Actitudes, prácticas y estilos de vida en adolescentes de instituciones de educación secundaria de la ciudad de popayán, 2016

Objetivo: Determinar los estilos de vida de los entornos escolares, sus conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas hacia su salud, en los estudiantes de educación media vocacional en seis instituciones educativas públicas y privadas de la ciudad de Popayán. Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo, observacional de corte transversal, con muestra probabilística seleccionando 135 estudiantes. Se aplicó un instrumento tipo encuesta para el análisis de factores sociodemográficos, actitudes, prácticas y hábitos de vida de los adolescentes. Resultados: De los estudiantes encuestados son de grado noveno (51,9%); han fumado tabaco alguna vez (38,5%); han consumido alcohol (88,9%); han consumido sustancias psicoactivas (29,6%); realizan actividad física (87,4%); han iniciado su vida sexual (59,3%). Conclusiones: Los hábitos no saludables en los adolescentes se ven influenciados por la vulnerabilidad y entorno social, el uso de la tecnología y la vida moderna, los cuales afectan el tiempo libre y los determinantes sociales en salud.

Objective: To determine the lifestyles of school environments, their knowledge, attitudes and practices towards their health, in vocational secondary education students in six public and private educational institutions from Popayán. Materials and methods: Descriptive, observational cross -sectional study with a probabilistic sample, selecting 135 students, a survey- type instrument was used to analyze the socio-demographic factors, attitudes, practices and life customs of teenagers. Results: The respondent students, they were nineth grade (51.9%); have had smoked cigarettes (38.5%); consumed alcohol (88.9%) and psychoactive substances (29.6%); performed physical activity (87.4%); having started their sexual life (59.3%). Conclusions: Unhealthy habits in adolescents are influenced by vulnerability and social environment, the use of technology and modern life, which affect free time and social determinants in health.

Objetivo: Determinar os estilos de vida no ambiente escolar, seus conhecimentos, atitudes e práticas para sua saúde, nos estudantes do ensino meio em seis escolas públicas e privadas na cidade de Popayán. Métodos: Estudo descritivo, observacional de tipo transversal, com amostra probabilística selecionando 135 estudantes. Aplicou-se o instrumento tipo enquete para as análises dos fatores sociodemogra-ficos, atitudes, práticas e estilos de vida dos adolescentes. Resultados: Os alunos enquistados são do nono ano (51,9%), tem fumado alguma vez (38,5%), tem consumido álcool (88,9%), tem consumido substâncias psicoativas (29,6%), praticam atividade física (87,4%), tem vida sexual ativa (59,3%). Conclusões: os estilos de vida não saludáveis nos adolescentes tem influencia pela vulnerabilidade e entorno social, o uso da tecnologia, a vida moderna os quais afetam seu tempo livre e os determinantes sociais na saúde.

La evaluación de la calidad de los signos vitales como indicador de proceso en la Gestión del Cuidado de Enfermería / Evaluation of vital signs quality as a process indicator in Infirmary Care Management", "_i": "

Introducción: La calidad de la atención en salud se define como el logro de los mayores beneficios posibles de la atención y es posible evaluarla mediante indicadores de estructura, proceso y resultado. El propósito de este estudio es presentar los resultados de la construcción de un indicador para la medición de signos vitales, procedimiento clave en la valoración clínica de las personas. Material y métodos: Con base en la metodología para diseño, validación e implementación de indicadores de calidad propuestos por la Comisión Interinstitucional de Enfermería así como la propuesta por diversos estudios reportados en la literatura sobre Gestión del Cuidado, se elabora un instrumento de auditoría para evaluar la calidad a través del índice de cumplimiento del proceso de toma de signos vitales en paciente adulto hospitalizado. Dicho instrumento está integrado por la ficha de identificación y 16 variables del proceso de toma de signos vitales, el cual fue evaluado a través del jueceo de expertos y mediante auditoría simultánea que consiste en observar y evaluar la toma de signos vitales en el momento en que las enfermeras realizan el procedimiento a los pacientes. La auditoría se realizó en 16 enfermeras que laboran en un instituto de salud de tercer nivel de atención en el Distrito Federal. Resultados: El estándar de desempeño esperado era del 100%, es decir, que todas las enfermeras cumplieran los pasos del proceso y se encontró un resultado de cumplimiento con 63.6%; así también el estudio mostró que el 94% del personal contaba con los recursos necesarios para realizar el procedimiento. Destaca que el 75% de los participantes auditados son enfermeras profesionales. Discusión: Es necesario ampliar el estudio a fin de estandarizar el proceso de auditoría de signos vitales e implementar un indicador para evaluar la calidad considerando la importancia que tiene para la toma de decisiones clínicas independientes, dependientes o interdependientes como elemento que contribuya a la calidad y seguridad del cuidado.

Health provision quality is defined as the achievement of the most possible benefits from intervention. Health provision quality can be measured by means of structure, processes, and outcome indicators. The objective of this study was to show the results of the formation of a vital-signs indicator. Vital-signs evaluation is one of the key procedures in clinical assessment. Methodology: Based on the design, validation, and implementation of quality indicators proposed by the Comisión Interinstitucional de Enfermería, as well as, on diverse literature reported studies on health management, we formed a review instrument to assess health quality provision through the fulfillment of the vital-signs taking process on hospitalized adult patients. This instrument was integrated by an identification card and 16 vital-signs variables, and was assessed through the review of experts by means of observation and evaluation at the moment in which the nurses performed the procedures. The review was carried on 16 nurses working for a Federal District third level health institute. Results: The expected performance standard was 100%, in other words that all nurses fulfill the steps of the process, but we found a 63.7% not-fulfillment rate. The study also showed that 94% had the necessary resources to perform the procedure, and that 75% were professional nurses. Discussion: It is necessary to broaden the study in order to standardize the vital-signs review process and to highlight the importance which a good indicator has for independent and dependent clinical decisions as a quality of care contributing element.

Continuous system with microwave irradiation to obtain alkyl benzoates.

In this study, a continuous linear alcohol derivatization is developed. Reaction of alcohol group (ROH) with benzoyl chloride (BC) is carried out in an on-line system with UV detection. All reaction conditions, as flow rate (FR), ROH/BC molar ratio, wavelength, temperature, microwave (MW) irradiation and reaction coil size (internal diameter and length) were optimized. 0.5mLmin(-1), 2.49 [BC]/[ROH], 230nm, 60 degrees C or medium power (225W) when MW irradiation was used and a reactor coil of 159muL (0.5mmx810mm) were the optimum conditions. The on-line system with microwave irradiation was more efficient than the one with a water bath heating. The developed system reduces analysis time consumption, reagent amounts and this system was used to evaluate the composition of commercial samples of alcohols polyethoxylated (surfactants).

[Risk factors for severe acute lower respiratory tract infection in Bogota, 2001]. / Factores de riesgo para infección respiratoria aguda baja grave en Bogotá, 2001.

Severity of acute respiratory infection is higher in developing countries, especially among the socioeconomically underprivileged. Viral pneumonias are more common, especially among children. A prospective hospital-based case control study was undertaken in Bogota between November 2000 and August 2001, aimed to identify factors related to severe low acute respiratory infection (SLARI). Cases were limited to children aged between 2 months and 5 years who filled WHO criteria for SLARI. Controls were children at the same hospital with ARI in a similar age range, but without symptoms of chest drawing. A total of 638 children (277 cases and 361 controls) were included. The most important risk factors included the following: living in borrowed houses (odds ratio (OR) = 2.7; 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.06-7.07), sharing the bed (OR = 1.88, CI: 1.0-3.7), living with more than 9 people (OR = 1.82, CI: 1.0-3.51), and living with smokers (OR = 1.4, CI: 1.0-2.05). Of the 114 samples collected (from children at third day after beginning of symptoms), 98 had viruses, sincitial respiratory virus was the most frequently identified virus (41.8%), followed by influenza A virus (3.1%) and influenza B virus (1%). All positive isolates for influenza A and B were sent to the United States Center for Disease Control (CDC) in Atlanta, where they were classified as influenza A/PANAMA/2007/99-like and influenza B/SICHUAN/379/99-like, respectively.

Factores de riesgo para infección respiratoria aguda baja grave en Bogotá, 2001 / Risk factors for low acute respiratory infection in Bogotá: a 2001 survey

La gravedad de la infección respiratoria aguda (IRA) es mayor en países en desarrollo, sobre todo entre grupos social y económicamente pobres. Las neumonías virales son las más comunes, especialmente en niños. Con el fin de medir algunos factores asociados con formas graves de infección respiratoria baja realizamos un estudio de casos y controles prospectivo y de base hospitalaria en Bogotá entre noviembre de 2000 y agosto de 2001. Los casos fueron niños entre 2 meses y 5 años que llenaban los criterios de la OMS para IRA grave o muy grave. Los controles eran niños con IRA en el mismo rango de edad, que consultaban al mismo hospital y que no presentaban tirajes. Se estudiaron 638 niños entre los 2 meses y los 5 años de edad (277 casos y 361 controles). Los factores más importantes fueron: vivienda en préstamo (OR2,7; IC95 por ciento: 1,06-7,07), compartir la cama (OR1,88; IC95 por ciento: 1,0-3,7), más de 9 personas en la misma casa (OR1,82; IC95 por ciento: 1,0-3,51) y fumadores en la vivienda (OR1,4; IC95 por ciento: 1,0-2,05). Se tomaron 114 muestras nasofaríngeas (niños con 3 días de haber iniciado síntomas) y se obtuvieron virus en 98 de ellas, y se identificó el virus sincitial respiratorio en 41,8 por ciento, virus influenza A en 3,1 por ciento y virus influenza B en 1 por ciento. El 100 por ciento de los aislamientos positivos para influenza A y B fueron enviados al CDC en Atlanta, donde fueron clasificados como influenza A/PANAMA/2007/99-like e influenza B/SICHUAN/379/99-like, respectivamente.

II, 11. Human adaptive immunity to rotaviruses: A model of intestinal mucosal adaptive immunity.

This chapter discusses the human adaptive immune response to rotaviruses (RVs), placing the immune response to RVs in the context of the immune response to other mucosal viruses. The chapter discusses the studies of both RV-specific T and B cells. As children with T and/or B immunodeficiencies can develop chronic RV infection, prolonged symptoms, and extraintestinal infection, it is clear that both T and B cells are important for immunity to RV. The various reasons proposed to explain the absence of complete immunity to mucosal viruses such as RV, following primary infection, include a short incubation period after viral exposure, difficulty in maintaining a high level of protective antibody at respiratory and gastrointestinal mucosal surfaces, and a short-lived protective humoral mucosal immune response.

Rotavirus-specific B cells induced by recent infection in adults and children predominantly express the intestinal homing receptor alpha4beta7.

In vivo replication of rotaviruses is generally limited to enterocytes. Because of this restriction, most blood circulating rotavirus-specific B cells are hypothesized to originate in Peyer's patches and should express the intestinal homing receptor alpha4beta7. To test this hypothesis in humans, we used a flow cytometry assay that identifies antigen-activated (IgD-) B cells (CD19+) that express surface rotavirus-specific immunoglobulin. With this assay we could detect rotavirus-specific B cells in both children and adults with an acute rotavirus (RV) infection. Staining with an anti-alpha4beta7 monoclonal antibody, we could determine that B cells that express rotavirus-specific surface immunoglobulin predominantly express alpha4beta7. The response of rotavirus-specific antibody-secreting cells in the peripheral blood of children and adults with acute rotavirus infection was also studied by ELISPOT. The antibody-secreting cells of children were mainly of the IgM isotype, while the antibody-secreting cells of adults were predominantly of the IgA and IgG isotype. alpha4beta7+ and alpha4beta7- subsets of peripheral blood mononuclear cells were purified using paramagnetic beads and then tested in the ELISPOT assay. Rotavirus-specific antibody-secreting cells were predominantly present in the alpha4beta7+ subpopulation. The flow cytometry assay we have described will permit future studies to characterize the phenotype of virus-specific B cells and could be useful in the study of the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of RV vaccines and the identification of markers of protective immunity.

Frequencies of virus-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T lymphocytes secreting gamma interferon after acute natural rotavirus infection in children and adults.

Human rotavirus-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell responses in peripheral blood lymphocytes were studied using a flow cytometric assay that detects the intracellular accumulation of cytokines after short-term in vitro antigen stimulation. The frequencies of virus-specific T cells that secrete gamma interferon and interleukin-13 (IL-13) were determined in adults and children during the acute or convalescent phase of rotavirus-induced diarrhea, in asymptomatically infected adults and laboratory workers who worked with human stool samples containing rotavirus, and in healthy adults. Significantly higher frequencies of rotavirus-specific interferon gamma-secreting CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cells, but not IL-13-secreting T cells, were detected in symptomatically infected adults and exposed laboratory workers than in healthy adults and children with acute rotavirus diarrhea. The levels of rotavirus-specific T cells returned to levels found in healthy adults by 32 days after the onset of rotavirus diarrhea in most adult subjects. Children with rotavirus diarrhea had undetectable or very low levels of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells that secrete gamma interferon. Adult cytomegalovirus-seropositive individuals had frequencies of cytomegalovirus-specific T cells that secrete gamma interferon that were approximately 20 times the level of rotavirus-specific T cells. This result suggests that rotavirus is a relatively poor inducer of circulating memory T cells that secrete gamma interferon. The frequencies of gamma interferon-secreting CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells and the frequencies of IL-13-secreting CD4(+) T cells responding to the T-cell superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) were lower in children than in adults. In both adults and children, the frequencies of CD4(+) cells secreting gamma interferon in response to SEB were higher than the frequencies of cells secreting IL-13.

Meningitis por cryptococcus laurentii en una paciente con linfopenia CD4 idiopática: reporte de un caso / Meningitis by crytococcus laurentii in a patient with idiopatic CD4 lymphocytopenia: report of a case

La infección humana causada por el hongo cryptococcus laurentii es una entidad patológica infrecuente, encontrándose pocos casos en la literatura. Reportamos el caso de una paciente femenina de 69 años con meningitis causada por esta especie asociada con linfopenia CD4 ideopática, la cual fué controlada después de recibir tratamiento con: Anfotericina B, Fluconazol y Terapia Antiberculosa

Leptospirosis ausirglis y falla multiorganica. Reporte de una caso / Leptospirosis ausirglis. Report an cases

Reportamos el caso de una paciente femenina de 12 años quien presentó infección por leptospiroisis ausirglis, con evolución tórpida, presentando franco deterioro clínico y hemodinámico, ameritando hospitalización en terapia intensiva por falla multiorgánica. Con recuperación clínica satisfactoria después de tratamiento con oxacilina a altas dosis

Reporte de un caso de un paciente con sarcoidosis y herpes zoster sobreinfectado con klebsiella pneumoniae y enterobacter / Report of a case of a patient with sarcoidosis and herpes zoster infection by klebsiella pneumoniae and enterobacter

La sarcoidosis es un desorden granulomatoso multiorgánico de extrema variabilidad en sus manifestaciones, severidad y evolución. Evidencias epidemiológicas sugieren como causas, factores de riesgo ambientales y genéticos otros sugieren causas infecciosas, entre ellos: cytomegalovirus, Epstein Barr virus, herpes simplex virus, especies Mycobacteria y herpes virus humano 8. Se han descrito complicaciones mayores de la sarcoidosis como herpes zoster, malignidad, tuberculosis, micosis y otras infecciones y enfermedades del colágeno. Estudios futuros son requeridos para determinar si la sarcoidosis predispone a la infección por herpes zoster. En el Medline sólo se encontraron 4 casos reportados de sarcoidosis junto con la infección por herpes zoster. A continuación se presenta un reporte de caso de una paciente con sarcoides y herpes virus sobreinfectado con klebsiella pneumoniae y enterobacter diagnosticado y tratado en el Hospital José María Vargas de Caracas, el cual contribuye así al mejor conocimiento de la frecuencia, manifestaciones clínicas, diagnóstico, tratamiento y complicaciones de esta entidad clínica