Diesel vehicles-derived PM2.5 induces lung and cardiovascular injury attenuates by Securiniga suffruticosa: Involvement of NF-κB-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome activation pathway.

Respiratory exposure to Particulate matter (PM), including Diesel exhaust particulate (DEP), causes oxidative stress-induced lung inflammation. Especially, fine particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 µm (PM2.5) is a serious air pollutant associated with various health problems including cardiovascular diseases. The present study aimed to examine the inhibitory effect of Securiniga suffruticosa (S. suffruiticosa) on DEP and PM-induced lung and cardiovascular diseases. Mice inhaled DEP by using nebulizer chamber for two weeks. Treatment with S. suffruiticosa reduced the expression of C-X-C motif ligand 1/2 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and Muc5ac, ICAM-1, TNF-⍺, IL-6 mRNA in lung were also attenuated by S. suffruiticosa. In thoracic aorta, DEP increased CAMs, TNF-⍺ and inflammasome markers such as NLRP3, Caspase-1, and ASC. However, S. suffruiticosa suppressed these levels. S. suffruiticosa inhibited PM2.5 induced production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS); and inhibited the translocation of NF-κB p65 to the nucleus in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Taken together, this study proved that exposure to PM2.5 induced both lung and vascular inflammation, however, S. suffruiticosa attenuated this injury via the downregulation of the NLRP3 signaling pathway. These findings suggest that S. suffruiticosa may have potential therapeutic benefit against air pollution-mediated lung and cardiovascular diseases.

Sinkihwan-gamibang ameliorates puromycin aminonucleoside-induced nephrotic syndrome.

Nephrotic syndrome (NS) is a kidney disease characterized by hypertriglyceridemia, massive proteinuria, hypo-albuminemia and peripheral edema. Sinkihwan-gamibang (SKHGMB) was recorded in a traditional Chinese medical book named "Bangyakhappyeon ()" and its three prescriptions Sinkihwan, Geumgwe-sinkihwan, and Jesaeng-sinkihwan belong to Gamibang. This study confirmed the effect of SKHGMB on renal dysfunction in an NS model induced by puromycin aminonucleoside (PAN). The experimental NS model was induced in male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats through injection of PAN (50 mg·kg-1)via the femoral vein. SKHGMB not only reduced the size of the kidneys increased due to PAN-induced NS, but also decreased proteinuria and ascites. In addition, SKHGMB significantly ameliorated creatinine clearance, creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen. SKHGMB relieved glomeruli dilation and tubules fibrosis in the glomeruli of the NS model. SKHGMB inhibited the protein and mRNA levels of the NLRP3 inflammasome including NLRP3, ASC, and pro-caspase-1 in NS rats. SKHGMB reduced the protein and mRNA levels of fibrosis regulators in NS rats. The results indicated that SKHGMB exerts protective effects against renal dysfunction by inhibiting of renal inflammation and fibrosis in NS rats.

Oryeongsan (Wulingsan) ameliorates impaired ANP secretion of atria from spontaneously hypertensive rats.

Oryeongsan (ORS), a herbal medicine formula, has long been used for the treatment of impaired body water balance in Asian countries. Recently, it was shown that ORS administration modulates the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). Purpose of the present study was to determine characteristics of atrial ANP secretion and effects of ORS on the secretion in the atria from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Normotensive WKY groups (WKY-V, WKY-ORS, WKY-LOS) and hypertensive SHR groups (SHR-V, SHR-ORS, SHR-LOS) treated with vehicle, ORS, and losartan as a positive control group, respectively, were used. Experiments were performed in perfused beating atria (1.3 Hz) allowing atrial distension, acetylcholine (ACh) stimulation, and serial collection of atrial perfusates. The secreted ANP concentration was measured using radioimmunoassay. Interstitial fluid (ISF) translocation was measured using [3H]inulin clearance. Stepwise increase in atrial distension by 1.1, 2.0, and 2.7 cmH2O above basal distension further increased ANP secretion proportionally in the atria from WKY-V, but the response was significantly suppressed in the atria from SHR-V. Cardiomyocyte ANP release, the first step of atrial ANP secretion, was suppressed in the atria from SHR-V compared to those from WKY-V (-8.02 ±â€¯2.86, -15.86 ±â€¯2.27, and -20.09 ±â€¯3.62%; n = 8, for SHR-V vs. 8.59 ±â€¯2.81, 15.65 ±â€¯7.14, and 38.12 ±â€¯8.28%; n = 8, for WKY-V; p < 0.001 for all stepwise distension, respectively). Chronic treatment with ORS reversed the suppressed ANP release in atria from SHR-ORS group (6.76 ±â€¯3.92, 9.12 ±â€¯2.85, and 28.79 ±â€¯1.79% for SHR-ORS; n = 5 vs. SHR-V; n = 8; p = 0.01, p < 0.001, p < 0.001, respectively). The effects of ORS were comparable to those of losartan. Trans-endocardial translocation of ISF, the second step of atrial ANP secretion was similar in the atria from the hypertensive SHR-V and normotensive WKY-V. ACh-induced ANP secretion and cardiomyocyte ANP release were also suppressed in the atria from SHR-V compared to WKY-V and ORS reversed the suppression. These findings were accompanied with accentuation of the AT1 receptor expression and suppression of the AT2/Mas receptor, M2 mACh receptor and GIRK4, a molecular component of KACh channel, expression in the atria from SHR-V. Further, treatment with ORS or losartan reversed the expressions in the groups of SHR-ORS and SHR-LOS. These results show that ANP secretion is suppressed in the atria from SHR in association with accentuation of AT1 receptor and suppression of AT2/Mas receptor and KACh channel expression. Treatment with ORS ameliorates impaired ANP secretion through improving cardiomyocyte ANP release with modulation of the cardiac RAS and muscarinic signaling. These findings provide experimental evidence which supports the effect of ORS on the regulation of atrial ANP secretion in the atria from SHR.

Effect of Geumgwe-Sinkihwan on Renal Dysfunction in Ischemia/Reperfusion-Induced Acute Renal Failure Mice.

Renal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is an important cause of acute renal failure (ARF). Geumgwe-sinkihwan (GSH) was recorded in a traditional Chines medical book named "Bangyakhappyeon" in 1884. GSH has been used for treatment for patients with diabetes and glomerulonephritis caused by deficiency of kidney yang and insufficiency of kidney gi. Here we investigate the effects of GSH in mice model of ischemic acute kidney injury. The mice groups are as follows; sham group: C57BL6 male mice, I/R group: C57BL6 male mice with I/R surgery, GSH low group: I/R + 100 mg/kg/day GSH, and GSH high group: I/R + 300 mg/kg/day GSH. Ischemia was induced by clamping both renal arteries and reperfusion. Mice were orally given GSH (100 and 300 mg/kg/day) during 3 days after surgery. Treatment with GSH significantly ameliorated creatinine clearance, creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen levels. Treatment with GSH reduced neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin (NGAL) and kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), specific renal injury markers. GSH also reduced the periodic acid-Schiff and picro sirius red staining intensity in kidney of I/R group. Western blot and real-time RT-qPCR analysis demonstrated that GSH decreased protein and mRNA expression levels of the inflammatory cytokines in I/R-induced ARF mice. Moreover, GSH inhibited protein and mRNA expression of inflammasome-related protein including NLRP3 (NOD-like receptor pyrin domain-containing protein 3, cryoprin), ASC (Apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD), and caspase-1. These findings provided evidence that GSH ameliorates renal injury including metabolic dysfunction and inflammation via the inhibition of NLRP3-dependent inflammasome in I/R-induced ARF mice.

Betulinic Acid Improves Cardiac-Renal Dysfunction Caused by Hypertrophy through Calcineurin-NFATc3 Signaling.

Cardiac hypertrophy can lead to congestive heart failure and is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In recent years, it has been essential to find the treatment and prevention of cardiac hypertrophy. Betulinic acid (BA), the main active ingredient in many natural products, is known to have various physiological effects. However, as the potential effect of BA on cardiac hypertrophy and consequent renal dysfunction is unknown, we investigated the effect of BA on isoprenaline (ISO)-induced cardiac hypertrophy and related signaling. ISO was known to induce left ventricular hypertrophy by stimulating the ß2-adrenergic receptor (ß2AR). ISO was injected into Sprague Dawley rats (SD rats) by intraperitoneal injection once a day for 28 days to induce cardiac hypertrophy. From the 14th day onwards, the BA (10 or 30 mg/kg/day) and propranolol (10 mg/kg/day) were administered orally. The study was conducted in a total of 5 groups, as follows: C, control; Is, ISO (10 mg/kg/day); Pr, positive-control, ISO + propranolol (10 mg/kg/day); Bl, ISO + BA (10 mg/kg/day); Bh, ISO + BA (30 mg/kg/day). As a result, the total cardiac tissue and left ventricular tissue weights of the ISO group increased compared to the control group and were significantly reduced by BA treatment. In addition, as a result of echocardiography, the effect of BA on improving cardiac function, deteriorated by ISO, was confirmed. Cardiac hypertrophy biomarkers such as ß-MHC, ANP, BNP, LDH, and CK-MB, which were increased by ISO, were significantly decreased by BA treatment. Also, the cardiac function improvement effect of BA was confirmed to improve cardiac function by inhibiting calcineurin/NFATc3 signaling. Renal dysfunction is a typical complication caused by cardiac hypertrophy. Therefore, the study of renal function indicators, creatinine clearance (Ccr) and osmolality (BUN) was aggravated by ISO treatment but was significantly restored by BA treatment. Therefore, it is thought that BA in cardiac hypertrophy can be used as valuable data to develop as a functional material effective in improving cardiac-renal dysfunction.

New Therapeutic Insight into the Effect of Ma Huang Tang on Blood Pressure and Renal Dysfunction in the L-NAME-Induced Hypertension.

In this study, we evaluated the effect of a traditional herbal formula, Ma Huang Tang (MHT), on blood pressure and vasodilation in a rat model of NG-nitro-L-arginine methylester- (L-NAME-) induced hypertension. We found that MHT-induced vascular relaxation in a dose-dependent manner in rat aortas pretreated with phenylephrine. However, pretreatment of endothelium-intact aortic rings with L-NAME, an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthesis (NOS), or 1H-[1, 2, 4]-oxadiazole-[4, 3-α]-quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ), an inhibitor of soluble guanylyl cyclase, significantly abolished vascular relaxation induced by MHT. MHT also increased the production of guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) in the aortic rings pretreated with L-NAME or ODQ. To examine the in vivo effects of MHT, Sprague Dawley rats were treated with 40 mg/kg/day L-NAME for 3 weeks, followed by administration of 50 or 100 mg/kg/day MHT for 2 weeks. MHT was found to significantly normalize systolic blood pressure and decreased intima-media thickness in aortic sections of rats treated with L-NAME compared to that of rats treated with L-NAME alone. MHT also restored the L-NAME-induced decrease in vasorelaxation response to acetylcholine and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and endothelin-1 (ET-1) expression. Furthermore, MHT promoted the recovery of renal function, as indicated by osmolality, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels, and creatinine clearance. These results suggest that MHT-induced relaxation in the thoracic aorta is associated with activation of the nitric oxide/cGMP pathway. Furthermore, it provides new therapeutic insights into the regulation of blood pressure and renal function in hypertensive patients.

Protective Effect of Joa-Gui Em through the Improvement of the NLRP3 and TLR4/NF-κb Signaling by Ischemia/Reperfusion-Induced Acute Renal Failure Rats.

Joa-gui em (, JGE) is known to be effective for treating kidney-yin deficient syndrome. However, there is a lack of objective pharmacological research on improving kidney function. This study was designed to evaluate whether JGE improves renal function and related mechanisms in rats with acute renal injury induced by ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). The acute renal failure (ARF) group was subjected to reperfusion after inserting a clip into the renal artery for 45 min. The ARF + JGE (100 or 200 mg/kg/day) groups were orally administered for four days after their I/R surgery, respectively. JGE treatment suppressed the increase in kidney size in the ARF animal model and alleviated the polyuria symptoms. In addition, to confirm the effect of improving the kidney function of JGE, lactate dehydrogenase levels, blood urea nitrogen/creatinine ratio, and creatinine clearance were measured. As a result, it decreased in the ARF group but significantly improved in the JGE group. Also, as a result of examining the morphological aspects of renal tissue, it was shown that JGE improved renal fibrosis caused by ARF. Meanwhile, it was confirmed that JGE reduced inflammation through the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor pyrin domain containing-3 (NLRP3) and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathways, which are the major causes of acute ischemic kidney injury, thereby improving renal function disorder. The JGE has a protective effect by improving the NLRP3 and TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway in rats with acute renal dysfunction induced by I/R injury.

Protective Effect of Vitis labrusca Leaves Extract on Cardiovascular Dysfunction through HMGB1-TLR4-NFκB Signaling in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats.

The Vitis labrusca is a grapevine that has antioxidant, neuroprotective, hepatoprotective, and anticarcinogenic activity. However, the effect of Vitis labrusca leaves on the cardiovascular system is yet to be ascertained. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of Vitis labrusca leaves extract (HP1) on cardiovascular remodeling in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Experiments were performed in rats and were randomly divided into the following groups: Wistar Kyoto rat (WKY), normal control group; spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), negative control group; SHR + Losa, positive control group (losartan, 10 mg/kg/daily, AT1 receptor blocker) and SHR + HP1 (100 mg/kg/daily). HP1 was orally administered daily for 4 weeks. The HP1 treatment significantly improved blood pressure, electrocardiographic parameters, and echocardiogram parameters compared to hypertensive rats. Additionally, the left ventricular (LV) remodeling and LV dysfunction were significantly improved in HP1-treated hypertensive rats. Furthermore, an increase in fibrotic area has been observed in hypertensive rats compared with WKY. However, administration of HP1 significantly attenuated cardiac fibrosis in hypertensive rats. Moreover, HP1 suppressed the expression of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88), nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NFκB), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), and extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK1/2) induced by hypertensive rats, resulting in improved vascular remodeling. Therefore, these results suggest that HP1 can improve the cardiovascular remodeling in hypertensive rats, and the mechanisms may be related to the suppressive effect of HP1 on HMGB1-TLR4-NFκB signaling in the cardiovascular system. Thus, the protective role of the traditional herbal medicine HP1 may provide new insights into the development of therapeutic drugs on the development of hypertensive cardiovascular dysfunction.