A cluster-randomised clinical trial comparing two cardiovascular health education strategies in a child population: the Savinghearts project.

BACKGROUND: This paper describes a methodology for comparing the effects of an eduentertainment strategy involving a music concert, and a participatory class experience involving the description and making of a healthy breakfast, as educational vehicles for delivering obesity-preventing/cardiovascular health messages to children aged 7-8 years. METHODS/DESIGN: This study will involve a cluster-randomised trial with blinded assessment. The study subjects will be children aged 7-8 years of both sexes attending public primary schools in the Madrid Region. The participating schools (n=30) will be randomly assigned to one of two groups: 1) Group MC, in which the children will attend a music concert that delivers obesity-preventing/cardiovascular health messages, or 2) Group HB, in which the children will attend a participatory class providing the same information but involving the description and making of a healthy breakfast. The main outcome measured will be the increase in the number of correct answers scored on a knowledge questionnaire and in an attitudes test administered before and after the above interventions. The secondary outcome recorded will be the reduction in BMI percentile among children deemed overweight/obese prior to the interventions. The required sample size (number of children) was calculated for a comparison of proportions with an α of 0.05 and a ß of 0.20, assuming that the Group MC subjects would show values for the measured variables at least 10% higher than those recorded for the subjects of Group HB. Corrections were made for the design effect and assuming a loss to follow-up of 10%. The maximum sample size required will be 2107 children. Data will be analysed using summary measurements for each cluster, both for making estimates and for hypothesis testing. All analyses will be made on an intention-to-treat basis. DISCUSSION: The intervention providing the best results could be recommended as part of health education for young schoolchildren. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT01418872.

Second trimester amniotic fluid adiponectin level is affected by maternal tobacco exposure, insulin, and PAPP-A level.

OBJECTIVES: Adiponectin is an adipocyte-derived plasma protein with insulin-sensitizing and antiatherosclerotic properties. The objectives of the present study were to determine the amniotic fluid (AF) concentration of adiponectin during the second trimester of pregnancy and to demonstrate its association with maternal and fetal variables and AF concentrations of insulin, leptin, and pregnancy-associated-plasma-protein A (PAPP-A). STUDY DESIGN: We performed a cross-sectional study of 222 pregnant women who underwent amniocentesis at 15-18 weeks for genetic reasons. No malformation or chromosomal disorder was found in the newborn after birth. AF adiponectin, leptin, PAPP-A, and insulin concentrations were measured using commercially available assays. All maternal, fetal, and biochemical variables were studied using univariate and multivariate linear regression analysis to determine their association with the AF concentration of adiponectin. RESULTS: Adiponectin concentration was negatively correlated with maternal smoking status (ß=-5.208; p<0.001) and positively correlated with levels of insulin (ß=0.621; p=0.002) and PAPP-A (ß=40.150; p<0.001). Non-significant correlations were found between adiponectin concentration and maternal age, maternal body mass index, gestational age at amniocentesis, fetal gender, and AF level of leptin. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that the fetus and its membrane adipocytokines, in relationship with maternal and other fetal variables, play a dynamic role in the regulation of energy and oxidative stress homeostasis due to its insulin-sensitizing and antiatherosclerotic effects. The association of these molecules with maternal tobacco consumption during pregnancy could have perinatal implications.

Trastorno cognitivo: una realidad en el síndrome de fatiga crónica / Cognitive disorder: a reality in the syndrome of chronic fatigue

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Enfermedades raras: un enfoque práctico

Guía dirigida tanto a los profesionales de la salud/clínicos como al colectivo de afectados por este tipo de enfermedades. Proporciona información de aspectos relacionados con la clínica, posibles opciones terapéuticas, solicitud de medicamentos huérfanos y pautas para el uso compasivo, recursos sociales disponibles, aspectos relacionados con la discapacidad, directorio de asociaciones de ayuda mutua, etc.

Enfermedades raras : un enfoque práctico

Guía dirigida tanto a los profesionales de la salud/clínicos como al colectivo de afectados por este tipo de enfermedades. Proporciona información de aspectos relacionados con la clínica, posibles opciones terapéuticas, solicitud de medicamentos huérfanos y pautas para el uso compasivo, recursos sociales disponibles, aspectos relacionados con la discapacidad, directorio de asociaciones de ayuda mutua, etc.

Chronic fatigue syndrome: aetiology, diagnosis and treatment.

Chronic fatigue syndrome is characterised by intense fatigue, with duration of over six months and associated to other related symptoms. The latter include asthenia and easily induced tiredness that is not recovered after a night's sleep. The fatigue becomes so severe that it forces a 50% reduction in daily activities. Given its unknown aetiology, different hypotheses have been considered to explain the origin of the condition (from immunological disorders to the presence of post-traumatic oxidative stress), although there are no conclusive diagnostic tests. Diagnosis is established through the exclusion of other diseases causing fatigue. This syndrome is rare in childhood and adolescence, although the fatigue symptom per se is quite common in paediatric patients. Currently, no curative treatment exists for patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. The therapeutic approach to this syndrome requires a combination of different therapeutic modalities. The specific characteristics of the symptomatology of patients with chronic fatigue require a rapid adaptation of the educational, healthcare and social systems to prevent the problems derived from current systems. Such patients require multidisciplinary management due to the multiple and different issues affecting them. This document was realized by one of the Interdisciplinary Work Groups from the Institute for Rare Diseases, and its aim is to point out the main social and care needs for people affected with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. For this, it includes not only the view of representatives for different scientific societies, but also the patient associations view, because they know the true history of their social and sanitary needs. In an interdisciplinary approach, this work also reviews the principal scientific, medical, socio-sanitary and psychological aspects of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome.

[Sociosanitary impact on patients with rare diseases (ERES study)]. / Impacto sociosanitario en pacientes con enfermedades raras (estudio ERES).

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The impact and burden of disease of the rare diseases (RD) is not known, also the type of disability that entail. The objective of the work is to analyze the socio-sanitary impact of the RD in Spain. PATIENTS AND METHOD: This is a nationwide study. The dimensions used were mobility, personal care and daily activities of the EUROQoL-5D questionnaire to analyze the degree of dependency of the patient with RD. RESULTS: 714 surveys were analyzed. 51.2% were men; 21.1% were children and 78.9% adults. The more frequent laboral status were: retired/pensioner, active and student (35.3%; 29.2%, and 17.1% respectively). In the last quarterly 8.4% of the patients were in situation of transitory labor incapacity: 5.7% men and 11.9% women (p < 0.005). The patients referred disability (slight or moderate degree) in the areas: physical (87.7%), emotional (83.6%), social (75.6%) and sensorial (53%). They presented severe mixed disability (sensorial and physic) in 6.4%. Patient organisations, physicians and Internet (80.1%; 48.2% and 47.3% respectively) were the used sources of information. The patients were more satisfied with doctor's care than social worker's (47% and 2.4% respectively), considering doctors more accessible than social workers (32.4% and 13.1% respectively). CONCLUSIONS: RD present a high percentage of disability and dependency, being both more severe in children. The patient organisations are the main source of information. Patients are more satisfied and consider the doctor more accessible than the social worker. This work might serve to make decisions in the socio-sanitary assistance for RD.

Impacto sociosanitario en pacientes con enfermedades raras (estudio ERES) / Sociosanitary impact on patients with rare diseases (ERES study)

Fundamento y objetivo: Se desconoce el impacto y la carga de enfermedad en las enfermedades raras (ER), así como el tipo de discapacidades que conllevan. El objetivo de este trabajo ha sido analizar el impacto sociosanitario de las ER en España. Pacientes y método: Se trata de un estudio de ámbito nacional. Se utilizaron las dimensiones movilidad, cuidado personal y actividades cotidianas del cuestionario EUROQoL-5D para analizar el grado de dependencia del paciente con ER. Resultados: Se analizaron 714 encuestas. Un 51,2% de los encuestados eran varones; el 21,1%, niños, y el 78,9%, adultos. Los grupos laborales más frecuentes fueron: jubilado/pensionista, activo y estudiante (un 35,3, un 29,2 y un 17,1%, respectivamente). En el último trimestre el 8,4% de los pacientes estaba en situación de incapacidad laboral transitoria; de ellos, un 5,7% eran varones y el 11,9%, mujeres (p < 0,005). Los pacientes refirieron discapacidad (grado leve o moderado) en las áreas física (87,7%), emocional (83,6%), social (75,6%) y sensorial (53%). Presentaba discapacidad mixta (sensorial más física) de carácter grave el 6,4%. Las asociaciones de afectados, el médico e internet (un 80,1, un 48,2 y un 47,3%, respectivamente) eran las fuentes de información utilizadas por los pacientes. Éstos estaban más satisfechos con la atención del médico que con la del trabajador social (el 47 y el 2,4%, respectivamente) y consideraban más accesible al primero que al segundo (el 32,4 y el 13,1%, respectivamente). Conclusiones: Las ER se acompañan de un elevado porcentaje de discapacidad y dependencia, y ambas son más graves en niños. Las asociaciones de afectados constituyen la principal fuente de información. Los pacientes están más satisfechos y consideran más accesible al médico que al trabajador social. Este trabajo puede servir para tomar decisiones en la asistencia sociosanitaria de las ER

Background and objective: The impact and burden of disease of the rare diseases (RD) is not known, also the type of disability that entail. The objective of the work is to analyze the socio-sanitary impact of the RD in Spain. Patients and method: This is a nationwide study. The dimensions used were mobility, personal care and daily activities of the EUROQoL-5D questionnaire to analyze the degree of dependency of the patient with RD. Results: 714 surveys were analyzed. 51.2% were men; 21.1% were children and 78.9% adults. The more frequent laboral status were: retired/pensioner, active and student (35.3%; 29.2%, and 17.1% respectively). In the last quarterly 8.4% of the patients were in situation of transitory labor incapacity: 5.7% men and 11.9% women (p < 0.005). The patients referred disability (slight or moderate degree) in the areas: physical (87.7%), emotional (83.6%), social (75.6%) and sensorial (53%). They presented severe mixed disability (sensorial and physic) in 6.4%. Patient organisations, physicians and Internet (80.1%; 48.2% and 47.3% respectively) were the used sources of information. The patients were more satisfied with doctor's care than social worker's (47% and 2.4% respectively), considering doctors more accessible than social workers (32.4% and 13.1% respectively). Conclusions: RD present a high percentage of disability and dependency, being both more severe in children. The patient organisations are the main source of information. Patients are more satisfied and consider the doctor more accessible than the social worker. This work might serve to make decisions in the socio-sanitary assistance for RD

Enfermedades raras: un enfoque práctico

Presenta un manual operativo de consulta acerca de las enfermedades raras como su descripción e sintomas dirigido tanto a los profesionales de la salud/clínicos como al colectivo de afectados por este tipo de enfermedades. Información básica de caracter socio sanitario. Documento en formato PDF, requiere Acrobat Reader.

[Need for primary care training in rare diseases]. / Necesidades de formación en enfermedades raras para atención primaria.

OBJECTIVES: The problem of the need for primary care (PC) training in rare diseases (RD) is approached through a qualitative research study that tries to define its relevance and to identify the need for RD training in PC. METHODS: By means of naturalistic research methods (in-depth interviews and group dynamics), we tried to discover the personal and professional connotations of PC training in RD in the rural and urban areas of the Community of Madrid, Spain. The areas explored by means of structured interview were: challenges and RD definition; professional experience with RD; relevance of PC for RD; training and information in RD; needs and demands for RD in PC. RESULTS: We found no differences between the rural and urban groups nor between different professional categories. The RD concept was relatively unknown and difficulties arose in understanding the magnitude and overall importance of these diseases. Nor did the RD concept express the severity or the repercussions of these diseases. RDs awoke little professional interest, in contrast with the human interest aroused. CONCLUSIONS: The professionals interviewed thought that undergraduate training was sufficient, and rejected postgraduate training as unnecessary and unfeasible. The search for active information through Internet was the best way to obtain data to optimize criteria for patient referral. As such, the Information System for Rare Diseases in Spanish (Sistema de Información de Enfermedades Raras en Español, SIERE) (http://iier.isciii.es/er) meets the demands for information.

Necesidades de formación en enfermedades raras para atención primaria / Need for primary care training in rare diseases

El estudio ha sido financiado por el Instituto de Salud Carlos III, mediante un contrato Administrativo (Exp: T_CV0450/0400) de fecha 24 de agosto de 2004. Introducción. El problema de las necesidades formativas en enfermedades raras (ER) para atención primaria (AP) se aborda a través de un estudio de investigación cualitativa que pretende contribuir a delimitar el interés e identificar las necesidades de formación en ER en el marco de la AP. Métodos. Mediante métodos naturalísticos de investigación (entrevistas en profundidad y dinámica de grupo), se pretenden conocer las connotaciones personales y profesionales en cuanto a las necesidades de formación en ER de los profesionales de AP en el área rural y urbana de la comunidad de Madrid. Los dominios explorados mediante guión estructurado son: problemática y definición de ER, experiencia profesional con ER, interés de AP hacia las ER, formación e información en ER, necesidades y demandas de AP hacia ER. Resultados. No se han encontrado diferencias entre los grupos rurales o urbanos ni entre los diferentes estamentos profesionales. El concepto de ER es poco conocido y se plantean dificultades para comprender la magnitud y la importancia global de estas enfermedades. Tampoco expresa la gravedad y las repercusiones que conllevan estas enfermedades. Las ER despiertan escaso interés profesional, en contraste con el interés humano. Conclusiones. Los profesionales entrevistados creen suficiente la formación de pregrado y desestiman la formación de posgrado, por innecesaria y poco factible. La búsqueda de información activa, a través de internet, es la mejor forma para obtener la información que optimice sus criterios de derivación y, en esa línea, el Sistema de Información de Enfermedades Raras en Español (SIERE) (http://iier.isciii.es/er), está en línea con sus demandas informativas

Objectives. The problem of the need for primary care (PC) training in rare diseases (RD) is approached through a qualitative research study that tries to define its relevance and to identify the need for RD training in PC. Methods. By means of naturalistic research methods (in-depth interviews and group dynamics), we tried to discover the personal and professional connotations of PC training in RD in the rural and urban areas of the Community of Madrid, Spain. The areas explored by means of structured interview were: challenges and RD definition; professional experience with RD; relevance of PC for RD; training and information in RD; needs and demands for RD in PC. Results. We found no differences between the rural and urban groups nor between different professional categories. The RD concept was relatively unknown and difficulties arose in understanding the magnitude and overall importance of these diseases. Nor did the RD concept express the severity or the repercussions of these diseases. RDs awoke little professional interest, in contrast with the human interest aroused. Conclusions. The professionals interviewed thought that undergraduate training was sufficient, and rejected postgraduate training as unnecessary and unfeasible. The search for active information through Internet was the best way to obtain data to optimize criteria for patient referral. As such, the Information System for Rare Diseases in Spanish (Sistema de Información de Enfermedades Raras en Español, SIERE) (http://iier.isciii.es/er) meets the demands for information

[Pulmonary hypertension during exercise in toxic oil syndrome]. / Hipertensión pulmonar con el ejercicio en el síndrome del aceite tóxico.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Toxic oil syndrome is a risk factor for pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and new cases of this entity are emerging after more than 20 years since the initial toxic oil epidemic. Abnormal elevation of pulmonary systolic pressure with exercise may be considered an early marker of PAH in populations at risk. We aimed to analyze the pulmonary systolic pressure with exercise echocardiography in toxic oil syndrome patients. PATIENTS AND METHOD: 50 toxic oil syndrome patients (cases), and 20 healthy control subjects were submitted to rest and peak exercise echocardiography (semi supine cycloergometer) measuring pulmonary systolic pressure. In toxic oil syndrome patients, pulmonary carbon monoxide diffusion capacity was also analyzed. RESULTS: Peak exercise pulmonary systolic pressure was statistically similar in cases and controls. Nevertheless, 8% of cases reached a pulmonary systolic pressure > or = 80 mmHg and this fact was associated with mild pulmonary arterial hypertension, reduced right ventricular function and abnormal pulmonary diffusion capacity in the rest study. A rest pulmonary systolic pressure cut-off value > or = 27 mmHg had a 100% sensitivity and 71% specificity to predict a peak exercise systolic pulmonary pressure > or = 80 mmHg. CONCLUSIONS: A minority of toxic oil syndrome patients develop severe pulmonary arterial hypertension during exercise. This abnormal response is associated with other markers of pulmonary vasculopathy. Further studies are needed to elucidate the relation between these findings and the likelihood to develop pulmonary arterial hypertension in the future.

Hipertensión pulmonar con el ejercicio en el síndrome del aceite tóxico / Pulmonary hypertension during exercise in toxic oil syndrome

Fundamento y objetivo: Los pacientes con síndrome del aceite tóxico son una población de riesgo de padecer hipertensión arterial pulmonar. La elevación anómala de la presión sistólica pulmonar (PSP) durante el ejercicio podría considerarse un marcador temprano de hipertensión pulmonar en poblaciones de riesgo. El objetivo del presente estudio ha sido analizar mediante ecocardiografía la respuesta de la PSP al ejercicio en pacientes con síndrome del aceite tóxico. Pacientes y método: Se estudió a 50 pacientes con síndrome del aceite tóxico y a 20 voluntarios sanos con ecocardiograma en reposo y en el máximo ejercicio (cicloergómetro semisupino) y se midió la PSP. En los pacientes se determinó la capacidad de difusión de monóxido de carbono. Resultados: No se observaron diferencias en el valor medio de la PSP en el ejercicio entre los pacientes y los voluntarios sanos. En un 8% de los primeros se observó un valor igual o superior a 80 mmHg, lo que se asoció a hipertensión pulmonar leve en reposo, disminución de la función ventricular derecha y trastornos de la difusión pulmonar. Un valor de corte de la PSP en reposo igual o superior a 27 mmHg tuvo una sensibilidad del 100% y una especificidad del 71% para predecir una PSP pico de 80 mmHg o superior. Conclusiones: Una minoría de pacientes con síndrome del aceite tóxico muestra hipertensión pulmonar grave con el ejercicio. Este tipo de respuesta anormal se asocia a otros marcadores de vasculopatía pulmonar. Futuros estudios han de esclarecer la relación entre estas anomalías y el riesgo de desarrollar ulteriormente hipertensión arterial pulmonar

Background and objective: Toxic oil syndrome is a risk factor for pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and new cases of this entity are emerging after more than 20 years since the initial toxic oil epidemic. Abnormal elevation of pulmonary systolic pressure with exercise may be considered an early marker of PAH in populations at risk. We aimed to analyze the pulmonary systolic pressure with exercise echocardiography in toxic oil syndrome patients. Patients and method: 50 toxic oil syndrome patients (cases), and 20 healthy control subjects were submitted to rest and peak exercise echocardiography (semi supine cicloergometer) measuring pulmonary systolic pressure. In toxic oil syndrome patients, pulmonary carbon monoxide diffusion capacity was also analyzed. Results: Peak exercise pulmonary systolic pressure was statistically similar in cases and controls. Nevertheless, 8% of cases reached a pulmonary systolic pressure >= 80 mmHg and this fact was associated with mild pulmonary arterial hypertension, reduced right ventricular function and abnormal pulmonary diffusion capacity in the rest study. A rest pulmonary systolic pressure cut-off value >= 27 mmHg had a 100% sensitivity and 71% specificity to predict a peak exercise systolic pulmonary pressure >= 80 mmHg. Conclusions: A minority of toxic oil syndrome patients develop severe pulmonary arterial hypertension during exercise. This abnormal response is associated with other markers of pulmonary vasculopathy. Further studies are needed to elucidate the relation between these findings and the likelihood to develop pulmonary arterial hypertension in the future

Characteristics of disability and handicap among Toxic Oil Syndrome (TOS) cohort patients: a cross-sectional study, 17 years after the original food intoxication.

PURPOSE: In 1981, a progressive multi-systemic disease called Toxic Oil Syndrome (TOS) appeared in Spain as an epidemic that affected 20,000 people. The International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities and Handicaps (ICIDH) was chosen to characterize the health status of patients more severely affected by TOS. METHODS: A random sample of 292 with permanent disability was selected. Disability was assessed with a questionnaire based on ICIDH and the Stanford Health Assessment Questionnaire. Handicap was measured using London Handicap Scale. Distributions of the proportions and 95% confidence intervals for disabilities, handicaps were calculated and stratified by dimensions, age and sex. The chi2 test was used for inter-group comparisons. RESULTS: Two hundred and fourteen patients were interviewed. Mobility-related and behaviour disabilities were most prevalent. Disability rose with age and was higher among women, except for behaviour disabilities which were more frequent in young men. Mean handicap score was 78.0 +/- 12.7. Handicap dimensions most affected were physical independence and economic self-sufficiency. CONCLUSIONS: The health profile of the population hardest hit by TOS is characterized by the presence of important functional and psychosocial disabilities that limit performance of daily living activities and social role, and are in accord with the handicap that such persons suffer.

Enfoque interdisciplinario de las enfermedades raras: un nuevo reto para un nuevo siglo / Interdisciplinary approach of rare diseases: a new challenge for a new century

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