The Impact of the Inoculation of Different Pied de Cuve on the Chemical and Organoleptic Profiles of Wines.

Controlling the microorganisms involved in alcoholic fermentation during wine production can be achieved by adding a small quantity of spontaneously fermenting must to freshly crushed grapes, a technique known as pied de cuve (PdC). This method not only serves as an inoculation starter but also enhances the microbial footprint unique to each wine region. Recent studies have confirmed that wines inoculated with PdC exhibit efficient fermentation kinetics comparable to those inoculated with commercial strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. However, further research is required to draw robust conclusions about the chemical and sensory impacts of PdC-inoculated wines. In this study, we examined the chemical and sensory effects of the PdC technique across three different harvests: Muscat of Alexandria (Spain, harvests 2022 and 2023) and Sauvignon Blanc (Chile, harvest 2023). Each PdC was prepared using various stressors (sulfur dioxide, ethanol, and temperature). Our findings revealed that wines produced with PdC exhibited similar fermentation kinetics and sensory profiles to those inoculated with commercial strains. Notably, PdC fermentations resulted in lower concentrations of acetic acid compared to both the commercial strain and spontaneous fermentations. The sensory analysis indicated that PdC wines significantly differed from those made with commercial strains, with PdC wines displaying more pronounced tropical notes. These results suggest that the PdC technique, particularly when using specific stressors, can maintain desirable fermentation characteristics while enhancing certain sensory attributes, offering a viable alternative to traditional inoculation methods.

Estado de Salud Oral de una Muestra de Enfermos con COVID 19 del Hospital Dr. Sótero del Río, Santiago de Chile

RESUMEN: Con el objetivo de conocer la presencia de manifestaciones clínicas específicas de COVID-19 en la cavidad oral y describir el estado de salud oral de los enfermos se realizó un examen de la cavidad oral básico a 99 personas con COVID-19 internados en la Unidad de Paciente Crítico (UPC) y en otras dependencias del Hospital Dr. Sótero del Río en Santiago de Chile, durante julio 2020. Del total de enfermos 51 estaban en estado crítico con ventilación mecánica invasiva (VMI), edad promedio 55 años y 48 se encontraban sin VMI, con 66 años en promedio, la mayoría era de sexo masculino, con 25,5 % de mujeres con VMI y 37 % entre los sin VMI, la Hipertensión arterial fue la comorbilidad sistémica más frecuente entre los enfermos seguida por Diabetes mellitus y Obesidad tanto entre los en VMI como sin ella. Respecto a salud oral se observó un predominio de lesiones ulcerativas y erosivas en 57 % de las personas en VMI, el número de estas y su patrón clínico sin embargo pareció inespecífico, también destacó la alta frecuencia de sequedad de la cavidad oral, alcanzando un 54 % en los enfermos en estado crítico y un 34 % en los de menor gravedad, llamó la atención la palidez presente en las mucosas y el aspecto clínico de la lengua. La presencia de Inflamación periodontal se pudo evidenciar clínicamente, pero no fue posible determinar el nivel de inserción, ni evaluar con radiografías a los enfermos, siendo solo un dato aproximado. Los dientes se encontraban en general en regular estado concordante a lo que se observa en grupos poblacionales similares en Chile. No se pudo determinar la presencia de lesiones específicas de COVID-19 en este grupo estudiado.

ABSTRACT: In order to know the presence of specific clinical manifestations of COVID-19 in the oral cavity and describe the oral health status of the patients, a basic oral examination was performed on 99 patients with COVID-19 admitted to the Critical Patient Unit (UPC) and in other facilities of the Dr. Sótero del Río Hospital in Santiago during July 2020. Of the total of patients, 51 were in critical condition with mechanical ventilation (IMV), average age 55 years and 48 were without IMV, with 66 years on average, the majority were male, with 25.5 % of women with IMV and 37 % without IMV, Hypertension was the most frequent systemic morbidity among patients followed by Diabetes Mellitus and Obesity both among those in IMV and without it. With regard to oral health, the predominance of ulcerative and erosive lesions was observed in 57 % of people in IMV, however, the number of lesions and their clinical pattern, was nonspecific. The high frequency of dry mouth also stands out, reaching 54 % in critically ill patients and 34 % in less serious ones, the paleness of the mucous membranes and the clinical appearance of the tongue were striking. The presence of periodontal inflammation could be clinically seen, but it was not possible to determine the level of insertion, nor evaluate the patients, with X-rays being only an approximate fact. The teeth were generally in regular state coinciding to what is seen in this population group in Chile. The presence of specific COVID-19 lesions could not be determined in this study group.

Satisfacción de titulados de enfermería sobre Hospital Simulado de la Universidad Arturo Prat, sede Victoria / Satisfaction of the Nursing Graduates about Simulated Hospital of Arturo Prat University, Vitoria Venue

Introducción: La simulación clínica es una metodología usada ampliamente en ciencias de la salud debido a sus múltiples beneficios, permite un entrenamiento continuo del estudiante, aprender de sus errores y fortalecer sus competencias. La Universidad Arturo Prat, sede Victoria ha desarrollado la simulación de alta fidelidad a través de la implementación de un hospital infantil simulado. Objetivo: Medir el nivel de satisfacción de los titulados de enfermería sobre el hospital clínico infantil simulado como metodología significativa en su formación profesional. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, de corte transversal. El universo fue de 109 enfermeros titulados de la Universidad Arturo Prat, que contestaron vía online, durante el primer trimestre del año 2019. Se aplicó una encuesta tipo Likert de satisfacción usuaria (SUHCLIS28), previamente validada por criterio de expertos y prueba piloto, con un alfa de Cronbach 0,940 y conformada por 28 ítems agrupados en 6 dimensiones (infraestructura, recurso humano, conocimientos, metodología, evaluación y evaluación global). Resultados: Las preguntas fueron respondidas mayoritariamente de manera positiva para esta metodología, obteniéndose un nivel de satisfacción usuaria global de 4,51 de un total máximo de 5,0, considerada como satisfacción muy alta. Conclusiones: La simulación clínica es una herramienta pedagógica útil, que contribuye al mayor desarrollo de competencias y habilidades, es aceptada de manera favorable por los estudiantes y contribuye finalmente a que ellos entreguen una atención segura y de calidad en el usuario real(AU)

Introduction: Clinical simulation is a methodology widely used in health sciences due to its multiple benefits. It allows continuous training of the student, in order for them to learn from their mistakes and strengthen their skills. Arturo Prat University, at the Victoria venue, has developed high-reliability simulation through the implementation of a simulated children's hospital. Objective: To measure the level of satisfaction of Nursing graduates concerning the simulated children's clinical hospital as a significant methodology in their professional training. Methods: Descriptive and cross-sectional study. The study population consisted of 109 registered nurses from Arturo Prat University, who answered online, during the first quarter of 2019. A Likert survey about user satisfaction (SUHCLIS28) was conducted, previously validated by expert criteria and pilot test, with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.940 and made up of 28 items grouped into six dimensions (infrastructure, human resources, knowledge, methodology, evaluation and global evaluation). Results: The questions were answered mostly positively for this methodology, obtaining an overall user satisfaction level of 4.51 out of a maximum total of 5.0; the result is considered very high satisfaction value. Conclusions: Clinical simulation is a useful pedagogical tool, which contributes to the greater development of competences and skills. It is favorably accepted by students and, finally, contributes to their provision of safe and quality care to the real user(AU)

Oenococcus oeni in Chilean Red Wines: Technological and Genomic Characterization.

The presence and load of species of LAB at the end of the malolactic fermentation (MLF) were investigated in 16 wineries from the different Chilean valleys (Limarí, Casablanca, Maipo, Rapel, and Maule Valleys) during 2012 and 2013, using PCR-RFLP and qPCR. Oenococcus oeni was observed in 80% of the samples collected. Dominance of O. oeni was reflected in the bacterial load (O. oeni/total bacteria) measured by qPCR, corresponding to >85% in most of the samples. A total of 178 LAB isolates were identified after sequencing molecular markers, 95 of them corresponded to O. oeni. Further genetic analyses were performed using MLST (7 genes) including 10 commercial strains; the results indicated that commercial strains were grouped together, while autochthonous strains distributed among different genetic clusters. To pre-select some autochthonous O. oeni, these isolates were also characterized based on technological tests such as ethanol tolerance (12 and 15%), SO2 resistance (0 and 80 mg l-1), and pH (3.1 and 3.6) and malic acid transformation (1.5 and 4 g l-1). For comparison purposes, commercial strain VP41 was also tested. Based on their technological performance, only 3 isolates were selected for further examination (genome analysis) and they were able to reduce malic acid concentration, to grow at low pH 3.1, 15% ethanol and 80 mg l-1 SO2. The genome analyses of three selected isolates were examined and compared to PSU-1 and VP41 strains to study their potential contribution to the organoleptic properties of the final product. The presence and homology of genes potentially related to aromatic profile were compared among those strains. The results indicated high conservation of malolactic enzyme (>99%) and the absence of some genes related to odor such as phenolic acid decarboxylase, in autochthonous strains. Genomic analysis also revealed that these strains shared 470 genes with VP41 and PSU-1 and that autochthonous strains harbor an interesting number of unique genes (>21). Altogether these results reveal the presence of local strains distinguishable from commercial strains at the genetic/genomic level and also having genomic traits that enforce their potential use as starter cultures.

Microbial Terroir in Chilean Valleys: Diversity of Non-conventional Yeast.

In this study, the presence of non-conventional yeast associated with vineyards located between latitudes 30°S and 36°S was examined, including the valleys of Limarí, Casablanca, Maipo, Colchagua, Maule, and Itata. The microbial fingerprinting in each valley was examined based on the specific quantification of yeast of enological interest. Grape-berries were sampled to evaluate the presence and load of non-conventional yeast with enological potential, such as Metschnikowia, Hanseniaspora, Torulaspora, Debaryomyces, Meyerozyma, and Rhodotorula. These yeasts were present in all vineyards studied but with varying loads depending on the valley sampled. No identical fingerprints were observed; however, similarities and differences could be observed among the microbial profiles of each valley. A co-variation in the loads of Metschnikowia and Hanseniaspora with latitude was observed, showing high loads in the Casablanca and Itata valleys, which was coincident with the higher relative humidity or rainfall of those areas. Non-conventional yeasts were also isolated and identified after sequencing molecular markers. Potentially good aromatic properties were also screened among the isolates, resulting in the selection of mostly Metschnikowia and Hanseniaspora isolates. Finally, our results suggest that microbial terroir might be affected by climatic conditions such as relative humidity and rainfall, especially impacting the load of non-conventional yeast. In this study, the microbial fingerprint for yeast in Chilean vineyards is reported for the first time revealing an opportunity to study the contribution of this assembly of microorganisms to the final product.

Genome Sequences of Three Oenococcus oeni Strains Isolated from Maipo Valley, Chile.

Oenococcus oeni is part of the microbial terroir involved in wine production. Here, we present three genome sequences of O. oeni strains isolated from spontaneous malolactic fermentation of cultivar Cabernet Sauvignon Maipo Valley, Chile.

The rapid identification of lactic acid bacteria present in Chilean winemaking processes using culture-independent analysis.

A polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis of 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes was developed to identify lactic acid bacteria (LAB) that are commonly present in winemaking processes (Oenococcus, Pediococcus, Lactobacillus, and Leuconostoc). This culture-independent approach revealed the presence of Oenococcus in the spontaneous malolactic fermentation in industrial Chilean wines.

Population dynamics of acetic acid bacteria during traditional wine vinegar production.

The population dynamics of acetic acid bacteria in traditional vinegar production was determined in two independent vinegar plants at both the species and strain level. The effect of barrels made of four different woods upon the population dynamics was also determined. Acetic acid bacteria were isolated on solid media and the species were identified by RFLP-PCR of 16S rRNA genes and confirmed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, while strains were typed by ERIC-PCR and (GTG)(5)-rep-PCR. The most widely isolated species was Acetobacter pasteurianus, which accounted for 100% of all the isolates during most of the acetification. Gluconacetobacter europaeus only appeared at any notable level at the end of the process in oak barrels from one vinegar plant. The various A. pasteurianus strains showed a clear succession as the concentration of acetic acid increased. In both vinegar plants the relative dominance of different strains was modified as the concentrations of acetic acid increased, and strain diversity tended to reduce at the end of the process.

Application of molecular methods for analysing the distribution and diversity of acetic acid bacteria in Chilean vineyards.

The presence of acetic acid bacteria populations on grape surfaces from several Chilean valleys is reported. The bacteria were analysed at both the species and the strain level by molecular methods such as RFLP-PCR 16S rRNA gene, RFLP-PCR ITS 16S-23S rRNA gene regions and Arbitrary Primed (AP) PCR. Our results show that there are limited numbers of species of acetic acid bacteria in the grapes and that there is a need for an enrichment medium before plating to recover the individual colonies. In the Northernmost region analysed, the major species recovered was a non-acetic acid bacteria, Stenotrophomonas maltophila. Following the North-South axis of Chilean valleys, the observed distribution of acetic acid bacteria was zonified: Acetobacter cerevisiae was only present in the North and Gluconobacter oxydans in the South. Both species were recovered together in only one location. The influence of the grape cultivar was negligible. Variability in strains was found to be high (more than 40%) for both Acetobacteraceae species.