The mediating role of interpersonal needs on attitude towards ageing and its relationship with community sense and depression among community-dwelling older adults.

This study aimed to determine the impact of community sense, depression and interpersonal needs on attitude towards ageing among older adults. This is a cross-sectional and correlational study. From December 2018 to June 2019, 211 community-dwelling older adults from a mid-sized city in Korea participated in the study. The results showed a significant interpersonal needs path from depression and community sense to attitude towards ageing. When interpersonal needs were mediated, the indirect effect of both depression and community sense on attitude towards ageing was significant. Interpersonal needs had a significant mediating effect on the relationships between attitude towards ageing and community sense and depression. The results of this study showed the effects of socio-psychological factors on attitude towards ageing, which is a known indicator of successful ageing and quality of life improvement in older adults. Based on this study, we suggest that the development of programs to promote successful ageing should include strategies to improve community sense, interpersonal needs fulfilment and interventions to reduce depression.

Synthesis of cis,syndiotactic-A-alt-B Copolymers from Enantiomerically Pure Endo-2-Substituted-5,6-Norbornenes.

Cis,syndiotactic A-alt-B copolymers, where A and B are two enantiomerically pure endo-2-substituted-5,6-norbornenes with "opposite" chiralities of the endo-2-substituted-5,6-norbornene skeleton, can be prepared using Mo(N-2,6-Me2C6H3)(CHCMe2Ph)(OHMT)(pyrrolide) (1) as the initiator (OHMT = O-2,6-Mesityl2C6H3). Formation of a high percentage of A-alt-B dyads is proposed to rely on an inversion of chirality at the metal with each propagating step and a kinetically preferred diastereomeric relationship between a given chirality at the metal in propagating species and the chirality of the endo-2-substituted-5,6-norbornene skeleton. We also demonstrate that A-alt-B copolymers can be modified to give new variations which may not be accessible through direct copolymerization.

Synthesis of Cis,syndiotactic A-alt-B Copolymers from Two Enantiomerically Pure Trans-2,3-Disubstituted-5,6-Norbornenes.

Cis,syndiotacticA-alt-B copolymers, where A and B are two enantiomerically pure trans-2,3-disubstituted-5,6-norbornenes with "opposite" chiralities, can be prepared with stereogenic-at-metal initiators of the type M(NR)(CHR')(OR")(pyrrolide). Formation of a high percentage of alternating AB copolymer linkages relies on an inversion of chirality at the metal with each propagating step and a relatively fast formation of an AB sequence as a consequence of a preferred diastereomeric relationship between the chirality at the metal and the chirality of the monomer. This approach to formation of an alternating AB copolymer contrasts dramatically with the principle of forming AB copolymers from achiral monomers and catalysts.

Attitudes toward stress and coping among primary caregivers of patients undergoing hemodialysis: A Q-methodology study.

Introduction Hemodialysis (HD) causes many life changes, not only for patients undergoing it but also for their families by allowing them to rely on this lifesaving equipment unless they receive a kidney transplant. The stress of the primary caregivers, who spends the most time in the family taking care of the patient undergoing HD, is quite high. This study was to identify attitudes about stress and coping among primary caregivers of HD patients. Methods Q-methodology was undertaken because it integrates quantitative and qualitative research methods. A convenience sample of 33 primary caregivers of HD patients participated. Forty selected Q-samples were obtained from each participant and were classified into a forced normal distribution using a nine-point grid. Data was analyzed using a pc-QUANL program. Findings Three discrete factors emerged as follows: Factor I (they reduced their stress by participating in religious activities; religious sublimation), Factor II (they always worried about the caregiving situations and about the patients' conditions; nervousness), and Factor III (they thought it better to accept their stressful situations; leading handler). Three factors accounted for 44.5% of all the variance, including Factor I (26.0%), Factor II (10.1%), and Factor III (8.4%). The eigenvalues were 8.58, 3.34, and 2.79, respectively. Discussion The subjectivities of the three factors that were identified can be applied during the planning stages of effective interventions for stress and coping. Healthcare workers in clinical practices should consider assesses primary caregivers' attitudes about stress and coping and approaches their situation to cope with it and to adapt to lifestyle changes.

Articulation error of children with adenoid hypertrophy.

PURPOSE: Adenoid hypertrophy is a physical alteration that may affect speech, and a speech disorder can have other negative effects on a child's life. Airway obstruction leads to constricted oral breathing and causes postural alterations of several oro-facial structures, including the mouth, tongue, and hyoid bone. The postural modifications may affect several aspects of speech production. METHODS: In this study, we compared articulation errors in 19 children with adenoid hypertrophy (subject group) to those of 33 children with functional articulation disorders independent of anatomical problems (control group). RESULTS: The mean age of the subject group was significantly higher (P=0.016). Substitution was more frequent in the subject group (P=0.003; odds ratio [OR], 1.80; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.23-2.62), while omission was less frequent (P<0.001; OR, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.27-0.67). Articulation errors were significantly less frequent in the palatal affricative in the subject group (P=0.047; OR, 0.25; 95% CI, 0.07-0.92). The number of articulation errors in other consonants was not different between the two groups. Nasalization and aspiration were significantly more frequent in the subject group (P=0.007 and 0.014; OR, 14.77 and 0.014; 95% CI, [1.62-135.04] and NA, respectively). Otherwise, there were no differences between the two groups. CONCLUSION: We identified the characteristics of articulation errors in children with adenoid hypertrophy, but our data did not show the relationship between adenoid hypertrophy and oral motor function that has been observed in previous studies. The association between adenoid hypertrophy and oral motor function remains doubtful.

Copper(II) anilides in sp³ C-H amination.

We report a series of novel ß-diketiminato copper(II) anilides [Cl2NN]Cu-NHAr that participate in C-H amination. Reaction of H2NAr (Ar = 2,4,6-Cl3C6H2 (Ar(Cl3)), 3,5-(CF3)2C6H3 (Ar(F6)), or 2-py) with the copper(II) t-butoxide complex [Cl2NN]Cu-(t)OBu yields the corresponding copper(II) anilides [Cl2NN]Cu-NHAr. X-ray diffraction of these species reveal three different bonding modes for the anilido moiety: κ(1)-N in the trigonal [Cl2NN]Cu-NHAr(Cl3) to dinuclear bridging in {[Cl2NN]Cu}2(µ-NHAr(F6))2 and κ(2)-N,N in the square planar [Cl2NN]Cu(κ(2)-NH-2-py). Magnetic data reveal a weak antiferromagnetic interaction through a π-stacking arrangement of [Cl2NN]Cu-NHAr(Cl3); solution EPR data are consistent with monomeric species. Reaction of [Cl2NN]Cu-NHAr with hydrocarbons R-H (R-H = ethylbenzene and cyclohexane) reveals inefficient stoichiometric C-H amination with these copper(II) anilides. More rapid C-H amination takes place, however, when (t)BuOO(t)Bu is used, which allows for HAA of R-H to occur from the (t)BuO(•) radical generated by reaction of [Cl2NN]Cu and (t)BuOO(t)Bu. The principal role of these copper(II) anilides [Cl2NN]Cu-NHAr is to capture the radical R(•) generated from HAA by (t)BuO(•) to give functionalized aniline R-NHAr, resulting in a novel amino variant of the Kharasch-Sosnovsky reaction.

Development of isotope dilution-liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry combined with standard addition techniques for the accurate determination of tocopherols in infant formula.

During the development of isotope dilution-liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (ID-LC/MS) for tocopherol analysis in infant formula, biased measurement results were observed when deuterium-labeled tocopherols were used as internal standards. It turned out that the biases came from intermolecular H/D exchange and intramolecular H/D scrambling of internal standards in sample preparation processes. Degrees of H/D exchange and scrambling showed considerable dependence on sample matrix. Standard addition-isotope dilution mass spectrometry (SA-IDMS) based on LC/MS was developed in this study to overcome the shortcomings of using deuterium-labeled internal standards while the inherent advantage of isotope dilution techniques is utilized for the accurate recovery correction in sample preparation processes. Details of experimental scheme, calculation equation, and uncertainty evaluation scheme are described in this article. The proposed SA-IDMS method was applied to several infant formula samples to test its validity. The method was proven to have a higher-order metrological quality with providing very accurate and precise measurement results.

Reaction of Cu(I) with dialkyl peroxides: Cu(II)-alkoxides, alkoxy radicals, and catalytic C-H etherification.

Kinetic analysis of the reaction of the copper(I) ß-diketiminate [Cl(2)NN]Cu ([Cu(I)]) with (t)BuOO(t)Bu to give [Cu(II)]-O(t)Bu (1) reveals first-order behavior in each component implicating the formation of free (t)BuO(•) radicals. Added pyridine mildly inhibits this reaction indicating competition between (t)BuOO(t)Bu and py for coordination at [Cu(I)] prior to peroxide activation. Reaction of [Cu(I)] with dicumyl peroxide leads to [Cu(II)]-OCMe(2)Ph (3) and acetophenone suggesting the intermediacy of the PhMe(2)CO(•) radical. Computational methods provide insight into the activation of (t)BuOO(t)Bu at [Cu(I)]. The novel peroxide adduct [Cu(I)]((t)BuOO(t)Bu) (4) and the square planar [Cu(III)](O(t)Bu)(2) (5) were identified, each unstable toward loss of the (t)BuO(•) radical. Facile generation of the (t)BuO(•) radical is harnessed in the catalytic C-H etherification of cyclohexane with (t)BuOO(t)Bu at rt employing [Cu(I)] (5 mol %) to give the ether Cy-O(t)Bu in 60% yield.