, the distribution of sizes of such blocks is bounded, connecting our results to the celebrated Dunbar number both in off- and on-line environments. Our conclusions create a link between bio-cognitive constraints, group formation and online working environments, opening up a rich scenario for future research on (online) work team assembly (e.g. size, composition, and formation). From a complex network perspective, our results pave the way for the study of time-resolved datasets, and the design of suitable models that can mimic the growth and evolution of OSS projects.

Palladium-catalyzed coupling reactions on functionalized 2-trifluoromethyl-4-chromenone scaffolds. Synthesis of highly functionalized trifluoromethyl-heterocycles.

The chromenone core is a ubiquitous group in biologically-active natural products and has been extensively used in organic synthesis. Fluorine derived compounds, including those with a trifluoromethyl group (-CF3), have shown enhanced biological activities in numerous pharmaceuticals compared with their non-fluorinated analogs. We have found that 2-trifluoromethyl chromenones can be readily functionalized in the 8- and 7-positions, providing chromenones cores of high structural complexity which are excellent precursors for numerous trifluoromethyl-heterocycles.

Draft Genome Sequence of the Plant Growth-Promoting Sphingobium sp. Strain AEW4, Isolated from the Rhizosphere of the Beachgrass Ammophila breviligulata.

Sphingobium sp. strain AEW4 is a novel isolate from rhizosphere soil attached to the root of the American beachgrass Ammophila breviligulata The genomic sequence consisted of 4,678,518 bp and 4,428 protein-coding sequences. Here we report the draft genome sequence of this strain and some initial insights on its plant growth-promoting capabilities.

Ion beam sputtering deposition of silver nanoparticles and TiOx/ZnO nanocomposites for use in surface enhanced vibrational spectroscopy (SERS and SEIRAS).

Hybrids consisting of silver nanoparticles (in varying fractions) and of TiOx/ZnO were prepared via top-down ion beam sputtering (IBS) deposition on silicon substrates. The deposited nanomaterials were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. It is shown that such composites represent a viable substrate for use in both surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) and surface enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy (SEIRAS), as exemplarily shown for crystal violet as the model analyte. The C-H bending mode at about 1181 cm-1 and the C-N vibration at 1361 cm-1 observed in the SERS and SEIRAS spectra, respectively, have been used as analytical signal. The substrate consisting of TiOx NPs with 33% fraction of silver provides the strongest enhancement in SERS (up to 10,000-fold), while TiOx/AgNPs with thickness of 2 and 1 nm in ion beam sputtering, respectively, provides the best sensitivity in SEIRAS. The substrates also display photocatalytic activity as shown by the degradation of adsorbed crystal violet under ultraviolet irradiation. Graphical abstract Schematic of the preparation of hybrid substrates consisting of Ag and TiOx/ZnO nanoparticles via ion beam sputtering deposition. They were applied in both surface enhanced Raman and surface enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopies using crystal violet as model analyte, showing enhancements up to >10,000-fold in Raman.