Cytotoxic and epigenetic effects of berberine-loaded chitosan/pectin nanoparticles on AGS gastric cancer cells: Role of the miR-185-5p/KLF7 axis, DNMTs, and global DNA methylation.

Poor bioavailability, solubility, and absorption of berberine (Ber) limit its widespread application. Here, we formulated novel chitosan/pectin nanoparticles (NPs) loaded with Ber to address delivery problems and promote the anticancer properties of Ber in AGS gastric cancer cells. The ionic gelification method was used to synthesize NPs-Ber. Physicochemical characterization of NPs-Ber was performed using FE-SEM, DLS, PDI, ζ potential, and FTIR. The cytotoxic effects of NPs-Ber on AGS cells were evaluated using the MTT assay. Apoptosis and cell cycle arrest were examined by flow cytometry. The gene expression levels of miR-185-5p, KLF7, caspase-3, and DNMTs were determined using RT-qPCR. In addition, the 5-methylcytosine level in the genomic DNA was quantified using ELISA. FE-SEM images revealed a denser and more packed matrix for NPs-Ber, and FTIR analysis confirmed the formation of NPs-Ber. The size (550.39 nm), PDI (0.134), and ζ potential (-16.52 mV) confirmed the stability of the prepared NPs-Ber. NPs-Ber showed a continuous release pattern following the Korsmeyer-Peppas model such that 81.36 % of Ber was released from the formulation after 240 min. Compared to NPs and free Ber, NPs-Ber was found to possess higher anticancer activity in AGS cells. This result was indicated by the viability test and further clarified by augmented apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase. The IC50 value of NP-Ber against AGS cells was significantly lower than those of free Ber and NPs. Interestingly, our results showed that NPs-Ber considerably changed the expression levels of miR-185-5p, KLF7, caspase-3, and DNMTs (DNMT1, 3A, and 3B) compared with unloaded NPs and free Ber. Additionally, 5-methylated cytosine (5-mC) levels in cells treated with NPs-Ber were significantly higher than those in cells treated with unloaded NPs or free Ber. In summary, the present study demonstrated that Ber encapsulation in NPs enhances its cytotoxic and epigenetic effects on AGS cells, suggesting the promising potential of NPs-Ber in GC therapy.

Comparative effects of the alcoholic extract of Terminalia chebula and crocin on stress­induced anxiety­like behavior and memory impairment in male rats.

Crocin and Terminalia chebula (T. chebula) were proven to have neuroprotective effects. In this study, we evaluated the preventive effects of crocin and alcoholic extract of the T. chebula alone and in combination to examine their efficacy against chronic restraint stress (CRS)­induced cognitive impairment, anxiety­like behaviors, hippocampal synaptic plasticity deficit as well as neuronal arborization damage in the hippocampal CA1 neurons. Over 14 consecutive days, animals received crocin, T. chebula, or their combination (5 min before CRS). The elevated plus­maze results showed that crocin and T. chebula alone and in combination treatment significantly increased the time spent in open arms, percentage of open arm entries, and head dipping as compared with the CRS group. Barnes maze results showed that administration of crocin and T. chebula alone and their combination significantly improves spatial memory indicators such as distance traveled, latency time to achieving the target hole, and the number of errors when compared to the CRS group. These learning deficits in CRS animals correlated with a reduction of long-term potentiation (LTP) in hippocampal CA1 synapses, which both T. chebula and crocin treatment improved field excitatory postsynaptic potentials (fEPSP) amplitude and fEPSP slope reduction induced by CRS. Golgi­Cox staining showed that T. chebula and crocin treatment increased the number of dendrites and soma arbors in the CA1 neurons compared with the CRS group. Our results suggest that both T. chebula and crocin attenuated CRS­induced anxiety­like behaviors, memory impairment, and synaptic plasticity loss in hippocampal CA1 neurons. We found no significant difference between single treatments of T. chebula or crocin and their combination in protecting CRS­induced anxiety­like behaviors, memory impairment, and synaptic plasticity loss in hippocampal CA1 neurons.

Creatine supplementation protects spatial memory and long-term potentiation against chronic restraint stress.

Stress contributes to numerous psychopathologies, including memory impairment, and threatens one's well-being. It has been reported that creatine supplementation potentially influences cognitive processing. Hence, in this study, we examined the effects of creatine supplementation on memory, synaptic plasticity, and neuronal arborization in the CA1 region of the hippocampus in rats under chronic restraint stress (CRS). Thirty-two adult male Wistar rats (8 weeks old) weighing 200-250 g were randomly divided into four groups (n = 8/per group): control, stress, creatine, and stress + creatine. CRS was induced for 6 h per day for 14 days, and creatine supplementation was carried out by dissolving creatine (2 g/kg body weight per day) in the animals' drinking water for 14 days. We used the Barnes maze and shuttle box for spatial and passive avoidance memory examination. The in-vivo field potential recording and Golgi-Cox staining were also used to investigate long-term potentiation (LTP) and dendrite arborization in the CA1 pyramidal neurons. Chronic stress impaired spatial memory, dysregulated LTP parameters, and decreased the number of dendrites in the CA1 pyramidal neurons of stressed rats, and creatine supplementation modified these effects in stressed rats. It seems that creatine supplementation can improve spatial memory deficits and synaptic plasticity loss induced by CRS in hippocampal CA1 neurons, possibly by reducing the dendrite arborization damages. However, understanding its mechanism needs further investigation.

Eryngium billardieri extract affects cardiac gene expression of master regulators of cardiomyaopathy in rats with high fatdiet-induced insulin resistance.

BACKGROUND: For years, numerous studies have focused on identifying approaches to increase insulin sensitivity by modifying the signaling factors. In the present study, we examined the effects of Eryngium billardieri extract, as an anti-diabetic herbal medication, on the heart mRNA level of Akt serine/threonine kinase (Akt), mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase (mTOR), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), and Forkhead box o1 (Foxo1) in rats with high-fat diet (HFD)-induced insulin resistance (IR). We also assessed the anti-diabetic effects of E. billardieri extract in rats with insulin resistance. METHODS: Twenty-seven male Wistar rats were divided into two groups. Nine rats were fed a normal diet (control group), and 18 rats were fed an HFD for 13 weeks (HFD group). To confirm the induction of insulin resistance, the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed and homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated. Then rats with IR were randomly divided into the following groups: the HFD group, which continued an HFD, and the group treated with E. billardieri extract, which received the extract at a concentration of 50 mg/kg for 30 days. On the 30th day, the animals were sacrificed and serum samples were collected for biochemistry analyses. Furthermore, the expression of Akt, mTOR, PPARγ, and Foxo1 was measured in heart tissue using the real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. RESULTS: Real-time PCR analyses revealed that an HFD can significantly decrease the expression level of Akt, mTOR, and PPARγ in the heart tissue. However, an HFD significantly increased the expression level of Foxo1 in the HFD group compared to the control group (P < 0.05). In addition, our data showed that the administration of E. billardieri extract significantly enhanced the mRNA levels of Akt, PPARγ, and mTOR in the heart tissue compared to the HFD group (P < 0.05), while it significantly decreased the Foxo1 mRNA levels (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Given that Akt, mTOR, PPARγ, and Foxo1 are critical factors in insulin resistance, the present study suggests that E. billardieri could probably be used as an alternative treatment for IR as a major feature of metabolic syndrome.

Tarooneh extract relieves anxiety-like behaviors and cognitive deficits by inhibiting synaptic loss in the hippocampus and frontal cortex in rats subjected to chronic restraint stress.

In traditional medicine, Tarooneh (a hardcover of the date palm; Phoenix dactylifera) has known as a sedative and relaxant medicine. In this study, we evaluated the protective effects of Tarooneh in the anxiety-like behavior, cognitive deficit, and neuronal damages in the CA1, CA3, and dentate gyrus (DG) regions of the hippocampus and frontal cortex neurons employing a rat model of chronic restraint stress. The animal received Tarooneh extract for 14 consecutive days in water, and chronic restraint stress was performed daily during this period. The results of the Barnes maze test showed that treatment with Tarooneh significantly improves spatial memory parameters such as latency time to find the target hole, number of errors, and distance traveling compared to the stress group. The EPM results showed that Tarooneh significantly increased the time spent in open arms and the percentage of entries into open arms and significantly decreased the frequency of head dipping behavior compared to animals in the stress group. Golgi-Cox staining indicates that loss of neural spine density in DG, CA1, CA3, and frontal cortex due to chronic restraint stress, was prevented with daily administration of Tarooneh. The results of cresyl-violet staining indicate that Tarooneh significantly increased the number of CV-positive neurons in the frontal cortex and CA1 region of the hippocampus compared to the stress group. Our results suggest that Tarooneh potentially prevented and improved effects in anxiety-like behavior, memory impairment, and synaptic plasticity loss in frontal and hippocampal neurons induced by chronic restraint stress. In conclusion, our results suggest that Tarooneh prevented and improved anxiety-like behavior, cognitive deficit, and neuronal damages in the CA1, CA3, and DG regions of the hippocampus and frontal cortex neurons induced by chronic restraint stress.

The Roles of microRNA miR-185 in Digestive Tract Cancers.

Digestive tract cancers represent a serious public health issue. In recent years, evidence has accumulated that microRNA miR-185 is implicated in the pathogenesis of this group of highly malignant tumors. Its expression variations correlate with clinical features, such as tumor size, lymph node metastasis, tumor node metastatic stage, survival, recurrence and response to adjuvant therapy, and have diagnostic and prognostic potential. In this review, we compile, evaluate and discuss the current knowledge about the roles of miR-185 in digestive tract cancers. Interestingly, miR-185 is apparently involved in regulating both tumor suppressive and oncogenic processes. We look at downstream effects as well as upstream regulation. In addition, we discuss the utility of miR-185 for diagnosis and its potential concerning novel therapeutic approaches.

Analgesic effects of Terminalia chebula extract are mediated by the suppression of the protein expression of nerve growth factor and nuclear factor-κB in the brain and oxidative markers following neuropathic pain in rats.

BACKGROUND: Due to the complications related to the use of the current pharmacological approach for the alleviation of neuropathic pain, searching for effective compound with fewer complications is a requirement of the present era. It is well known that the pathophysiological mechanism of neuropathic pain is related to excessive inflammation in the nervous system. Hence, the present study focuses on whether the potential analgesic effects of Terminalia chebula (TC) extract are mediated by the changes in the protein expression of nerve growth factor (NGF) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) in the brain in a rat model of sciatic nerve chronic constriction injury (CCI). METHOD AND RESULTS: Neuropathic pain was induced by the left sciatic nerve CCI. Male Wistar rats were assigned to three groups: sham, CCI, and CCI + TC (40 mg/kg). Animals received either normal saline (1 mL) or the aqueous-alcoholic extract of TC (40 mg/kg) for 30 days via gavage needles once a day. Cold allodynia and anxiety-like behaviors were examined one day before CCI surgery (day - 1), as well as days 2, 7, 14, and 30 following CCI. We also assessed the effects of the TC extract oxidative stress markers on day 30 following CCI. Moreover, a western blot analysis was performed on day 30 following CCI to evaluate the effects of the TC extract on the protein expression of NGF and NF-κB in the brain. Oral gavage of the TC extract significantly decreased cold allodynia on days 2 and 14 following CCI. Additionally, the CCI model of chronic pain significantly increased the protein expression of NGF and NF-κB in the brain on day 30 following CCI. Furthermore, the TC extract significantly decreased the protein expression of NGF and NF-κB in the brain. The TC extract also significantly increased the brain glutathione (GSH) content and decreased the malondialdehyde (MDA) content. CONCLUSION: It is suggested that the analgesic effects of the TC extract are mediated by the suppression of brain NGF, NF-κB, and by its antioxidant activity in the brain following neuropathic pain in rats.

Y chromosome is moving out of sex determination shadow.

Although sex hormones play a key role in sex differences in susceptibility, severity, outcomes, and response to therapy of different diseases, sex chromosomes are also increasingly recognized as an important factor. Studies demonstrated that the Y chromosome is not a 'genetic wasteland' and can be a useful genetic marker for interpreting various male-specific physiological and pathophysiological characteristics. Y chromosome harbors male­specific genes, which either solely or in cooperation with their X-counterpart, and independent or in conjunction with sex hormones have a considerable impact on basic physiology and disease mechanisms in most or all tissues development. Furthermore, loss of Y chromosome and/or aberrant expression of Y chromosome genes cause sex differences in disease mechanisms. With the launch of the human proteome project (HPP), the association of Y chromosome proteins with pathological conditions has been increasingly explored. In this review, the involvement of Y chromosome genes in male-specific diseases such as prostate cancer and the cases that are more prevalent in men, such as cardiovascular disease, neurological disease, and cancers, has been highlighted. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying Y chromosome-related diseases can have a significant impact on the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases.

Micro-injection of propranolol within basolateral amygdala impaired fear and spatial memory and dysregulated evoked responses of CA1 neurons following foot shock stress in rats.

The basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA) is responsible for memory retrieval after stress. It regulates hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) during stress. Although ß-adrenoceptors of the BLA have a critical role in memory, few studies have addressed this question in the BLA, and the results still have been contradictory. The present study was designed to investigate the involvement of ß-adrenoceptors of the BLA on hippocampus memory, anxiety, and plasticity in intact and stressed rats. Male Wistar rats were submitted to the electrical foot-shock stress for four consecutive days. Over four consecutive days, animals received bilateral micro-injections of either vehicle or propranolol (4 µg in 1 µl/side) into the BLA (5 min before foot-shock stress). Behavioral (memory, as well as anxiety-like behaviors), electrophysiological, and histological (neural arborization in the hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons) studies were performed. Results showed that inhibition of ß-adrenoceptors of BLA by propranolol significantly further impaired fear and spatial memory in stressed rats. Similarly, propranolol effectively impaired both memories in the intact animals. Propranolol significantly amplified the slope and amplitude of fEPSP in the CA1 area of the hippocampus only in stressed rats. Foot-shock stress significantly increased the number of dendritic branches in the hippocampus, and propranolol suppressed this effect of stress. It is suggested that ß-adrenoceptors in the BLA promote memory and reduce anxiety-like behaviors under tonic and stress conditions. Propranolol dysregulated LTP parameters and reduced dendritic branches, resulting in memory impairment. Probably ß-adrenoceptors of BLA regulate evoked responses of CA1 neurons only in stress- and not the tonic condition.

Applications of western blot technique: From bench to bedside.

Western blot (WB) or immunoblot is a workhorse method. It is commonly used by biologists for study of different aspects of protein biomolecules. In addition, it has been widely used in disease diagnosis. Despite some limitations such as long time, different applications of WB have not been limited. In the present review, we have summarized scientific and clinical applications of WB. In addition, we described some new generation of WB techniques.

Avocado/soy unsaponifiables can redress the balance between serum antioxidant and oxidant levels in patients with osteoarthritis: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, cross-over study.

OBJECTIVES: Osteoarthritis (OA) is an inflammatory disorder of the joint characterized by pain and stiffness. Oxidative stress plays an important role in pathogenesis of OA. We aimed to evaluate the effects of avocado/soy unsaponifiables (ASU) compound on serum antioxidant and oxidative stress in patients with Osteoarthritis. METHODS: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial was performed. Fourty patients with osteoarthritis were randomized to two different sequences: 1) DP: received ASU for three months followed by three months placebo, 2) PD: received placebo for the first three months followed by three months ASU. The oxidant statue was evaluated by measurement of serum malonldialdehyde (MDA). The total antioxidant capacity (TAC), reduced glutathione (GSH) and antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were also assessed. RESULTS: Mean serum of MDA level as a marker of oxidative stress significantly decreased in all patients after three months treatment with ASU (4.46 ± 0.11 nmol/L) compare with baseline and placebo levels (5 ± 0.15 and 5.82 ± 0.12 nmol/L respectively) (p<0.05). On the other hand, ASU resulted in positive changes in serum antioxidant levels (p<0.05). Mixed-effects model of variance analyses showed that ASU effect is regardless of the order of receiving medication (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: These data showed that Avocado/Soy Unsaponifiable can be an effective supplement in treatment of osteoarthritis through the control of the balance between antioxidant and oxidant molecular markers.

Administering crocin ameliorates anxiety-like behaviours and reduces the inflammatory response in amyloid-beta induced neurotoxicity in rat.

Anxiety, hippocampus synaptic plasticity deficit, as well as pro-inflammatory cytokines, are involved in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The present study is designed to evaluate the possible therapeutic effect of crocin on anxiety-like behaviours, hippocampal synaptic plasticity and neuronal shape, as well as pro-inflammatory cytokines in the hippocampus using in vivo amyloid-beta (Aß) models of AD. The Aß peptide (1-42) was bilaterally injected into the frontal-cortex. Five hours after the surgery, the rats were given intraperitoneal (IP) crocin (30 mg/kg) daily up to 12 days. Elevated plus maze results showed that crocin treatment after bilateral Aß injection significantly increased the percentage of spent time into open arms, frequency of entries, and percentage of entries into open arms as compared with the Aß group. In the open field test, the Aß+crocin group showed a higher percentage of spent time in the centre and frequency of entries into central zone as compare with the Aß treated animals. Administering crocin increased the number of soma, dendrites and axonal arbores in the CA1 neurons among the rats with Aß neurotoxicity. Cresyl violet (CV) staining showed that crocin increased the number of CV-positive cells in the CA1 region of the hippocampus compared with the Aß group. Silver-nitrate staining indicated that crocin reduced neurofibrillary tangle formation induced by Aß. Crocin treatment attenuated the expression of TNF-α and IL-1ß mRNA in the hippocampus compared with the Aß group. Our results suggest that crocin attenuated Aß-induced anxiety-like behaviours and neuronal damage, and synaptic plasticity loss in hippocampal CA1 neurons may via its anti-inflammatory effects.

Pharmacological mechanism of immunomodulatory agents for the treatment of severe cases of COVID-19 infection.

OBJECTIVE: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a world-wide pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). To date, treatment of severe COVID-19 is far from clear. Therefore, it is urgent to develop an effective option for the treatment of patients with COVID-19. Most patients with severe COVID-19 exhibit markedly increased serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interferon (IFN)-α, IFN-γ, and interleukin (IL)-1ß. Immunotherapeutic strategies have an important role in the suppression of cytokine storm and respiratory failure in patients with COVID-19. METHODS: A systematic search in the literature was performed in PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, as well as Google Scholar preprint database using all available MeSH terms for Coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, anti-rheumatoid agents, COVID-19, cytokine storm, immunotherapeutic drugs, IFN, interleukin, JAK/STAT inhibitors, MCP, MIP, TNF. RESULTS: Here, we first review common complications of COVID-19 patients, particularly neurological symptoms. We next explain host immune responses against COVID-19 particles. Finally, we summarize the existing experimental and clinical immunotherapeutic strategies, particularly anti-rheumatoid agents and also plasma (with a high level of gamma globulin) therapy for severe COVID-19 patients. We discuss both their therapeutic effects and side effects that should be taken into consideration for their clinical application. CONCLUSION: It is suggested that immunosuppressants, such as anti-rheumatoid drugs, could be considered as a potential approach for the treatment of cytokine storm in severe cases of COVID-19. One possible limitation of immunosuppressant therapy is their inhibitory effects on host anti-viral immune response. So, the appropriate timing of administration should be carefully considered.

The possible pathophysiology mechanism of cytokine storm in elderly adults with COVID-19 infection: the contribution of "inflame-aging".

PURPOSE: Novel Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), is an acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which is emerged in Wuhan, and recently become worldwide pandemic. Strangely, ample evidences have been shown that the severity of COVID-19 infections varies widely from children (asymptomatic), adults (mild infection), as well as elderly adults (deadly critical). It has proven that COVID-19 infection in some elderly critical adults leads to a cytokine storm, which is characterized by severe systemic elevation of several pro-inflammatory cytokines. Then, a cytokine storm can induce edematous, ARDS, pneumonia, as well as multiple organ failure in aged patients. It is far from clear till now why cytokine storm induces in only COVID-19 elderly patients, and not in young patients. However, it seems that aging is associated with mild elevated levels of local and systemic pro-inflammatory cytokines, which is characterized by "inflamm-aging". It is highly likely that "inflamm-aging" is correlated to increased risk of a cytokine storm in some critical elderly patients with COVID-19 infection. METHODS: A systematic search in the literature was performed in PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, as well as Google Scholar pre-print database using all available MeSH terms for COVID-19, Coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, senescent cell, cytokine storm, inflame-aging, ACE2 receptor, autophagy, and Vitamin D. Electronic database searches combined and duplicates were removed. RESULTS: The aim of the present review was to summarize experimental data and clinical observations that linked the pathophysiology mechanisms of "inflamm-aging", mild-grade inflammation, and cytokine storm in some elderly adults with severe COVID-19 infection.

Investigation of Histone Lysine-Specific Demethylase 5D KDM5D) Isoform Expression in Prostate Cancer Cell Lines: a System Approach.

BACKGROUND: It is now well-demonstrated that histone demethylases play an important role in developmental controls, cell-fate decisions, and a variety of diseases such as cancer. Lysine-specific demethylase 5D (KDM5D) is a male-specific histone demethylase that specifically demethylates di- and tri-methyl H3K4 at the start site of active gene. In this light, the aim of this study was to investigate isoform/transcript-specific expression profiles of KDM5D in three prostate cancer cell lines, Du-145, LNCaP, and PC3. METHODS: Real-time PCR analysis was performed to determine the expression levels of different KDM5D transcripts in the prostate cell lines. A gene regulatory network was established to analyze the gene expression profile. RESULTS: Significantly different expression levels of both isoforms were found among the three cell lines. Interestingly, isoform I was expressed in three cell lines while isoform III did only in DU-145. The expression levels of both isoforms were higher in DU-145 when compared to other cell lines (P<0.0001). The observed expression profile was determined by using regulatory network analyses. CONCLUSION: The present study, for the first time, not only showed the expression profiles of KDM5D isoforms in prostate cancer cell lines but also evaluated the effects of the gene regulatory network on the expression profile of this gene.

Two Splice Variants of Y Chromosome-Located Lysine-Specific Demethylase 5D Have Distinct Function in Prostate Cancer Cell Line (DU-145).

One of the major objectives of the Human Y Chromosome Proteome Project is to characterize sets of proteins encoded from the human Y chromosome. Lysine (K)-specific demethylase 5D (KDM5D) is located on the AZFb region of the Y chromosome and encodes a JmjC-domain-containing protein. KDM5D, the least well-documented member of the KDM5 family, is capable of demethylating di- and trimethyl H3K4. In this study, we detected two novel splice variants of KDM5D with lengths of 2650bp and 2400bp that correspond to the 100 and 80 kDa proteins in the human prostate cancer cell line, DU-145. The knockdown of two variants using the short interfering RNA (siRNA) approach increased the growth rate of prostate cancer cells and reduced cell apoptosis. To explore the proteome pattern of the cells after KDM5D downregulation, we applied a shotgun label-free quantitative proteomics approach. Of 820 proteins present in all four replicates of two treatments, the abundance of 209 proteins changed significantly in response to KDM5D suppression. Of these, there were 102 proteins observed to be less abundant and 107 more abundant in KDM5D knockdown cells compared with control cells. The results revealed that KDM5D knockdown altered the abundance of proteins involved in RNA processing, protein synthesis, apoptosis, the cell cycle, and growth and proliferation. In conjunction, these results provided new insights into the function of KDM5D and its splice variants. The proteomics data are available at PRIDE with ProteomeXchange identifier PXD000416.

A fresh look at the male-specific region of the human Y chromosome.

The Chromosome-centric Human Proteome Project (C-HPP) aims to systematically map the entire human proteome with the intent to enhance our understanding of human biology at the cellular level. This project attempts simultaneously to establish a sound basis for the development of diagnostic, prognostic, therapeutic, and preventive medical applications. In Iran, current efforts focus on mapping the proteome of the human Y chromosome. The male-specific region of the Y chromosome (MSY) is unique in many aspects and comprises 95% of the chromosome's length. The MSY continually retains its haploid state and is full of repeated sequences. It is responsible for important biological roles such as sex determination and male fertility. Here, we present the most recent update of MSY protein-encoding genes and their association with various traits and diseases including sex determination and reversal, spermatogenesis and male infertility, cancers such as prostate cancers, sex-specific effects on the brain and behavior, and graft-versus-host disease. We also present information available from RNA sequencing, protein-protein interaction, post-translational modification of MSY protein-coding genes and their implications in biological systems. An overview of Human Y chromosome Proteome Project is presented and a systematic approach is suggested to ensure that at least one of each predicted protein-coding gene's major representative proteins will be characterized in the context of its major anatomical sites of expression, its abundance, and its functional relevance in a biological and/or medical context. There are many technical and biological issues that will need to be overcome in order to accomplish the full scale mapping.